Lubricating oil dominates primary organic aerosol emissions from motor vehicles

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 3698-3706

  Worton, David R ^a,b   Isaacman, Gabriel ^a   Gentner, Drew R ^c   Dallmann, Timothy R ^c,e   Chan, Arthur W H ^a,f   Ruehl, Christopher ^d   Kirchstetter, Thomas W ^c,d   Wilson, Kevin R ^d   Harley, Robert A ^c   Goldstein, Allen H ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b AEROSOL DYNAMICS INC   (United States)

^c Berkeley   (United States)

^d LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^e CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; CARBON; CHEMICAL BONDS; DIESEL FUELS; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GASOLINE; LUBRICATING OILS;

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS; COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS; DIESEL-POWERED VEHICLES; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS; VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOIONIZATION;

VEHICLES;

ALKANE; ALKENE; AROMATIC COMPOUND; CARBON; CYCLOALKANE; CYCLOHEXANE; CYCLOPENTANE; DIESEL FUEL; GASOLINE; HYDROCARBON; LUBRICATING AGENT; ORGANIC CARBON; ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; AUTOMOBILE; DIESEL; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LUBRICANT; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

AEROSOL; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; COMBUSTION; EXHAUST GAS; IONIZATION; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MOTOR VEHICLE; PRIMARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; SUBURETHRAL SLING; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOIONIZATION;

AEROSOLS; AIR POLLUTANTS; ALKANES; ATMOSPHERE; CARBON; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; GASOLINE; LUBRICANTS; MOTOR VEHICLES; OILS; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; SAN FRANCISCO; VEHICLE EMISSIONS;

