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1
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Allen 1970 {published data only} Allen MJ, Hazlett RD, Tacker HL, Graham BV. Actual pedestrian visibility and the pedestrian's estimate of his own visibility. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1970;47(1):44-9.
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Allen 1970 {published data only} Allen MJ, Hazlett RD, Tacker HL, Graham BV. Actual pedestrian visibility and the pedestrian's estimate of his own visibility. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry 1970;47(1):44-9.
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2
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Balk 2008 {published data only} Balk SA, Carpenter TL, Brooks JO, Tyrrell RA. Pedestrian conspicuity at night: How much biological motion is enough?. Transport Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington DC. 2006.
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Balk 2008 {published data only} Balk SA, Carpenter TL, Brooks JO, Tyrrell RA. Pedestrian conspicuity at night: How much biological motion is enough?. Transport Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington DC. 2006.
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3
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54249092027
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Highlighting human form and motion information enhances the conspicuity of pedestrians at night
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* Balk SA, Tyrrell RA, Brooks JO, Carpenter TL
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* Balk SA, Tyrrell RA, Brooks JO, Carpenter TL. Highlighting human form and motion information enhances the conspicuity of pedestrians at night. Perception 2008;37:1276-84.
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Perception
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Blomberg 1986 {published data only} * Blomberg RD, Hale A. Experimental evaluation of alternative conspicuity-enhancement techniques for pedestrians and bicycles. Journal of Safety Research 1986;17:1-12.
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Blomberg 1986 {published data only} * Blomberg RD, Hale A. Experimental evaluation of alternative conspicuity-enhancement techniques for pedestrians and bicycles. Journal of Safety Research 1986;17:1-12.
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5
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84881202969
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Conspicuity for pedestrians and bicycles: Definition of the problem, development and test of countermeasures
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HS-806 563, Stamford, CT: Dunlap & Associates Inc
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Blomberg RD, Hale A, Preusser DF. Conspicuity for pedestrians and bicycles: definition of the problem, development and test of countermeasures. US Department of Transportation Report DOT HS-806 563, Stamford, CT: Dunlap & Associates Inc 1984.
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US Department of Transportation Report DOT
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Blomberg, R.D.1
Hale, A.2
Preusser, D.F.3
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0017976747
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Burg 1978a {published data only} Burg A, Beers J. Reflectorisation for night-time conspicuity of bicycles and motorcycles. Journal of Safety Research 1978;10(2):69-77.
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Burg 1978a {published data only} Burg A, Beers J. Reflectorisation for night-time conspicuity of bicycles and motorcycles. Journal of Safety Research 1978;10(2):69-77.
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7
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0017976747
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Burg 1978b {published data only} Burg A, Beers J. Reflectorisation for night-time conspicuity of bicycles and motorcycles. Journal of Safety Research 1978;10(2):69-77.
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Burg 1978b {published data only} Burg A, Beers J. Reflectorisation for night-time conspicuity of bicycles and motorcycles. Journal of Safety Research 1978;10(2):69-77.
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8
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0021449014
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Cole 1984 {published data only} Cole BL, Hughes PK. A field trial of attention and search conspicuity. Human Factors 1984;26(3):299-313.
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Cole 1984 {published data only} Cole BL, Hughes PK. A field trial of attention and search conspicuity. Human Factors 1984;26(3):299-313.
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10
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85054107400
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Hanson 1963 {published data only} Hanson DR, Dickson AD. Significant visual properties of some fluorescent pigments. In Highway Research Record 49, HRB, National Research Council, Washington DC, 1963.
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Hanson 1963 {published data only} Hanson DR, Dickson AD. Significant visual properties of some fluorescent pigments. In Highway Research Record 49, HRB, National Research Council, Washington DC, 1963.
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11
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0022976558
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Hughes 1986a {published data only} Hughes PK, Cole BL. Can the conspicuity of objects be predicted from laboratory experiments?. Ergonomics 1986;29(9):1097-111.
