Incidence, risk, and protective factors of bicycle crashes: Findings from a prospective cohort study in New Zealand

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 57, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 152-161

  Tin Tin, Sandar ^a   Woodward, Alistair ^a   Ameratunga, Shanthi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Bicycling; Cohort studies; Epidemiology; Incidence; Medical record linkage; Risk; Wounds and injuries

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BICYCLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CYCLING; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEW ZEALAND; POLICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SPORT INJURY; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; URBAN AREA;

BICYCLING; COHORT STUDIES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INCIDENCE; MEDICAL RECORD LINKAGE; RISK; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

ACCIDENTS; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BICYCLING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW ZEALAND; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PROTECTIVE DEVICES; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84881581054     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: 10960260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.05.001     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Accident Compensation Corporation Annual Report 2012 2012, ACC, Wellington.
2. af Wåhlberg A.E., Dorn L., Kline T. The effect of social desirability on self reported and recorded road traffic accidents. Transp. Res. F Psychol. Behav. 2010, 13:106-114.
3. Amoros E., Chiron M., Thelot B., Laumon B. The injury epidemiology of cyclists based on a road trauma registry. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:653. 10.1186/471-2458-11-653.
4. Andersen L.B. Relative risk of mortality in the physically inactive is underestimated because of real changes in exposure level during follow-up. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 160:189-195.
5. Andersen L.B., Schnohr P., Schroll M., Hein H.O. All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000, 160:1621-1628.
6. Aultman-Hall L., Kaltenecker M.G. Toronto bicycle commuter safety rates. Accid. Anal. Prev. 1999, 31:675-686.
7. Bassett D.R., Pucher J., Buehler R. Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America, and Australia. J. Phys. Act. Health 2008, 5:795-814.
8. Beck L.F., Dellinger A.M., O'Neil M.E. Motor vehicle crash injury rates by mode of travel, United States: using exposure-based methods to quantify differences. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166:212-218.
9. Blakely T., Salmond C. Probabilistic record linkage and a method to calculate the positive predictive value. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 31:1246-1252.
10. Boufous S., de Rome L., Senserrick T., Ivers R. Risk factors for severe injury in cyclists involved in traffic crashes in Victoria, Australia. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2012, 49:404-409.
11. Buehler R., Pucher J. Walking and cycling in Western Europe and the United States. TR News 2012, 280:34-42.
12. Cryer C., Langley J. Developing Indicators of Injury Incidence That can be Used to Monitor Global, Regional and Local Trends 2008, Injury Prevention Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin.
13. Davie G., Langley J., Samaranayaka A., Wetherspoon M.E. Accuracy of injury coding under ICD-10-AM for New Zealand public hospital discharges. Inj. Prev. 2008, 14:319-323.
14. Davie G., Samaranayaka A., Langley J.D., Barson D. Estimating person-based injury incidence: accuracy of an algorithm to identify readmissions from hospital discharge data. Inj. Prev. 2011, 17:338-342.
15. de Geus B., Vandenbulcke G., Int Panis L., et al. A prospective cohort study on minor accidents involving commuter cyclists in Belgium. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2012, 45:683-693.
16. Ekman L. On the treatment of flow in traffic safety analysis - a non-parametric approach applied on vulnerable road users. Bulletin 1996, 136. Institutionen för Trafikteknik, Lunds, (Tekniska Högskola, Lund).
17. Elvik R., Mysen A.B. Incomplete accident reporting: meta-analysis of studies made in 13 countries. Transp. Res. Rec. 1999, 1665:133-140.
18. Farmer E., Chambers E. A psychological study of individual differences in accident rates. Report No. 38 1926, Industrial Fatigue Research Board, London.
19. Garrard J., Greaves S., Ellison A. Cycling injuries in Australia: road safety's blind spot?. J. Australas. Coll. Road Saf. 2010, 21:37-43.
20. Greenland S. Response and follow-up bias in cohort studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1977, 106:184-187.
21. Greenwood M., Woods H. The incidence of industrial accidents upon individuals with special reference to multiple accidents. Report No. 4 1919, Industrial Fatigue Research Board, London.
22. Hagel B., Ruest N., Morgunov N., et al. Do visibility aids reduce the risk of motor-vehicle injury in bicyclists?. Inj. Prev. 2012, 18:A36-A37.
23. Hamilton G.M., Meeuwisse W.H., Emery C.A., Steele R.J., Shrier I. Past injury as a risk factor: an illustrative example where appearances are deceiving. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 173:941-948.
24. Health Outcomes International Pty Ltd. Methods and Systems Used to Measure and Monitor Occupational Disease and Injury in New Zealand: NOHSAC Technical Report 2 2005, National Occupational Health and Safety Advisory Committee (NOHSAC), Wellington.
25. Heesch K.C., Garrard J., Sahlqvist S. Incidence, severity and correlates of bicycling injuries in a sample of cyclists in Queensland, Australia. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2011, 43:2085-2092.
26. Higgins P.A.T. Exercise-based transportation reduces oil dependence, carbon emissions and obesity. Environ. Conserv. 2005, 32:197-202.
27. Hillsdon M., Thorogood M., Anstiss T., Morris J. Randomised controlled trials of physical activity promotion in free living populations: a review. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 1995, 49:448-453.
28. Hoffman M.R., Lambert W.E., Peck E.G., Mayberry J.C. Bicycle commuter injury prevention: it is time to focus on the environment. J. Trauma 2010, 69:1112-1119.
