Regional variations in pedal cyclist injuries in New zealand: Safety in numbers or risk in scarcity?

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 357-363

  Tin, Sandar Tin ^a   Woodward, Alistair ^a   Thornley, Simon ^a   Ameratunga, Shanthi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Bicycling; Exposure based risk; Safety in numbers; Traffic accidents

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BICYCLE; CAR; FEMALE; HELMET; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INJURY; MALE; NEW ZEALAND; RISK; SAFETY; STATISTICS; TIME; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; TRAVEL;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; AUTOMOBILES; BICYCLING; DATA COLLECTION; FEMALE; HEAD PROTECTIVE DEVICES; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; MALE; NEW ZEALAND; RISK; SAFETY; TIME FACTORS; TRAVEL; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 80655145251     PISSN: 13260200     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00731.x     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Smeed RJ. Some Statistical Aspects of Road Safety Research. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. 1949;112(1):1-34.
2. Adams J. Smeed's law, seatbelts and the Emperor's new clothes. In: Evans L, Schwing R, editors. Human Behavior and Traffic Safety. New York (NY): Plenum; 1985. p. 193-253.
3. Knott J W. Road traffic accidents in New South Wales, 1881-1991. Australian Economic History Review. 1994;34(2):80-116.
4. Ekman L. On the treatment of flow in traffic safety analysis - a non-parametric approach applied on vulnerable road users. Bulletin 136. Lund (SWE): Institute for Traffic Engineering; University of Lunds; 1996.
5. Leden L, Gårder P, Pulkkinen U. An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32(4):589-99.
6. Leden L. Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow. A case study based on data from signalized intersections in Hamilton, Ontario. Accid Anal Prev. 2002;34(4):457-64. (Pubitemid 34498183)
7. Jacobsen PL. Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj Prev. 2003;9(3):205-9.
8. Robinson DL. Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Health Promot J Austr. 2005;16(1):47-51.
9. Turner S, Roozenburg A, Francis T. Predicting Accident Rates for Cyclists and Pedestrians. Wellington (NZ): Land Transport New Zealand; 2006. Report No: 289.
10. Bassett Jr DR, Pucher J, Buehler R. Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America, and Australia. J Phys Act Health. 2008;5:795-814.
11. Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO. All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(11):1621-8. (Pubitemid 30367901)
12. Matthews CE, Jurj AL, Shu X-O, Li H-L, Yang G, Li Q, et al. Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(12):1343-50. (Pubitemid 47234317)
13. Hamer M, Chida Y. Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analytic review. Prev Med. 2008;46(1):9-13.
14. Appleyard D. Livable Streets. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press; 1981.
15. Litman T. Evaluating Transportation Equity: Guidance for Incorporating Distributional Impacts in Transportation Planning. Victoria (CAN): Victoria Transport Policy Institute; 2007.
16. Victoria Transport Policy Institute [homepage on the Internet]. Community Livability: Helping to Create Attractive, Safe, Cohesive Communities. Victoria (CAN): Victoria Transport Policy Institute [cited 2010 Mar. 29]. Available from: http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm97.htm
17. Wittink R. Planning for cycling supports road safety. In: Tolley R, editor. Sustainable Transport: Planning for Walking and Cycling in Urban Environments. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing; 2003. p. 172-88.
18. Higgins PAT. Exercise-based transportation reduces oil dependence, carbon emissions and obesity. Environmental Conservation. 2005;32(03):197-202. (Pubitemid 43097219)
19. Cyclists' Touring Club [homepage on the Internet]. Barriers to Cycling: Perspectives from Existing and Potential Cyclists. Surrey (UK): CTC; 1997 [cited 2010 Jul. 18]. Available from: http://www.ctc.org.uk/resources/Campaigns/ Barriers-to-Cycling-1997.pdf
20. Pearce L, Davis A, Crombie H, Boyd H. Cycling for A Healthier Nation. Berkshire (UK): Transport Research Laboratory; 1998. Report No.: 346.
21. The Economist. Pocket World in Figures 2009. London (UK): The Economist, 2009.
22. New Zealand Ministry of Transport [homepage on the Internet]. Comparing Travel Modes. Household Travel Survey. Version 2 revised Nov. 2009. Wellington (NZ): Government of New Zealand; 2009 [cited 2010 Jul. 18]. Available from: http://www.transport.govt.nz/research/Documents/Comparingtravelmodes-2009.pdf
23. New Zealand Ministry of Transport [homepage on the Internet]. Cyclists: Crash Fact Sheet. Wellington (NZ): Government of New Zealand; 2009 [cited 2010 Jul. 18]. Available from: http://www.transport.govt.nz/research/Documents/ Cyclist%20Crash%20Statistics%2009.pdf
24. Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Thornley S, Ameratunga S. Cycling and walking to work in New Zealand, 1991-2006: regional and individual differences, and pointers to effective interventions. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6(1):64.
25. New Zealand Ministry of Transport [homepage on the Internet]. How New Zealanders Travel: Trends in New Zealand Household Travel 1989-2008. Wellington (NZ): Government of New Zealand; 2009 [cited 2010 Jul. 18]. Available from: http://www.transport.govt.nz/research/Documents/ How%20New%20Zealanders%20travel%20web.pdf