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Hughes 1986a {published data only} Hughes PK, Cole BL. Can the conspicuity of objects be predicted from laboratory experiments?. Ergonomics 1986;29(9):1097-111.
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12
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0022976558
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Hughes 1986b {published data only} Hughes PK, Cole BL. Can the conspicuity of objects be predicted from laboratory experiments?. Ergonomics 1986;29(9):1097-111.
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Hughes 1986b {published data only} Hughes PK, Cole BL. Can the conspicuity of objects be predicted from laboratory experiments?. Ergonomics 1986;29(9):1097-111.
-
-
-
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13
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0038000894
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Johansson 1963 {published data only} Johansson G, Bergstorm S, Jansson G, Ottander C, Rumar K, Ornberg G. Visible distances in simulated night driving conditions with full and dipped headlights. Ergonomics 1963;6(2):171-9.
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Johansson 1963 {published data only} Johansson G, Bergstorm S, Jansson G, Ottander C, Rumar K, Ornberg G. Visible distances in simulated night driving conditions with full and dipped headlights. Ergonomics 1963;6(2):171-9.
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14
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85054108710
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Kumagai 1999 {unpublished data only} Kumagai M. Assessment of the US Bicycle Reflector Standard. Presented at the European Consumer Safety Association (ECOSA) 7th International Conference on Product Safety Research 1999.
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Kumagai 1999 {unpublished data only} Kumagai M. Assessment of the US Bicycle Reflector Standard. Presented at the European Consumer Safety Association (ECOSA) 7th International Conference on Product Safety Research 1999.
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15
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0030138154
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Luoma 1996 {published data only} Luoma J, Schuman, Traube EC. Effects of retroreflector positioning on night-time recognition of pedestrians. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1996;28(3):377-83.
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Luoma 1996 {published data only} Luoma J, Schuman, Traube EC. Effects of retroreflector positioning on night-time recognition of pedestrians. Accident Analysis and Prevention 1996;28(3):377-83.
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16
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Luoma 1998 {published data only} Luoma J, Penttinen M. Effects of experience with retroreflectors on recognition of night-time pedestrians: comparison of driver performance in Finland and Michigan. Transportation Research 1998;1(1):47-58.
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Luoma 1998 {published data only} Luoma J, Penttinen M. Effects of experience with retroreflectors on recognition of night-time pedestrians: comparison of driver performance in Finland and Michigan. Transportation Research 1998;1(1):47-58.
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17
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0032276330
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Marsh 1998 {published data only} Marsh DK, Tyrrel RA. Brightness and detectability of commercially available colored retroreflectrive materials at night. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics 42nd Society Annual Meeting 1998; 2:1633.
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Marsh 1998 {published data only} Marsh DK, Tyrrel RA. Brightness and detectability of commercially available colored retroreflectrive materials at night. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics 42nd Society Annual Meeting 1998; Vol. 2:1633.
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18
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85054115118
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Matthews 1980 {published data only} Matthews ML, Boothby RD. Visibility of cyclists at night: laboratory evaluation of three rear warning devices. Human Factors: Science for Working and Living. 24th Human Factors Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, Santa Monica, California. 1980:129-33.
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Matthews 1980 {published data only} Matthews ML, Boothby RD. Visibility of cyclists at night: laboratory evaluation of three rear warning devices. Human Factors: Science for Working and Living. 24th Human Factors Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, Santa Monica, California. 1980:129-33.
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19
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0014459361
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Michon 1969a {published data only} Michon JA, Eernst JT, Koutstaal GA. Safety clothing for human traffic obstacles. Ergonomics 1969;12:61-70.
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Michon 1969a {published data only} Michon JA, Eernst JT, Koutstaal GA. Safety clothing for human traffic obstacles. Ergonomics 1969;12:61-70.
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20
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0014459361
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Michon 1969b {published data only} Michon JA, Eernst JT, Koutstaal GA. Safety clothing for human traffic obstacles. Ergonomics 1969;12:61-70.
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Michon 1969b {published data only} Michon JA, Eernst JT, Koutstaal GA. Safety clothing for human traffic obstacles. Ergonomics 1969;12:61-70.
