Examining associations between psychosis risk, social anhedonia, and performance of striatum-related behavioral tasks

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 124, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 507-518

  Karcher, Nicole R ^a   Martin, Elizabeth A ^a,b   Kerns, John G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Novelty; Positive schizotypy; Psychotic like experiences; Reward learning; Social anhedonia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANHEDONIA; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORPUS STRIATUM; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FINGER TAPPING TEST; HUMAN; LEARNED IRRELEVANCE PARADIGM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL TASK; PERCEPTUAL ABERRATION MAGICAL IDEATION SCORE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PSYCHOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TASK PERFORMANCE; WEATHER PREDICTION TASK; ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; ATTENTION; LEARNING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REACTION TIME; RISK FACTOR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; ANHEDONIA; ATTENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PROBABILITY LEARNING; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REACTION TIME; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84938999347     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000067     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Alexander, G. E., Crutcher, M. D., & DeLong, M. R. (1991). Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, "prefrontal" and "limbic" functions. Progress in Brain Research, 85, 119-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62678-3
2. Asai, T., Sugimori, E., & Tanno, Y. (2009). Schizotypal personality traits and atypical lateralization in motor and language functions. Brain and Cognition, 71, 26-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.03.007
3. Bobo, W. V., Cooper, W. O., Stein, C. M., Olfson, M., Graham, D., Daugherty, J.,... Ray, W. A. (2013). Antipsychotics and the risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 70, 1067-1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2053
4. Cannon, T. D., Cadenhead, K., Cornblatt, B., Woods, S. W., Addington, J., Walker, E.,... Heinssen, R. (2008). Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: A multisite longitudinal study in North America. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 28-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.3
5. Carter, J. W., Parnas, J., Urfer-Parnas, A., Watson, J., & Mednick, S. A. (2011). Intellectual functioning and the long-term course of schizophrenia-spectrum illness. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1223-1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001820
6. Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1980). Scales for rating psychotic and psychotic-like experiences as continua. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 476-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/6.3.476
7. Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1983). Infrequency Scale. Unpublished test.
8. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., Kwapil, T. R., Eckblad, M., & Zinser, M. C. (1994). Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 171-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.2.171
9. Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Raulin, M. L. (1978). Body-image aberration in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 399-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.87.4.399
10. Chen, F., Wang, L., Heeramun-Aubeeluck, A., Wang, J., Shi, J., Yuan, J., & Zhao, X. (2014). Identification and characterization of college students with attenuated psychosis syndrome in China. Psychiatry Research, 216, 346-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.051
11. Chun, C. A., Minor, K. S., & Cohen, A. S. (2013). Neurocognition in psychometrically defined college schizotypy samples: We are not measuring the "right stuff." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 324-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S135561771200152X
12. Cicero, D. C., Martin, E. A., Becker, T. M., Docherty, A. R., & Kerns, J. G. (2014). Correspondence between psychometric and clinical high risk for psychosis in an undergraduate population. Psychological Assessment, 26, 901-915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036432
13. Cools, R., & D'Esposito, M. (2011). Inverted-U-shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biological Psychiatry, 69, e113-e125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.028
14. Dandash, O., Fornito, A., Lee, J., Keefe, R. S., Chee, M. W., Adcock, R. A.,... Harrison, B. J. (2014). Altered striatal functional connectivity in subjects with an at-risk mental state for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 904-913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt093
15. de la Fuente-Sandoval, C., León-Ortiz, P., Favila, R., Stephano, S., Mamo, D., Ramírez-Bermúdez, J., & Graff-Guerrero, A. (2011). Higher levels of glutamate in the associative-striatum of subjects with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia and patients with first-episode psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 1781-1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.65
16. Delmaire, C., Krainik, A., Du Montcel, S. T., Gerardin, E., Meunier, S., Mangin, J. F.,... Lehericy, S. (2005). Disorganized somatotopy in the putamen of patients with focal hand dystonia. Neurology, 64, 1391-1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000158424.01299.76
17. Dowd, E. C., & Barch, D. M. (2012). Pavlovian reward prediction and receipt in schizophrenia: Relationship to anhedonia. PLoS ONE, 7, e35622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035622
18. Draganski, B., Kherif, F., Klöppel, S., Cook, P. A., Alexander, D. C., Parker, G. J.,... Frackowiak, R. S. (2008). Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human Basal Ganglia. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 7143-7152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1486-08.2008
19. Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L. J. (1983). Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 215-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.215
20. Eckblad, M., Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Mishlove, M. (1982). The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale. Unpublished test.
