Components of Particle Emissions from Light-Duty Spark-Ignition Vehicles with Varying Aromatic Content and Octane Rating in Gasoline

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 17, 2015, Pages 10682-10691

  Short, Daniel Z ^a,b   Vu, Diep ^a,b   Durbin, Thomas D ^a,b   Karavalakis, Georgios ^a,b   Asa Awuku, Akua ^a,b  

^a University of California Riverside   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLES; AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; AROMATIZATION; CARBON; CRASHWORTHINESS; DIRECT INJECTION; FUELS; GASOLINE; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER); PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; RATING; VEHICLES;

AROMATIC CONTENTS; GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION; HYGROSCOPIC MATERIALS; INSOLUBLE PARTICLES; PARTICLE EMISSIONS; PARTICULATE MATTER; PORT FUEL INJECTIONS; SPARK IGNITION VEHICLES;

HYBRID VEHICLES;

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; GASOLINE; OCTANE; EXHAUST GAS; PARAFFIN; PARTICULATE MATTER; SOOT; WATER;

CLIMATE EFFECT; HYDROCARBON; HYGROSCOPICITY; PARTICULATE MATTER; PETROLEUM; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

ARTICLE; CLIMATE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); EXHAUST GAS; MOTOR VEHICLE; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; STEADY STATE; SURFACE TENSION; VELOCITY; WETTABILITY; ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; SOLUBILITY; SOOT;

GASOLINE; HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; MOTOR VEHICLES; OCTANES; PARAFFIN; PARTICULATE MATTER; SOLUBILITY; SOOT; VEHICLE EMISSIONS; WATER; WETTABILITY;