EID: 84897504495     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es405375j     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Subramanian, R.; Donahue, N. M.; Bernardo-Bricker, A.; Rogge, W. F.; Robinson, A. L. Contribution of motor vehicle emissions to organic carbon and fine particle mass in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Effects of varying source profiles and seasonal trends in ambient marker concentrations Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40 (40) 8002-8019 (Pubitemid 44750776)
2. Brook, J. R.; Graham, L.; Charland, J. P.; Cheng, Y.; Fan, X.; Lu, G.; Li, S. M.; Lillyman, C.; MacDonald, P.; Caravaggio, G.; MacPhee, J. A. Investigation of the motor vehicle exhaust contribution to primary fine particle organic carbon in urban air Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41 (1) 119-135 (Pubitemid 44854617)
3. Hallquist, M.; Wenger, J. C.; Baltensperger, U.; Rudich, Y.; Simpson, D.; Claeys, M.; Dommen, J.; Donahue, N. M.; George, C.; Goldstein, A. H.; Hamilton, J. F.; Herrmann, H.; Hoffmann, T.; Iinuma, Y.; Jang, M.; Jenkin, M. E.; Jimenez, J. L.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Maenhaut, W.; McFiggans, G.; Mentel, T. F.; Monod, A.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Surratt, J. D.; Szmigielski, R.; Wildt, J the formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: Current and emerging issues Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2009, 9 (14) 5155-5236
4. Kroll, J. H.; Seinfeld, J. H. Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (16) 3593-3624
5. Gentner, D. R.; Isaacman, G.; Worton, D. R.; Chan, A. W. H.; Dallmann, T. R.; Davis, L.; Liu, S.; Day, D. A.; Russell, L. M.; Wilson, K. R.; Weber, R.; Guha, A.; Harley, R. A.; Goldstein, A. H. Elucidating secondary organic aerosol from diesel and gasoline vehicles through detailed characterization of organic carbon emissions Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012, 109 (45) 18318-18323
6. Sawyer, R. F.; Harley, R. A.; Cadle, S. H.; Norbeck, J. M.; Slott, R.; Bravo, H. A. Mobile sources critical review: 1998 NARSTO assessment Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (12-14) 2161-2181 (Pubitemid 30151070)
7. Dallmann, T. R.; DeMartini, S. J.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Herndon, S. C.; Onasch, T. B.; Wood, E. C.; Harley, R. A. On-road measurement of gas and particle phase pollutant emission factors for individual heavy-duty diesel trucks Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (15) 8511-8518
8. Dallmann, T. R.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; DeMartini, S. J.; Harley, R. A. Quantifying on-road emissions from gasoline-powered motor vehicles: Accounting for the presence of medium and heavy-duty diesel trucks Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 13873-13881
9. Dallmann, T. R.; Onasch, T. B.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Worton, D. R.; Fortner, E. C.; Herndon, S. C.; Wood, E. C.; Franklin, J.; Worsnop, D. R.; Goldstein, A. G.; Harley, R. A. Characterization of particulate matter emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2014, 14, 4007-4049
10. Schauer, J. J.; Kleeman, M. J.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C-1 through C-30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33 (10) 1578-1587 (Pubitemid 29232888)
11. Schauer, J. J.; Kleeman, M. J.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 5. C-1-C-32 organic compounds from gasoline-powered motor vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36 (6) 1169-1180 (Pubitemid 34225939)
12. Kleeman, M. J.; Riddle, S. G.; Robert, M. A.; Jakober, C. A. Lubricating oil and fuel contributions to particulate matter emissions from light-duty gasoline and heavy-duty diesel vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (1) 235-242
13. Sonntag, D. B.; Bailey, C. R.; Fulper, C. R.; Baldauf, R. W. Contribution of lubricating oil to particulate matter emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Kansas City Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (7) 4191-4199
14. Brandenberger, S.; Mohr, M.; Grob, K.; Neukomb, H. P. Contribution of unburned lubricating oil and diesel fuel to particulate emission from passenger cars Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39 (37) 6985-6994
15. Fujita, E. M.; Zielinska, B.; Campbell, D. E.; Arnott, W. P.; Sagebiel, J. C.; Mazzoleni, L.; Chow, J. C.; Gabele, P. A.; Crews, W.; Snow, R.; Clark, N. N.; Wayne, W. S.; Lawson, D. R. Variations in speciated emissions from spark-ignition and compression-ignition motor vehicles in Californias south coast air basin J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2007, 57 (6) 705-720 (Pubitemid 46982474)
16. Robinson, A. L.; Donahue, N. M.; Shrivastava, M. K.; Weitkamp, E. A.; Sage, A. M.; Grieshop, A. P.; Lane, T. E.; Pierce, J. R.; Pandis, S. N. Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging Science 2007, 315 (5816) 1259-1262 (Pubitemid 46364260)
17. May, A. A.; Presto, A. A.; Hennigan, C. J.; Nguyen, N. T.; Gordon, T. D.; Robinson, A. L. Gas-particle partitioning of primary organic aerosol emissions: (1) Gasoline vehicle exhaust Atmos. Environ. 2013, 77, 128-139
18. May, A. A.; Presto, A. A.; Hennigan, C. J.; Nguyen, N. T.; Gordon, T. D.; Robinson, A. L. Gas-particle partitioning of primary organic aerosol emissions: (2) Diesel vehicles Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (15) 8288-8296
19. Chan, A. W. H.; Isaacman, G.; Wilson, K. R.; Worton, D. R.; Ruehl, C. R.; Nah, T.; Gentner, D. R.; Dallman, T. R.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Harley, R. A.; Gilman, J. B.; Gouw, J. A. d.; Offenberg, J. H.; Lin, Y. H.; Rubitschun, C. L.; Surratt, J. D.; Goldstein, A. H. Detailed chemical characterization of unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) in atmospheric organics: Insights into emission sources and atmospheric processing and secondary organic aerosol formation. J. Geophys. Res. 2013, in press
20. Isaacman, G.; Chan, A. W. H.; Nah, T.; Worton, D. R.; Ruehl, C. R.; Wilson, K. R.; Goldstein, A. H. Heterogeneous OH oxidation of motor oil particles causes selective depletion of branched and less cyclic hydrocarbons Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (19) 10632-10640