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21
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Michon 1969c {published data only} Michon JA, Eernst JT, Koutstaal GA. Safety clothing for human traffic obstacles. Ergonomics 1969;12:61-70.
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Michon 1969c {published data only} Michon JA, Eernst JT, Koutstaal GA. Safety clothing for human traffic obstacles. Ergonomics 1969;12:61-70.
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22
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0038677343
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Moberly 2001 {unpublished data only} Moberly NJ, Langham MP. Pedestrian conspicuity at night: failure to observe a biological motion advantage in a high-clutter environment. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2002;164:477-85.
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Moberly 2001 {unpublished data only} Moberly NJ, Langham MP. Pedestrian conspicuity at night: failure to observe a biological motion advantage in a high-clutter environment. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2002;164:477-85.
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23
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85054112994
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Muttart 2000 {published data only} Muttart JW. Effects of retroreflective material on pedestrian identification at night. Accident Reconstruction Journal 2000;11(1):51-60.
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Muttart 2000 {published data only} Muttart JW. Effects of retroreflective material on pedestrian identification at night. Accident Reconstruction Journal 2000;11(1):51-60.
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24
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0028659797
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Owens 1994a {published data only} Owens DA, Antonoff RJ. Biological motion and pedestrian safety in night traffic. Human Factors 1994;36(4):718-32.
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Owens 1994a {published data only} Owens DA, Antonoff RJ. Biological motion and pedestrian safety in night traffic. Human Factors 1994;36(4):718-32.
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25
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0028659797
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Owens 1994b {published data only} Owens DA, Antonoff RJ. Biological motion and pedestrian safety in night traffic. Human Factors 1994;36(4):718-32.
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Owens 1994b {published data only} Owens DA, Antonoff RJ. Biological motion and pedestrian safety in night traffic. Human Factors 1994;36(4):718-32.
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26
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Owens 2007 {published data only} Owens DA, Wood JM, Owens JM. Effects of age and illumination on night driving: a road test. Human Factors 2007;49(6):1115-31.
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Owens 2007 {published data only} Owens DA, Wood JM, Owens JM. Effects of age and illumination on night driving: a road test. Human Factors 2007;49(6):1115-31.
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27
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85054112259
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Sator 1978a {published data only} Sator WHJ. Warning signs for road vehicles. NITRR Technical Report RV/4/78, Pretoria, CSIR, 1978.
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Sator 1978a {published data only} Sator WHJ. Warning signs for road vehicles. NITRR Technical Report RV/4/78, Pretoria, CSIR, 1978.
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28
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85054108338
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Sator 1978b {published data only} Sator WHJ. Warning signs for road vehicles. NITRR Technical Report RV/4/78, Pretoria, CSIR 1978.
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Sator 1978b {published data only} Sator WHJ. Warning signs for road vehicles. NITRR Technical Report RV/4/78, Pretoria, CSIR 1978.
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29
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85054111364
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Sayer 1998 {published data only} Sayer JR, Mefford ML, Flannagan, Sivak M, Traube EC, Kojima S. Effects of retroreflective marking color on pedestrian detection distance. UMTRI-98-8, Ann Arbour. MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 1998.
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Sayer 1998 {published data only} Sayer JR, Mefford ML, Flannagan, Sivak M, Traube EC, Kojima S. Effects of retroreflective marking color on pedestrian detection distance. Vol. UMTRI-98-8, Ann Arbour. MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 1998.
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85054105451
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Sayer 1999 {published data only} Sayer JR, Mefford ML, Flannagan MJ, Sivak M. Effects of retroreflective marking color on the detection of pedestrians by normal and color deficient drivers. UMTRI-99-6, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 1999.
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Sayer 1999 {published data only} Sayer JR, Mefford ML, Flannagan MJ, Sivak M. Effects of retroreflective marking color on the detection of pedestrians by normal and color deficient drivers. Vol. UMTRI-99-6, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 1999.
