‘Subtypes’ in the Presentation of Autistic Traits in the General Adult Population

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 45, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 1291-1301

  Palmer, Colin J ^a   Paton, Bryan ^a   Enticott, Peter G ^b   Hohwy, Jakob ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum quotient; Autistic traits; Cluster analysis; Factor analysis; Subgroups

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; POPULATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOMETRY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; POPULATION; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMETRICS;

EID: 84939996042     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2289-1     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Austin, E. J. (2005). Personality correlates of the broader autism phenotype as assessed by the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Personality and Individual Differences,38, 451–460.
4. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,31(1), 5–17.
5. Bayliss, A. P., & Tipper, S. P. (2005). Gaze and arrow cueing of attention reveals individual differences along the autism spectrum as a function of target context. British Journal of Psychology,96(Pt 1), 95–114. doi:10.1348/000712604X15626.
6. Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis,20(3), 351–368.
7. Beuker, K. T., Schjolberg, S., Lie, K. K., Donders, R., Lappenschaar, M., Swinkels, S. H., et al. (2013). The structure of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in the general population at 18 months. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,43(1), 45–56. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1546-4.
8. Bolton, P., Macdonald, H., Pickles, A., Rios, P., Goode, S., Crowson, M., et al. (1994). A case-control family history study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,35(5), 877–900.
9. Broadbent, J., Galic, I., & Stokes, M. A. (2013). Validation of autism spectrum quotient adult version in an Australian sample. Autism Research and Treatment,2013, 1–7. doi:10.1155/2013/984205.
10. Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science,6(1), 3–5.
11. Chakrabarti, B., Dudbridge, F., Kent, L., Wheelwright, S., Hill-Cawthorne, G., Allison, C., et al. (2009). Genes related to sex steroids, neural growth, and social-emotional behavior are associated with autistic traits, empathy, and Asperger syndrome. Autism Research,2(3), 157–177. doi:10.1002/aur.80.
12. Chen, F. S., & Yoon, J. M. (2011). Brief report: broader autism phenotype predicts spontaneous reciprocity of direct gaze. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,41(8), 1131–1134. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1136-2.
13. Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003). Autistic traits in the general population: A twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry,60(5), 524–530. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524.
14. Daunizeau, J., Adam, V., & Rigoux, L. (2014). VBA: A probabilistic treatment of nonlinear models for neurobiological and behavioural data. PLoS Computational Biology,10(1), e1003441.
15. Donohue, S. E., Darling, E. F., & Mitroff, S. R. (2012). Links between multisensory processing and autism. Experimental Brain Research,222(4), 377–387. doi:10.1007/s00221-012-3223-4.
16. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
17. Freeth, M., Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. (2013a). What affects social attention? Social presence, eye contact and autistic traits. PLoS ONE,8(1), e53286. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053286.
18. Freeth, M., Sheppard, E., Ramachandran, R., & Milne, E. (2013b). A cross-cultural comparison of autistic traits in the UK, India and Malaysia. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,43(11), 2569–2583. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1808-9.
19. Grinter, E. J., Maybery, M. T., Van Beek, P. L., Pellicano, E., Badcock, J. C., & Badcock, D. R. (2009a). Global visual processing and self-rated autistic-like traits. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39(9), 1278–1290. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0740-5.
20. Grinter, E. J., Van Beek, P. L., Maybery, M. T., & Badcock, D. R. (2009b). Brief report: Visuospatial analysis and self-rated autistic-like traits. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39(4), 670–677. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0658-3.
21. Happé, F., & Ronald, A. (2008). The ‘fractionable autism triad’: A review of evidence from behavioural, genetic, cognitive and neural research. Neuropsychology Review,18(4), 287–304. doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8.
22. Happé, F., Ronald, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nature Neuroscience,9(10), 1218–1220. doi:10.1038/nn1770.
23. Hoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Cath, D. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). Factor structure, reliability and criterion validity of the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): A study in Dutch population and patient groups. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,38(8), 1555–1566. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0538-x.
24. Hurst, R. M., Mitchell, J. T., Kimbrel, N. A., Kwapil, T. K., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2007). Examination of the reliability and factor structure of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in a non-clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences,43, 1938–1949.
25. Jakab, A., Emri, M., Spisak, T., Szeman-Nagy, A., Beres, M., Kis, S. A., et al. (2013). Autistic traits in neurotypical adults: Correlates of graph theoretical functional network topology and white matter anisotropy patterns. PLoS ONE,8(4), e60982. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060982.
26. Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science,342(6156), 377–380. doi:10.1126/science.1239918.
27. Kloosterman, P. H., Keefer, K. V., Kelley, E. A., Summerfeldt, L. J., & Parker, J. D. A. (2011). Evaluation of the factor structure of the autism-spectrum quotient. Personality and Individual Differences,50, 310–314.
28. Lai, M. C., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2013). Subgrouping the autism “spectrum”: Reflections on DSM-5. PLoS Biology,11(4), e1001544. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001544.
29. Lau, W. Y., Gau, S. S., Chiu, Y. N., Wu, Y. Y., Chou, W. J., Liu, S. K., et al. (2013a). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Research in Developmental Disabilities,34(1), 294–305. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.005.