21. x Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (7) 2328-2334
22. Tkacik, D. S.; Presto, A. A.; Donahue, N. M.; Robinson, A. L. Secondary organic aerosol formation from intermediate-volatility organic compounds: Cyclic, linear, and branched alkanes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (16) 8773-8781
23. Zhang, H.; Ruehl, C. R.; Chan, A. W. H.; Nah, T.; Worton, D. R.; Isaacman, G.; Goldstein, A. G.; Wilson, K. R. OH-iniated heterogenous oxidation of Cholestane: A model system for understanding the photochemical aging of cyclic alkane aerosols. J. Phys. Chem. 2013, just accepted
24. Duplissy, J.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Dommen, J.; Alfarra, M. R.; Metzger, A.; Barmpadimos, I.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Weingartner, E.; Tritscher, T.; Gysel, M.; Aiken, A. C.; Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Worsnop, D. R.; Collins, D. R.; Tomlinson, J.; Baltensperger, U. Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11 (3) 1155-1165
25. McDonald, J. D.; Eide, I.; Seagrave, J.; Zielinska, B.; Whitney, K.; Lawson, D. R.; Mauderly, J. L. Relationship between composition and toxicity of motor vehicle emission samples Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112 (15) 1527-1538 (Pubitemid 39517447)
26. Goldstein, A. H.; Galbally, I. E. Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earths atmosphere Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (5) 1514-1521 (Pubitemid 46362448)
27. Fraser, M. P.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32 (14) 2051-2060 (Pubitemid 28334809)
28. Marr, L. C.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Harley, R. A.; Miguel, A. H.; Hering, S. V.; Hammond, S. K. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motor vehicle fuels and exhaust emissions Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33 (18) 3091-3099 (Pubitemid 29441588)
29. Rogge, W. F.; Hildemann, L. M.; Mazurek, M. A.; Cass, G. R.; Simoneit, B. R. T. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy duty diesel trucks Environ. Sci. Technol. 1993, 27 (4) 636-651 (Pubitemid 23129294)
30. Isaacman, G.; Wilson, K. R.; Chan, A. W. H.; Worton, D. R.; Kimmel, J. R.; Nah, T.; Hohaus, T.; Gonin, M.; Kroll, J. H.; Worsnop, D. R.; Goldstein, A. H. Improved resolution of hydrocarbon structures and constitutional isomers in complex mixtures using gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet-mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 2012, 84 (5) 2335-2342
31. Ban-Weiss, G. A.; McLaughlin, J. P.; Harley, R. A.; Lunden, M. M.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Kean, A. J.; Strawa, A. W.; Stevenson, E. D.; Kendall, G. R. Long-term changes in emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42 (2) 220-232 (Pubitemid 350298048)
32. Kirchstetter, T. W.; Singer, B. C.; Harley, R. A.; Kendall, G. R.; Traverse, M. Impact of California reformulated gasoline on motor vehicle emissions. I. Mass emission rates Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33 (2) 318-328
33. Turpin, B. J.; Saxena, P.; Andrews, E. Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: Problems and prospects Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34 (18) 2983-3013 (Pubitemid 30256042)
34. Kirchstetter, T. W.; Corrigan, C. E.; Novakov, T. Laboratory and field investigation of the adsorption of gaseous organic compounds onto quartz filters Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35 (9) 1663-1671 (Pubitemid 32120173)
35. Subramanian, R.; Khlystov, A. Y.; Cabada, J. C.; Robinson, A. L. Positive and negative artifacts in particulate organic carbon measurements with denuded and undenuded sampler configurations Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 27-48 (Pubitemid 38667962)
36. Presto, A. A.; Hennigan, C. J.; Nguyen, N. T.; Robinson, A. L. Determination of volatility distributions of primary organic aerosol emissions from internal combustion engines using thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (10) 1129-1139
37. Donahue, N. M.; Robinson, A. L.; Stanier, C. O.; Pandis, S. N. Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (8) 2635-2643
38. Gary, J. H.; Handwerk, G. E.; J., K. M. Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics, 5 th ed.; CRC Press, 2007.
39. Gentner, D. R.; Worton, D. R.; Isaacman, G.; Davis, L. C.; Dallman, T. R.; Wood, E. C.; Herndon, S. C.; Goldstein, A. H.; Harley, R. A. Chemical composition of gas-phase organic carbon emissions from motor vehicles and implications for ozone production Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 11837-11848
40. Fetzer, J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and combustion. In Handbook of Combustion, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: 2010.
41. Harley, R. A.; Hannigan, M. P.; Cass, G. R. Respeciation of organic gas emissions and the detection of excess unburned gasoline in the atmosphere Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992, 26 (12) 2395-2408
42. Adam, T.; Zimmermann, R. Determination of single photon ionization cross sections for quantitative analysis of complex organic mixtures Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 389 (6) 1941-1951 (Pubitemid 350231597)
43. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 (http://webbook.nist.gov/).
44. Kovats, E. Gas-chromatographische charakterisierung organischer verbindungen 0.1. Retentionsindices aliphatischer haolgenide, alkohole, aldehyde und ketone Helv. Chim. Acta 1958, 41 (7) 1915-1932
45. Anslyn, E. V.; Dougherty, D. A., Chapter 2: Strain and stability. In Modern Physical Organic Chemistry; University Science: Sausalito, CA, 2006.
46. Mao, D.; Van De Weghe, H.; Lookman, R.; Vanermen, G.; De Brucker, N.; Diels, L. Resolving the unresolved complex mixture in motor oils using high-performance liquid chromatography followed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography Fuel 2009, 88 (2) 312-318
47. Wingert, W. S. GC-MS analysis of diamondoid hydrocarbons in smackover petroleums Fuel 1992, 71 (1) 37-43
48. DeCarlo, P. F.; Kimmel, J. R.; Trimborn, A.; Northway, M. J.; Jayne, J. T.; Aiken, A. C.; Gonin, M.; Fuhrer, K.; Horvath, T.; Docherty, K. S.; Worsnop, D. R.; Jimenez, J. L. Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer Anal. Chem. 2006, 78 (24) 8281-8289 (Pubitemid 44927604)