26. Statistics New Zealand [homepage on the Internet]. Meshblock. Wellington (NZ): Government of New Zealand; 2010 [cited 2010 Mar. 18]. Available from: http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods-and-services/surveys-and-methods/ classificationsand-standards/classification-related-stats-standards/meshblock/ definition.aspx
27. World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet]. International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Geneva (CHE): WHO; 2010 [cited 2010 Mar. 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/
28. New Zealand Ministry of Transport [homepage on the Internet]. New Zealand Household Travel Survey. Wellington (NZ): Government of New Zealand; 2010 [cited 2010 Mar. 18]. Available from: http://www.transport.govt.nz/research/ travelsurvey/
29. Langley J. Experiences using New Zealand's hospital based surveillance system for injury prevention research. Methods Inf Med. 1995;34(4):340-4.
30. Langley J, Stephenson S, Cryer C, Borman B. Traps for the unwary in estimating person based injury incidence using hospital discharge data. Inj Prev. 2002;8(4):332-7.
31. Civil I, Twaddle B. Trauma care systems in New Zealand. Injury. 2003;34(9):740-4.
32. Bollen KA, Ward S. Ratio variables in aggregate data analysis: their uses, problems, and alternatives. Sociological Methods and Research. 1979;7(4):431-50.
33. Logan CH. General deterrent effects of imprisonment. Soc Forces. 1972;51(1):64-73.
34. Logan CH. Problems in ratio correlation: the case of deterrence research. Soc Forces. 1982;60(3):791-810.
35. Maycock G, Hall R. Accidents at Four-arm Roundabouts. London (UK): Transport and Road Research Laboratory; 1984. Report No.: LR1120.
36. Hauer E, Ng J, Lovell J. Estimation of safety at signalised intersections. Transportation Research Record. 1988;1185:48-61.
37. Cryer C, Langley J. Developing Indicators of Injury Incidence that Can Be Used to Monitor Global, Regional and Local Trends. Dunedin (NZ): Injury Prevention Research Unit, University of Otago; 2008. Report No.: OR070.
38. Committee on Medical Aspects of Automotive Safety. Rating the Severity of Tissue Damage: I. The Abbreviated Scale. JAMA. 1971;215(2):277-80.
39. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale: 1990 Revision, Update 98. Barrington (IL): AAAM; 1998.
40. Clark DE, Ahmad S. Estimating injury severity using the Barell matrix. Inj Prev. 2006;12(2):111-16. (Pubitemid 43586791)
41. Langley J, Stephenson S, Thorpe C, Davie G. Accuracy of injury coding under ICD-9 for New Zealand public hospital discharges. Inj Prev. 2006;12(1):58-61. (Pubitemid 43266240)
42. Davie G, Langley J, Samaranayaka A, Wetherspoon ME. Accuracy of injury coding under ICD-10-AM for New Zealand public hospital discharges. Inj Prev. 2008;14(5):319-23.
43. Johansson LA, Westerling R. Comparing hospital discharge records with death certificates: Can the differences be explained? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(4):301-8. (Pubitemid 34261205)
44. Langlois JA, Smith GS, Baker S P, Langley JD. International Comparisons of Injury Mortality in the Elderly: Issues and Differences between New Zealand and the United States. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24(1):136-43.
45. Cryer C. Severity of injury measures and descriptive epidemiology. Inj Prev. 2006;12(2):67-8. (Pubitemid 43586782)
46. Todd K. Pedestrian regulations in the United States: a critical review. Transportation Quarterly. 1992;46:541-59.
47. Cyclists' Touring Club [homepage on the Internet]. Safety in Numbers in England. Surrey (UK): CTC; 2009 [cited 2010 Jul. 18]. Available from: http://www.ctc.org.uk/resources/Campaigns/0905-SiN-full-rpt.pdf
48. Turner S, Binder S, Roozenburg A. Cycle Safety: Reducing the Crash Risk. Wellington (NZ): New Zealand Transport Agency; 2009. Report No.: 389.
49. Global Road Safety Partnership. Speed Management: A Road Safety Manual for Decision-makers and Practitioners. Geneva (CHE): GRSP; 2008.
50. Jacobsen PL, Racioppi F, Rutter H. Who owns the roads? How motorised traffic discourages walking and bicycling. Inj Prev. 2009;15(6):369-73.
51. York G. Cars conquering the bicycle kingdom. Globe and Mail. 2007 Jan 20.
52. Pucher J, Dijkstra L. Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: lessons from The Netherlands and Germany. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(9):1509-16. (Pubitemid 38477677)
53. Pucher J, Buehler R. Making cycling irresistable: lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. Transport Reviews. 2008;28(4):495-528.
54. Rissel C: Active travel: a climate change mitigation strategy with co-benefits for health. NSW Public Health Bull. 2009;20:10-13.
55. Cleland B, Walton D. Why Don't People Walk and Cycle? Wellington (NZ): Land Transport New Zealand; 2004. Central Laboratories Report No.: 528007.00.
56. Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Thornley S, Langley J, Rodgers A, Ameratunga S. Cyclists' attitudes toward policies encouraging bicycle travel: findings from the Taupo Bicycle Study in New Zealand. Health Promot Int. 2010;25(1):54-62.
57. Leape J. The London Congestion Charge. J Econ Perspect. 2006;20(4):157-76.
58. Litman T. Pay-As-You-Drive Insurance: Recommendations for Implementation. Victoria (CAN): Victoria Transport Policy Institute; 2009.