30. Lau, W. Y., Kelly, A. B., & Peterson, C. C. (2013b). Further evidence on the factorial structure of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) for adults with and without a clinical diagnosis of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,43(12), 2807–2815. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1827-6.
31. Ledesma, R. D., & Valero-Mora, P. (2007). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: An easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation,12(2), 1–11.
32. Mandy, W. P., & Skuse, D. H. (2008). Research review: What is the association between the social-communication element of autism and repetitive interests, behaviours and activities? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,49(8), 795–808. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01911.x.
33. Martinez, W. L., Martinez, A. R., & Solka, J. L. (2011). Exploratory data analysis with MATLAB. Chapman & Hall/CRC computer science and data analysis series (2nd ed.) pp. xix, 508 p., 508 p. of col. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.
34. Murray, A. L., Booth, T., McKenzie, K., Kuenssberg, R., & O’Donnell, M. (2013). Are autistic traits measured equivalently in individuals with and without an Autism Spectrum Disorder? An invariance analysis of the Autism Spectrum Quotient Short Form. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1851-6.
35. Nummenmaa, L., Engell, A. D., von dem Hagen, E., Henson, R. N., & Calder, A. J. (2012). Autism spectrum traits predict the neural response to eye gaze in typical individuals. Neuroimage,59(4), 3356–3363. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.075.
36. O’Connor, B. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,32(3), 396–402.
37. O’Connor, B. (2014). SPSS, SAS, and MATLAB programs for determining the number of components and factors. https://people.ok.ubc.ca/brioconn/nfactors/nfactors.html. Accessed 5 August 2014.
38. Palmer, C. J., Paton, B., Hohwy, J., & Enticott, P. G. (2013). Movement under uncertainty: The effects of the rubber-hand illusion vary along the nonclinical autism spectrum. Neuropsychologia,51(10), 1942–1951. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.020.
39. Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making,5(5), 411–419.
40. Piven, J., Palmer, P., Jacobi, D., Childress, D., & Arndt, S. (1997). Broader autism phenotype: Evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families. American Journal of Psychiatry,154(2), 185–190.
41. Posserud, M. B., Lundervold, A. J., & Gillberg, C. (2006). Autistic features in a total population of 7-9-year-old children assessed by the ASSQ (Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,47(2), 167–175. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01462.x.
42. Puzzo, I., Cooper, N. R., Vetter, P., & Russo, R. (2010). EEG activation differences in the pre-motor cortex and supplementary motor area between normal individuals with high and low traits of autism. Brain Research,1342, 104–110. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.060.
43. Quoidbach, J., Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2013). The end of history illusion. Science,339(6115), 96–98. doi:10.1126/science.1229294.
44. Ring, H., Woodbury-Smith, M., Watson, P., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2008). Clinical heterogeneity among people with high functioning autism spectrum conditions: Evidence favouring a continuous severity gradient. Behavioral and Brain Functions,4, 11. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-11.
45. Robinson, E. B., Koenen, K. C., McCormick, M. C., Munir, K., Hallett, V., Happé, F., et al. (2011). Evidence that autistic traits show the same etiology in the general population and at the quantitative extremes (5 %, 2.5 %, and 1 %). Archives of General Psychiatry,68(11), 1113–1121. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.119.
46. Robinson, E. B., Koenen, K. C., McCormick, M. C., Munir, K., Hallett, V., Happé, F., et al. (2012). A multivariate twin study of autistic traits in 12-year-olds: Testing the fractionable autism triad hypothesis. Behavior Genetics,42(2), 245–255. doi:10.1007/s10519-011-9500-3.
47. Ronald, A., Happé, F., Bolton, P., Butcher, L. M., Price, T. S., Wheelwright, S., et al. (2006a). Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: A twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,45(6), 691–699. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000215325.13058.9d.
48. Ronald, A., Happé, F., & Plomin, R. (2005). The genetic relationship between individual differences in social and nonsocial behaviours characteristic of autism. Developmental Science,8(5), 444–458. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00433.x.
49. Ronald, A., Happé, F., & Plomin, R. (2006b). Genetic research into autism. Science, 311(5763), 952; (author reply) 952, doi:10.1126/science.311.5763.952a.
50. Ronald, A., Larsson, H., Anckarsater, H., & Lichtenstein, P. (2011). A twin study of autism symptoms in Sweden. Molecular Psychiatry,16(10), 1039–1047. doi:10.1038/mp.2010.82.
51. Shuster, J., Perry, A., Bebko, J., & Toplak, M. E. (2013). Review of factor analytic studies examining symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1854-3.
52. Stevens, J. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (5th ed.). New York: Routledge.
53. Stewart, M. E., & Austin, E. J. (2009). The structure of the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from a student sample in Scotland. Personality and Individual Differences,47, 224–228.
54. Sutherland, A., & Crewther, D. P. (2010). Magnocellular visual evoked potential delay with high autism spectrum quotient yields a neural mechanism for altered perception. Brain,133(Pt 7), 2089–2097. doi:10.1093/brain/awq122.
55. Tibshirani, R., Walther, G., & Hastie, T. (2001). Estimating the number of clusters in a data set via the gap statistic. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B,63(2), 411–423.
56. van Boxtel, J. J., & Lu, H. (2013). Impaired global, and compensatory local, biological motion processing in people with high levels of autistic traits. Frontiers in Psychology,4, 209. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00209.
57. Walter, E., Dassonville, P., & Bochsler, T. M. (2009). A specific autistic trait that modulates visuospatial illusion susceptibility. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,39(2), 339–349. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0630-2.
58. World Health Organization. (2004). ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.