EID: 84940858162     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03138     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Nadim, F.; Zack, P.; Hoag, G.; Liu, S. United States Experience with Gasoline Additives Energy Policy 2001, 29 (1) 1-5 10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00099-9
2. Silva, R.; Cataluna, R.; Weber de Menezes, E.; Samios, D.; Piatnicki, C. M. S. Effect of Additives On the Antiknock Properties and Reid Vapor Pressure of Gasoline Fuel 2005, 84 (7-8) 951-959 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.01.008
3. Perry, R.; Gee, I. L. Vehicle Emissions In Relation to Fuel Composition Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 169, 149-156 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04643-F
4. The California Reformulated Gasoline Regulations, California Air Resources Board (CARB), Title 13, California Code of Regulations, Section 2261(b).
5. Weaver, J.; Exum, L.; Prieto, L. Gasoline Composition Regulations Affecting LUST Sites, EPA 600/R-10/001. EPA Report. 2010.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fuels and fuel additives, renewable fuel standard. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels.
7. EPA. Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards, EPA-420-D-13-002; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013.
8. Zhao, F.; Lai, M. C.; Harrington, D. L. Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1999, 25 (5) 437-562 10.1016/S0360-1285(99)00004-0
9. Graham, L. Chemical Characterization of Emissions From Advance Technology Light- Duty Vehicles Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39 (13) 2385-2398 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.10.049
10. Liang, B.; Ge, Y.; Tan, J.; Han, X.; Gao, L.; Hao, L.; Ye, W.; Dai, P. Comparison of PM Emissions From a Gasoline Direct Injected (GDI) vehicle and a Port Fuel Injected (PFI) vehicles measured by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) With Two Fuels: Gasoline and M15 Methanol Gasoline J. Aerosol Sci. 2013, 57, 22-31 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.11.008
11. Piock, W.; Hoffmann, G.; Berndorfer, A.; Salemi, P.; Fusshoeller, B. Strategies towards meeting future particulate matter emission requirements in homogeneous gasoline direct injection engines SAE Int. J. Engines 2011, 4, 1455-1468 10.4271/2011-01-1212
12. Ramgolam, K.; Favez, O.; Cachier, H.; Gaudichet, A.; Marano, F.; Martinon, L.; Baeza-Squiban, A. Size-partitioning of an urban aerosol to identify particle determinants involved in the proinflammatory response induced in airway epithelial cells. Part. Fibre Toxicol.. 2009, 6 (10). 10 10.1186/1743-8977-6-10
13. Gutiérrez-Castillo, M.; Roubicek, D. A.; Cebrián-Garcia, M. E.; De Vizcaya-Ruiz, A.; Sordo-Cedeòo, M.; Ostrosky-Wegman, P. Effect of chemical composition on the induction of DNA damage by urban airborne particulate matter Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2006, 47, 199-211 10.1002/em.20186
14. Valavandidis, A.; Fiotakis, K.; Vlachogianni, T. Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health: Toxicological Assessment and Importance of Size and Composition of Particles for Oxidative Damage and Carcinogenic Mechanisms Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 2008, 26 (4) 339-362 10.1080/10590500802494538
15. Squires, P. The microstructure and colloidal stability of warm clouds Tellus 1958, 10 (2) 256-261 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1958.tb02011.x
16. Geller, M. D.; Ntziachristos, L.; Mamakos, A.; Samaras, Z.; Schmitz, D. A.; Fraines, J. R.; Sioutas, C. Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (36) 6988-7004 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.018
17. Verma, V.; Shafer, M. M.; Schauer, J. J.; Sioutas, C. Contribution of Transistion Metals In the Reactive Oxygen Species Activity of PM Emissions From Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Vehicles Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44 (39) 5165-5173 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.052
18. Biswas, S.; Verma, V.; Schauer, J. J.; Sioutas, C. Chemical Speciation of PM Emissions From Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles Equipped With Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Retrofits Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 1917-1925 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.040
19. Longest, P. W.; McLeskey, J. T.; Hindle, M. Characterization of Nanoaerosol Size Change During Enhanced Condensational Growth Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (6) 473-483 10.1080/02786821003749525
20. Ervens, B.; Feingold, G.; Kreidenweis, S.M. Influence of water-soluble organic carbon on cloud drop number concentration J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D18211 10.1029/2004JD005634
21. Storey, J. M.; Barone, T.; Norman, K.; Lewis, S. Ethanol Blend Effects on Direct Injection Spark-Ignition Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2010, 3, 2010-01-2129 10.4271/2010-01-2129
22. Maricq, M. M.; Szente, J. J.; Jahr, K. The Impact of Ethanol Fuel Blends on PM Emissions from a Light-Duty GDI Vehicle Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (5) 576-583 10.1080/02786826.2011.648780
23. Chen, L.; Stone, R.; Richardson, D. A Study of Mixture Preparation and PM Emissions Using a Direct Injection Engine Fuelled with Stoichiometric Gasoline/Ethanol Blends Fuel 2011, 96, 120-130 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.070
24. Karavalakis, G.; Short, D.; Vu, D.; Russell, R.; Hajbabaei, M.; Asa-Awuku, A.; Durbin, T. Evaluating the Effect of Aromatics in Gasoline on Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions From SI-PFI and SI-DI Vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (11) 7021-7031 10.1021/es5061726
25. Wang, S. C.; Flagan, R. C. Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1990, 13, 230-240 10.1080/02786829008959441
26. Short, D.; Giordano, M.; Zhu, Y.; Fine, P.; Polidori, A.; Asa-Awuku, A. A Unique On-line method to infer black carbon contributions to water-insoluble contributions Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (7) 706-714 10.1080/02786826.2014.916778