21. Egerton, A., Chaddock, C. A., Winton-Brown, T. T., Bloomfield, M. A., Bhattacharyya, S., Allen, P.,... Howes, O. D. (2013). Presynaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Findings in a second cohort. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 106-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.017
22. Evans, L. H., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2007). A new continuous within-participants latent inhibition task: Examining associations with schizotypy dimensions, smoking status and gender. Biological Psychology, 74, 365-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.09.007
23. Fornito, A., Harrison, B. J., Goodby, E., Dean, A., Ooi, C., Nathan, P. J.,... Bullmore, E. T. (2013). Functional dysconnectivity of corticostriatal circuitry as a risk phenotype for psychosis. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 70, 1143-1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1976
24. Frank, M. J. (2011). Computational models of motivated action selection in corticostriatal circuits. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 21, 381-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.013
25. Fusar-Poli, P., Deste, G., Smieskova, R., Barlati, S., Yung, A. R., Howes, O.,... Borgwardt, S. (2012). Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 562-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1592
26. Fusar-Poli, P., Howes, O. D., Allen, P., Broome, M., Valli, I., Asselin, M. C.,... McGuire, P. K. (2010). Abnormal frontostriatal interactions in people with prodromal signs of psychosis: A multimodal imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 683-691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.77
27. Gal, G., Mendlovic, S., Bloch, Y., Beitler, G., Levkovitz, Y., Young, A. M.,... Ratzoni, G. (2005). Learned irrelevance is disrupted in first-episode but not chronic schizophrenia patients. Behavioural Brain Research, 159, 267-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.11.017
28. Gazzaley, A., & D'Esposito, M. (2005). BOLD functional MRI and cognitive aging. In R. Cabeza, L. Nyberg, & D. Park (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of aging: Linking cognitive and cerebral aging (pp. 107-131). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
29. Gerfen, C. R., & Surmeier, D. J. (2011). Modulation of striatal projection systems by dopamine. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34, 441-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113641
30. Giuliano, A. J., Li, H., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Sorenson, S. M., Woodberry, K. A., & Seidman, L. J. (2012). Neurocognition in the psychosis risk syndrome: A quantitative and qualitative review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18, 399-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212799316019
31. Gluck, M. A., Shohamy, D., & Myers, C. (2002). How do people solve the "weather prediction" task? Individual variability in strategies for probabilistic category learning. Learning & Memor, 9, 408-418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.45202
32. Gold, J. M., Waltz, J. A., Matveeva, T. M., Kasanova, Z., Strauss, G. P., Herbener, E. S.,... Frank, M. J. (2012). Negative symptoms and the failure to represent the expected reward value of actions: Behavioral and computational modeling evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 129-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1269
33. Gooding, D. C., Tallent, K. A., & Matts, C. W. (2005). Clinical status of at-risk individuals 5 years later: Further validation of the psychometric high-risk strategy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 170-175.
34. Gray, J. A. (1998). Integrating schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 249-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033324
35. Gray, J. A., Joseph, M. H., Hemsley, D. R., Young, A. M., Warburton, E. C., Boulenguez, P.,... Feldon, J. (1995). The role of mesolimbic dopaminergic and retrohippocampal afferents to the nucleus accumbens in latent inhibition: Implications for schizophrenia. Behavioural Brain Research, 71, 19-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(95)00154-9
36. Gray, N. S., Fernandez, M., Williams, J., Ruddle, R. A., & Snowden, R. J. (2002). Which schizotypal dimensions abolish latent inhibition? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 271-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466502760379136
37. Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2005). The relevance of irrelevance to schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 989-999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.01.006
38. Green, M. F., Hellemann, G., Horan, W. P., Lee, J., & Wynn, J. K. (2012). From perception to functional outcome in schizophrenia: Modeling the role of ability and motivation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 1216-1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.652
39. Guitart-Masip, M., Bunzeck, N., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Düzel, E. (2010). Contextual novelty changes reward representations in the striatum. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 1721-1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5331-09.2010
40. Howes, O. D., Bose, S. K., Turkheimer, F., Valli, I., Egerton, A., Valmaggia, L. R.,... McGuire, P. (2011). Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: A prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1311-1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010160
41. Howes, O. D., Fusar-Poli, P., Bloomfield, M., Selvaraj, S., & McGuire, P. (2012). From the prodrome to chronic schizophrenia: The neurobiology underlying psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18, 459-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212799316217
42. Howes, O. D., Montgomery, A. J., Asselin, M. C., Murray, R. M., Valli, I., Tabraham, P.,... Grasby, P. M. (2009). Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 13-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.514
43. Ihaka, R., & Gentleman, R. (1996). R: A language for data analysis and graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5, 299-314.