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Sayer 2004 {published data only} Sayer JR, Mefford ML. High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones. Journal of Safety Research 2004;35:537-546..
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Sayer 2004 {published data only} Sayer JR, Mefford ML. High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones. Journal of Safety Research 2004;35:537-546..
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32
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85173174946
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Schnell 2001 {published data only} Schnell T, Aktan F, McGehee DV, Dvorak M, Hunt J, Reyes A, et al.Pedestrian visibility under automobile lowbeam headlight illumination, with and without headlight covers. Transportation Research Record March 2001; Paper number: 01-2195.
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Schnell 2001 {published data only} Schnell T, Aktan F, McGehee DV, Dvorak M, Hunt J, Reyes A, et al.Pedestrian visibility under automobile lowbeam headlight illumination, with and without headlight covers. Transportation Research Record March 2001; Vol. Paper number: 01-2195.
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0021473899
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Shinar 1984 {published data only} Shinar D. Actual versus estimated night-time pedestrian visibility. Ergonomics 1984;27(8):863-71.
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Shinar 1984 {published data only} Shinar D. Actual versus estimated night-time pedestrian visibility. Ergonomics 1984;27(8):863-71.
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34
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Shinar 1985 {published data only} Shinar D. The effects of expectancy, clothing reflectance and detection criterion on night-time pedestrian visibility. Human Factors 1985;27:327-33.
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Shinar 1985 {published data only} Shinar D. The effects of expectancy, clothing reflectance and detection criterion on night-time pedestrian visibility. Human Factors 1985;27:327-33.
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Turner 1997 {published data only} Turner JD, Simmons CJ, Graham JR. High visibility clothing for daytime use in work zones. Transportation Research Record 1997;1585:1-8.
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Turner 1997 {published data only} Turner JD, Simmons CJ, Graham JR. High visibility clothing for daytime use in work zones. Transportation Research Record 1997;1585:1-8.
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36
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85054108401
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Watts 1980 {published data only} Watts GR. The evaluation of conspicuity aids for cyclists and motorcyclists. In: Osborne DJ (ed), Human Factors in Transport Research 1: Vehicle factors: transport systems, workspace, information and safety. London: Academic Press, 1980.
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Watts 1980 {published data only} Watts GR. The evaluation of conspicuity aids for cyclists and motorcyclists. In: Osborne DJ (ed), Human Factors in Transport Research Vol 1: Vehicle factors: transport systems, workspace, information and safety. London: Academic Press, 1980.
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Watts 1984a {published data only} Watts GR. Evaluation of conspicuity aids for pedal cyclists. Report 1103, TRRL, 1984.
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Watts 1984a {published data only} Watts GR. Evaluation of conspicuity aids for pedal cyclists. Vol. Report 1103, TRRL, 1984.
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38
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85054110961
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Watts 1984b {published data only} Watts GR. Pedal cycle lamps and reflectors - some visibility tests and surveys. Report 1108, TRRL, 1984.
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Watts 1984b {published data only} Watts GR. Pedal cycle lamps and reflectors - some visibility tests and surveys. Vol. Report 1108, TRRL, 1984.
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Watts 1984c {published data only} Watts GR. Pedal cycle lamps and reflectors - some visibility tests and surveys. Report 1108. TRRL 1984.
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Watts 1984c {published data only} Watts GR. Pedal cycle lamps and reflectors - some visibility tests and surveys. Report 1108. TRRL 1984.
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Wood 2005 {published data only} Wood JM. Limitations in drivers' ability to recognise pedestrians at night. Human Factors 2005;47(3):644-53.
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Wood 2005 {published data only} Wood JM. Limitations in drivers' ability to recognise pedestrians at night. Human Factors 2005;47(3):644-53.
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41
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85054117808
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Zwahlen 1991a {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Yu J. Color and shape recognition of reflectorized targets under automobile low-beam illumination at night. Transportation Research Record 1991;1327:1-7.
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Zwahlen 1991a {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Yu J. Color and shape recognition of reflectorized targets under automobile low-beam illumination at night. Transportation Research Record 1991;1327:1-7.