27. Short, D.; Vu, D.; Durbin, T. D.; Karavalakis, G.; Asa-Awuku, A. Particle Speciation of Emissions from Iso-butanol and Ethanol Blended Gasoline in Light-Duty Vehicles J. Aerosol Sci. 2015, 84, 39-52 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.02.010
28. Hering, S. V.; Stolzenburg, M. R. A Method for Particle Size Amplification by Water Condensation in a Laminar, Thermally Diffusive Flow Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 428-436 10.1080/027868290953416
29. Petters, M. D.; Kreidenweis, S. M. A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7, 1961-1971 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007
30. Turpin, B. J.; Lim, H. Species Contributions to PM 2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (1) 602-610 10.1080/02786820119445
31. Schwarz, J. P.; Gao, R. S.; Fahey, D. W.; Thomson, D. S.; Watts, L. A.; Wilson, J. C.; Reeves, J. M.; Darbeheshti, M.; Baumgardner, D. G.; Kok, G. L.; Chung, S. H.; Schulz, M.; Hendricks, J.; Lauer, A.; Kärcher, B.; Slowik, J. G.; Rosenlof, K. H.; Thompson, T. L.; Langford, A. O.; Loewenstein, M.; Aikin, K. C. Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111, D16207 10.1029/2006JD007076
32. Chueng, K. L.; Polidori, A.; Ntziachristos, L.; Tzamkiozis, T.; Samaras, Z.; Cassee, F. R.; Gerlofs, M.; Siouras, C. Chemical Characteristics and Oxidative Potential of Particulate Matter Emissions from Gasoline, Diesel, and Biodiesel Cars. Environ Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 6334-6340 10.1021/es900819t
33. Yung-Fang, Y. Y. Oxidation of alkanes over noble metal catalysts Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1980, 19, 293-298 10.1021/i360075a003
34. Canvani, F.; Trifiró, F. Selective oxidation of light alkanes: interation between the catalyst and the gas phase on different classes of catalytic materials Catal. Today 1999, 51 (3-4) 561-580 10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00041-3
35. Curran, H. J.; Gaffuri, P.; Pitz, W. J.; Westbrook, C. K. A comprehensive modeling study of iso-octane oxidation Combust. Flame 2002, 129 (3) 253-280 10.1016/S0010-2180(01)00373-X
36. Ervens, B.; Feingold, G.; Kreidenweis, S. M. Influence of water-soluble organic carbon on cloud drop number concentration J. Geophys. Res. 2005, 110, D18211 10.1029/2004JD005634
37. Ekman, A. M. L.; Engstrom, A.; Wang, C. The effect of aerosol composition and concentration on the development and anvil properties of a continental deep convective cloud Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2007, 133, 1439-1452 10.1002/qj.108
38. Pierce, J. R.; Adams, P. J. Uncertainty in global CCN concentrations from the uncertain aerosol nucleation and primary emissions rates Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 1339-1356 10.5194/acp-9-1339-2009
39. Shantz, N. D.; Leaitch, W. R.; Phinney, L.; Mozurkewich, M.; Toom-Sauntry, D. The effect of organic compounds on the growth rate of cloud droplets in marine and forest settings Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 5869-5887 10.5194/acp-8-5869-2008
40. Uy, D.; Ford, M. A.; Jayne, D. T.; O'Neill, A. E.; Haack, L. P.; Hangas, J.; Jegner, M. J.; Sammut, A.; Gengopadhyay, A. K. Characterization of gasoline soot and comparison to diesel soot: Morphology, chemistry, and wear Tribol. Int. 2014, 80, 198-209 10.1016/j.triboint.2014.06.009
41. Cheng, Y.; Lee, S. C.; Ho, K. F.; Chow, J. C.; Watson, J. G.; Louie, P. K. K.; Cao, J. J.; Hai, X. Science of the Total Environment 2009, 408 (7) 1621-1627 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.061
42. Cheung, K. L.; Ntziachristos, L.; Tzamkiozis, T.; Schauer, J. J.; Samaras, Z.; Moore, K. F.; Sioutas, C. Emissions of particulate trace elements, metals, and organic species from Gasoline, Diesel, and Biodiesel passenger vehicles and their relation to oxidative potential Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 500-513 10.1080/02786821003758294
43. Sonntag, D. B.; Bailey, C. R.; Fulper, C. R.; Baldauf, R. W. Contribution of Lubricating Oil to Particlae Matter Emissions from Ligh-Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 4191-4199 10.1021/es203747f
44. Worton, D. R.; Isaacman, G.; Genter, D. R.; Dallmann, T. R.; Chan, A. W. H.; Ruehl, C.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Wilson, K. R.; Harley, R. A.; Goldstein, A. H. Lubricating Oil Dominates Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions from Motor Vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 3698-3706 10.1021/es405375j
45. Kleeman, M. J.; Riddle, S. G.; Robert, M. A.; Jakober, C. A. Lubricating Oil and Fuel Contributions to Particulate Matter Emissions From Light-Duty Gasoline and Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (1) 235-242 10.1021/es071054c
46. Storey, J. M.; Lewis, S.; Szybist, J.; Thomas, J.; Barone, T.; Eibl, M.; Nafziger, E.; Kaul, B. Novel characterization of GDI engine exhaust for gasoline and mid-level gasoline-alcohol blends SAE Technical Paper 2014, 7, 2014-01-1606 10.4271/2014-01-1606
47. Khalek, I. A.; Bougher, T.; Jetter, J. J. Particle emissions from a 2009 gasoline direct injection engine using different commercially available fuels SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 2010, 3 (2) 623-637 10.4271/2010-01-2117
48. Maricq, M. M.; Szente, J. J.; Adams, J.; Tennison, P.; Tumpsa, T. Influence of mileage accumulation on the paticle mass and number emissions of two gasoline direct injection vehicles. Environ Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (20) 11890-11896 10.1021/es402686z
49. Bond, T. C.; Doherty, S. J.; Fahey, D. W.; Forster, P. M.; Berntsen, T.; DeAngelo, B. J.; Flanner, M. G.; Ghan, S.; Karcher, B.; Koch, D.; Kinne, S.; Kondo, Y.; Quinn, P. K.; Sarofim, M. C.; Schultz, M.; Venkataraman, C.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, S.; Bellouin, N.; Guittikunda, S. K.; Hopke, P. K.; Jacobson, M. Z.; Kaiser, J. W.; Klimont, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Schwarz, J. P.; Shindell, D.; Storelvmo, T.; Warren, S. G.; Zender, C. S. Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment Jounral of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2013, 118, 5380-5552 10.1002/jgrd.50171
50. Ramanathan, V.; Carmichael, G. Global and Regional Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1, 221-227 10.1038/ngeo156