29. Holm A.L., Glümer C., Diderichsen F. Health impact assessment of increased cycling to place of work or education in Copenhagen. BMJ Open 2012, 2:e001135. 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-35.
30. Howe G.R. Use of computerized record linkage in cohort studies. Epidemiol. Rev. 1998, 20:112-121.
31. Jacobsen P.L. Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj. Prev. 2003, 9:205-209.
32. Jenkins P., Earle-Richardson G., Slingerland D.T., May J. Time dependent memory decay. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2002, 41:98-101.
33. Johnson M., Oxley J., Cameron M. Cyclist Bunch Riding: A Review of the Literature 2009, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Victoria.
34. Kingham S., Koorey G., Taylor K. Attracting the next 10% of cyclists with the right infrastructure. New Zealand Cycling Conference, New Plymouth 2009.
35. Kristensen P., Bjerkedal T. Dealing with emigration in cohort studies: follow-up of mortality and cancer incidence among Norwegians born between 1967 and 1976. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 25:155-161.
36. Kuné J.B. Accident liability. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1985, 42:336-340.
37. Kwan I., Mapstone J. Interventions for increasing pedestrian and cyclist visibility for the prevention of death and injuries. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, 4.
38. Langley J.D., Dow N., Stephenson S., Kypri K. Missing cyclists. Inj. Prev. 2003, 9:376-379.
39. Lash T., Fox M., Fink A. Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiological Data 2009, Springer, New York.
40. Leden L., Gårder P., Pulkkinen U. An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2000, 32:589-599.
41. Lindsay G., Macmillan A., Woodward A. Moving urban trips from cars to bicycles: impact on health and emissions. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2011, 35:54-60.
42. Litman T. Evaluating Transportation Equity: Guidance for Incorporating Distributional Impacts in Transportation Planning 2012, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria.
43. Lyons R.A., Brophy S., Pockett R., John G. Purpose, development and use of injury indicators. Int. J. Inj. Contr. Saf. Promot. 2005, 12:207-211.
44. Mackie H. 'I want to ride my bike': overcoming barriers to cycling to intermediate schools. New Zealand Transport Agency Research Report No. 380 2009, New Zealand Transport Agency, Wellington.
45. McDonald G., Davie G., Langley J. Validity of police-reported information on injury severity for those hospitalized from motor vehicle traffic crashes. Traffic Inj. Prev. 2009, 10:184-190.
46. Ministry of Transport Comparing Travel Modes 2012, Ministry of Transport, Wellington.
47. Ministry of Transport Risk on the Road. Pedestrians, Cyclists and Motorcyclists 2012, Ministry of Transport, Wellington.
48. Moritz W. Survey of North American bicycle commuters: design and aggregate results. Transp. Res. Rec. 1997, 1578:91-101.
49. Munster D., Koorey G., Walton D. Role of road features in cycle-only crashes in New Zealand. Transfund New Zealand Research Report No. 211 2001, Transfund New Zealand, Wellington.
50. O'Connor J.P., Brown T.D. Riding with the sharks: serious leisure cyclist's perceptions of sharing the road with motorists. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2010, 13:53-58.
51. Oja P., Titze S., Bauman A., et al. Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2011, 21:496-509.
52. Robinson D.L. Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Health Promot. J. Austr. 2005, 16:47-51.
53. Rojas-Rueda D., de Nazelle A., Teixidó O., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Replacing car trips by increasing bike and public transport in the greater Barcelona metropolitan area: a health impact assessment study. Environ. Int. 2012, 49:100-109.
54. Schafer J. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data 1997, Chapman & Hall, London.
55. Sport New Zealand Sport and Recreation Profile: Cycling - Findings from the 2007/08 Active New Zealand Survey 2009, Sport New Zealand, Wellington.
56. Tercero F., Andersson R. Measuring transport injuries in a developing country: an application of the capture-recapture method. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2004, 36:13-20.
57. Thornley S.J., Woodward A., Langley J.D., Ameratunga S.N., Rodgers A. Conspicuity and bicycle crashes: preliminary findings of the Taupo Bicycle Study. Inj. Prev. 2008, 14:11-18.
58. Tin Tin S., Woodward A., Thornley S., Ameratunga S. Cycling and walking to work in New Zealand, 1991-2006: regional and individual differences, and pointers to effective interventions. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2009, 6:64. 10.1186/479-5868-6-64.
59. Tin Tin S., Woodward A., Ameratunga S.N. Injuries to pedal cyclists on New Zealand roads, 1988-2007. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:655. 10.1186/471-2458-10-655.
60. Tin Tin S., Woodward A., Thornley S., Ameratunga S. Regional variations in pedal cyclist injuries in New Zealand: safety in numbers or risk in scarcity?. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2011, 35:357-363.
61. Tin Tin S., Woodward A., Ameratunga S. Completeness and accuracy of crash outcome data in a cohort of cyclists: a validation study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:420. 10.1186/1471-2458-13-420.
62. Tivesten E., Jonsson S., Jakobsson L., Norin H. Nonresponse analysis and adjustment in a mail survey on car accidents. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2012, 48:401-415.
63. van Bekkum J.E., Williams J.M., Morris P.G. Cycle commuting and perceptions of barriers: stages of change, gender and occupation. Health Educ. 2011, 111:476-497.
64. Visser E., Pijl Y.J., Stolk R.P., Neeleman J., Rosmalen J.G.M. Accident proneness, does it exist? A review and meta-analysis. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2007, 39:556-564.
65. Wardlaw M. Assessing the actual risks faced by cyclists. Traffic Eng. Contr. 2002, 43:420-424.
66. Winters M., Davidson G., Kao D.N., Teschke K. Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride. Transportation 2011, 38:153-168.
67. Yan X., Ma M., Huang H., Abdel-Aty M., Wu C. Motor vehicle-bicycle crashes in Beijing: irregular maneuvers, crash patterns, and injury severity. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2011, 43:1751-1758.