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42
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85054110155
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Zwahlen 1991b {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Yu J. Color and shape recognition of reflectorized targets under automobile low-beam illumination at night. Transportation Research Record 1991;1327:1-7.
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Zwahlen 1991b {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Yu J. Color and shape recognition of reflectorized targets under automobile low-beam illumination at night. Transportation Research Record 1991;1327:1-7.
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43
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85054110035
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Zwahlen 1994 {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Vel UD. Conspicuity in terms of peripheral visual detection and recognition of fluorescent color targets versus non-fluorescent color targets against different backgrounds in daytime. Transportation Research Record 1994;1456:125-38.
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Zwahlen 1994 {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Vel UD. Conspicuity in terms of peripheral visual detection and recognition of fluorescent color targets versus non-fluorescent color targets against different backgrounds in daytime. Transportation Research Record 1994;1456:125-38.
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44
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Zwahlen 1997 {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Schnell T. Visual detection and recognition of fluorescent color targets versus nonfluorescent color targets as a function of peripheral viewing angle and target size. Transportation Research Record 1997;1605:28-40.
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Zwahlen 1997 {published data only} Zwahlen HT, Schnell T. Visual detection and recognition of fluorescent color targets versus nonfluorescent color targets as a function of peripheral viewing angle and target size. Transportation Research Record 1997;1605:28-40.
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45
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85054115350
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Austin 1974 {published data only} Austin RL, Klassen DJ, Vanstrum RC, Forbes TW. Pedestrian and bicyclist conspicuity. Third international congress on automotive safety - ii, session 4a. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Automobile Safety; July 15-17, San Francisco, California, 1974.
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Austin 1974 {published data only} Austin RL, Klassen DJ, Vanstrum RC, Forbes TW. Pedestrian and bicyclist conspicuity. Third international congress on automotive safety - volume ii, session 4a. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Automobile Safety; July 15-17, San Francisco, California, 1974.
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46
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85054115303
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Bartmann 1991 {published data only} Bartmann A, Reiffenrath D. Visibility under night driving conditions. In: Gale, AG editor(s). Vision in vehicles. III, North-Holland: Elsevier, 1991:361-8.
-
Bartmann 1991 {published data only} Bartmann A, Reiffenrath D. Visibility under night driving conditions. In: Gale, AG editor(s). Vision in vehicles. Vol. III, North-Holland: Elsevier, 1991:361-8.
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47
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Beith 1982 {published data only} Beith BH, Sanders MS, Peay JM. Using retroreflective material to enhance the conspicuity of coal miners. Human Factors 1982;24(6):727-35.
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Beith 1982 {published data only} Beith BH, Sanders MS, Peay JM. Using retroreflective material to enhance the conspicuity of coal miners. Human Factors 1982;24(6):727-35.
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48
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85054117728
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Blomberg 1981 {published data only} Blomberg RD, Leaf WA, Jacobs HH. Detection and recognition of pedestrians at night. Transportation Research Circular. 229, Washington DC: National Academy of Science, 1981. [: Report no HS-032]
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Blomberg 1981 {published data only} Blomberg RD, Leaf WA, Jacobs HH. Detection and recognition of pedestrians at night. Transportation Research Circular. Vol. 229, Washington DC: National Academy of Science, 1981. [: Report no HS-032]
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49
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Cairney 1992 {published data only} * Cairney PT. On-road tests of bicycle night conspicuity aids. Research Report (ARR no. 237), Australian Road Research Board, 1992.
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Cairney 1992 {published data only} * Cairney PT. On-road tests of bicycle night conspicuity aids. Research Report (ARR no. 237), Australian Road Research Board, 1992.
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Gale AG (Ed), Cairney PT. The conspicuity of bicycle lighting under on-road conditions. Vision in Vehicles 1998;VI:185-90.
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Connors 1975 {published data only} Connors MM. Conspicuity of target lights: the influence of color. Ames Research Center (NASA), Report to No NASA TN-D-7960, 1975.
