The role of conspicuity in preventing bicycle crashes involving a motor vehicle

European Journal of Public Health

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 517-522

  Tin Tin, Sandar ^a   Woodward, Alistair ^a   Ameratunga, Shanthi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLOR; CYCLING; FEMALE; HELMET; HUMAN; MALE; MOTOR VEHICLE; NEW ZEALAND; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SAFETY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; YOUNG ADULT;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BICYCLING; COHORT STUDIES; COLOR; FEMALE; HEAD PROTECTIVE DEVICES; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR VEHICLES; NEW ZEALAND; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SAFETY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84939487827     PISSN: 11011262     EISSN: 1464360X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku117     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. World Health Organization. Physical Inactivity: A global public health problem. Available at: http://www. who. int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet-inactivity/en/index. html (15 November 2013, date last accessed).
2. Higgins PAT. Exercise-based transportation reduces oil dependence, carbon emissions and obesity. Environ Conserv 2005;32:197-202.
3. Oja P, Titze S, Bauman A, et al. Health benefits of cycling: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21:496-509.
4. Buehler R, Pucher J. Walking and cycling in Western Europe and the United States: trends, policies, and lessons. TR News 2012;280:34-42.
5. Ministry of Transport. New Zealand Hourehold Travel Survey 2009-2012. Comparing travel modes. Wellington: Ministry of Transport, 2013.
6. Jacobsen PL, Racioppi F, Rutter H. Who owns the roads? How motorised traffic discourages walking and bicycling. Inj Prev 2009;15:369-73.
7. Ministry of Transport. Risk on the Road. Pedestrians, Cyclists and Motorcyclists. Wellington: Ministry of Transport, 2012.
8. Räsänen M, Summala H. Attention and expectation problems in bicycle-car collisions: An in-depth study. Accid Anal Prev 1998;30:657-66.
9. Hills BL. Vision, visibility, and perception in driving. Perception 1980;9:183-216.
10. Herslund M-B, Jørgensen NO. Looked-but-failed-to-see-errors in traffic. Accid Anal Prev 2003;35:885-91.
11. Summala H, Pasanen E, Räsänen M, Sievänen J. Bicycle accidents and drivers' visual search at left and right turns. Accid Anal Prev 1996;28:147-53.
12. Cole BL, Hughes PK. A field trial of attention and search conspicuity. Hum Factors 1984;26:299-313.
13. Gershon P, Ben-Asher N, Shinar D. Attention and search conspicuity of motorcycles as a function of their visual context. Accid Anal Prev 2012;44:97-103.
14. Kwan I, Mapstone J. Interventions for increasing pedestrian and cyclist visibility for the prevention of death and injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;4: CD003438.
15. Thornley SJ, Woodward A, Langley JD, et al. Conspicuity and bicycle crashes: preliminary findings of the Taupo Bicycle Study. Inj Prev 2008;14:11-8.
16. Hoffman MR, Lambert WE, Peck EG, Mayberry JC. Bicycle commuter injury prevention: it is time to focus on the environment. J Trauma 2010;69:1112-9.
17. Hagel B, Ruest N, Morgunov N, et al. Do visibility aids reduce the risk of motor-vehicle injury in bicyclists? Inj Prev 2012;18:A36-A7.
18. Miller P. The use of conspicuity aids by cyclists and the risk of crashes involving other road users: A population based case-control study (PhD Thesis). Nottingham: University of Notthingham, 2012.
19. Jacobsen PL. Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj Prev 2003;9:205-9.
20. Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Thornley S, Ameratunga S. Regional variations in pedal cyclist injuries in New Zealand: safety in numbers or risk in scarcity? Aust N Z J Public Health 2011;35:357-63.
21. Johnson M, Oxley J, Cameron M. Cyclist bunch riding: A review of the literature. Victoria: Monash University Accident Research Centre, 2009.
22. Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Ameratunga S. Incidence, risk, and protective factors of bicycle crashes: findings from a prospective cohort study in New Zealand. Prev Med 2013;57:152-61.
23. Lanza ST, Collins LM, Lemmon DR, Schafer JL. PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis. Struct Equ Modeling 2007;14:671-94.
24. Nylund KL, Asparouhov T, Muthén BO. Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Struct Equ Modeling 2007;14:535-69.
25. Clark S, Muthen B. Relating latent class analysis results to variables not included in the analysis. Available at: http://www. statmodel. com/download/relatinglca. pdf (15 November 2013, date last accessed).
26. Ministry of Transport. New Zealand Household Travel Survey.: Regional Results 2003-2011 (3-year moving average). Available at: http://www. transport. govt. nz/ research/travelsurvey/latestresults/ (15 November 2013, date last accessed).
27. Allison PD. Survival Analysis Using SAS: A Practical Guide, 2nd edn. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc, 2010.
28. Lanza ST, Collins LM. A new SAS procedure for latent transition analysis: transitions in dating and sexual risk behavior. Dev Psychol 2008;44:446-56.
29. Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Ameratunga S. Completeness and accuracy of crash outcome data in a cohort of cyclists: A validation study. BMC Public Health 2013;13:420.
30. Rothman K, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
31. Lash T, Fox M, Fink A. Applying quantitative bias analysis to epidemiological data. New York: Springer, 2009.
32. Walker I, Garrard I, Jowitt F. The influence of a bicycle commuter's appearance on drivers' overtaking proximities: An on-road test of bicyclist stereotypes, high-visibility clothing and safety aids in the United Kingdom. Accid Anal Prev 2014; 64:69-77.
33. Wood JM, Tyrrell RA, Marszalek R, et al. Bicyclists overestimate their own nighttime conspicuity and underestimate the benefits of retroreflective markers on the moveable joints. Accid Anal Prev 2013;55:48-53.
34. Wood JM, Lacherez PF, Marszalek RP, King MJ. Drivers' and cyclists' experiences of sharing the road: incidents, attitudes and perceptions of visibility. Accid Anal Prev 2009;41:772-6.
35. Bhagavathula R, Gibbons RB. Role of expectancy, motion and overhead lighting on nighttime visibility. Proc Hum Fact Ergon Soc Annu Meet 2013;57:1963-7.
36. road. cc. Invisible cyclists: Eye-tracking experiment finds drivers don't see more than in 5 riders. Available at: http://road. cc/content/news/81753-invisible-cyclists-eyetracking-experiment-finds-drivers-dont-see-more-1-5-riders (15 November 2013, date last accessed).
37. Robinson DL. Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Health Promot J Aust 2005;16:47-51.
38. Albert E. Dealing with danger: The normalization of risk in cycling. Int Rev Sociol Sport 1999;34:157-71.
39. Lindsay G, Macmillan A, Woodward A. Moving urban trips from cars to bicycles: impact on health and emissions. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011;35:54-60.
40. Pucher J, Buehler R. Making cycling irresistable: lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. Transp Rev 2008;28:495-528.