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Connors 1975 {published data only} Connors MM. Conspicuity of target lights: the influence of color. Ames Research Center (NASA), Report to No NASA TN-D-7960, 1975.
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Hazlett 1968 {published data only} Hazlett RD, Allen MJ. The ability to see a pedestrian at night: the effects of clothing, reflectorisation, and driver intoxication. American Journal of Optometry & Archives of the American Academy of Optometry 1968;45:246-58.
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Hazlett 1968 {published data only} Hazlett RD, Allen MJ. The ability to see a pedestrian at night: the effects of clothing, reflectorisation, and driver intoxication. American Journal of Optometry & Archives of the American Academy of Optometry 1968;45:246-58.
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Helmers 1993 {published data only} Helmers G, Ytterbom U, Lundkvist SO. Detection distances to obstacles on the road when using UV headlights: Measurements in a simulated full-scale traffic situation. TFB & VTI FORSKNING/RESEARCH 1993.
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Helmers 1993 {published data only} Helmers G, Ytterbom U, Lundkvist SO. Detection distances to obstacles on the road when using UV headlights: Measurements in a simulated full-scale traffic situation. TFB & VTI FORSKNING/RESEARCH 1993.
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Hills 1975 {published data only} Hills BL. Visibility under night driving conditions: Part 2. Field measurements using disc obstacles and a pedestrian dummy. Lighting Research & Technology 1975;7(4):251-8.
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Hills 1975 {published data only} Hills BL. Visibility under night driving conditions: Part 2. Field measurements using disc obstacles and a pedestrian dummy. Lighting Research & Technology 1975;7(4):251-8.
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Isler 1996 {published data only} Isler R, Parsonson BS, Connelly M. Testing the relative conspicuity of road worker's safety garments. Transfund New Zealand Research Report No 68. 1996.
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Isler 1996 {published data only} Isler R, Parsonson BS, Connelly M. Testing the relative conspicuity of road worker's safety garments. Transfund New Zealand Research Report No 68. 1996.
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Isler 1997 {published data only} Isler R, Kirk P, Bradford SJ, Parker RJ. Testing the relative conspicuity of safety garments for New Zealand forestry workers. Applied Ergonomics 1997;28(5-6):323- 9.
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Isler 1997 {published data only} Isler R, Kirk P, Bradford SJ, Parker RJ. Testing the relative conspicuity of safety garments for New Zealand forestry workers. Applied Ergonomics 1997;28(5-6):323- 9.
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Markowitz 1971 {published data only} Markowitz J. Optimal flash rate and duty cycle for flashing visual indicators. Human Factors 1971:427-33.
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Markowitz 1971 {published data only} Markowitz J. Optimal flash rate and duty cycle for flashing visual indicators. Human Factors 1971:427-33.
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Rumar 1976 {published data only} Rumar K. Pedestrian safety in night driving. In: AS Hakkert editor (s). International Conference on Pedestrian safety. Haifa, Israel: Michlol Publishing, 1976:7A1-5.
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Rumar 1976 {published data only} Rumar K. Pedestrian safety in night driving. In: AS Hakkert editor (s). International Conference on Pedestrian safety. Haifa, Israel: Michlol Publishing, 1976:7A1-5.
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Ryan 1998 {published data only} Ryan GA, Stallard R, Legge M. Bicycle lighting and conspicuity. Road Accident Prevention Research Unit, Department of Public Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA. Research Report RR 55 March 1998.
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Ryan 1998 {published data only} Ryan GA, Stallard R, Legge M. Bicycle lighting and conspicuity. Road Accident Prevention Research Unit, Department of Public Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA. Research Report RR 55 March 1998.
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Sator 1976 {published data only} Sator WHJ. Devices to increase rear end visibility of pedal cycles at night. NITRR Technical Report RV/3/76, Pretoria, CSIR 1976.
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Sator 1976 {published data only} Sator WHJ. Devices to increase rear end visibility of pedal cycles at night. NITRR Technical Report RV/3/76, Pretoria, CSIR 1976.
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