44. Ito, M., Kado, N., Suzuki, T., & Ando, H. (2013). Influence of pacing by periodic auditory stimuli on movement continuation: Comparison with self-regulated periodic movement. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25, 1141-1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.25.1141
45. Juckel, G., Friedel, E., Koslowski, M., Witthaus, H., Ozgürdal, S., Gudlowski, Y.,... Schlagenhauf, F. (2012). Ventral striatal activation during reward processing in subjects with ultra-high risk for schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology, 66, 50-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000337130
46. Juckel, G., Schlagenhauf, F., Koslowski, M., Wüstenberg, T., Villringer, A., Knutson, B.,... Heinz, A. (2006). Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. NeuroImage, 29, 409-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.051
47. Jung, W. H., Jang, J. H., Byun, M. S., An, S. K., & Kwon, J. S. (2010). Structural brain alterations in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: A review of magnetic resonance imaging studies and future directions. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 25, 1700-1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2010.25.12.1700
48. Kegeles, L. S., Abi-Dargham, A., Frankle, W. G., Gil, R., Cooper, T. B., Slifstein, M.,... Laruelle, M. (2010). Increased synaptic dopamine function in associative regions of the striatum in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 231-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.10
49. Kerns, J. G., & Berenbaum, H. (2000). Aberrant semantic and affective processing in people at risk for psychosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 728-732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.728
50. Knowlton, B. J., Squire, L. R., Paulsen, J. S., Swerdlow, N. R., & Swenson, M. (1996). Dissociations within nondeclarative memory in Huntington's disease. Neuropsychology, 10, 538-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.10.4.538
51. Kring, A. M., Gur, R. E., Blanchard, J. J., Horan, W. P., & Reise, S. P. (2013). The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): Final development and validation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 165-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010109
52. Kwapil, T. R. (1998). Social anhedonia as a predictor of the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 558-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.558
53. Kwapil, T. R., Miller, M. B., Zinser, M. C., Chapman, J., & Chapman, L. J. (1997). Magical ideation and social anhedonia as predictors of psychosis proneness: A partial replication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 491-495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.491
54. Lehéricy, S., Benali, H., Van de Moortele, P. F., Pélégrini-Issac, M., Waechter, T., Ugurbil, K., & Doyon, J. (2005). Distinct basal ganglia territories are engaged in early and advanced motor sequence learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 12566-12571.
55. Lenzenweger, M. F., & Maher, B. A. (2002). Psychometric schizotypy and motor performance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 546-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.546
56. Levitt, J. J., Rosow, L. K., Nestor, P. G., Pelavin, P. E., Swisher, T. M., McCarley, R. W., & Shenton, M. E. (2013). A volumetric MRI study of limbic, associative and sensorimotor striatal subregions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 145, 11-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.032
57. Lisman, J. E., & Grace, A. A. (2005). The hippocampal-VTA loop: Controlling the entry of information into long-term memory. Neuron, 46, 703-713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.002
58. Lozano, Y. R., Serafín, N., Prado-Alcalá, R. A., Roozendaal, B., & Quirarte, G. L. (2013). Glucocorticoids in the dorsomedial striatum modulate the consolidation of spatial but not procedural memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 101, 55-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2013.01.001
59. Marchand, W. R., Lee, J. N., Thatcher, J. W., Hsu, E. W., Rashkin, E., Suchy, Y.,... Barbera, S. S. (2008). Putamen coactivation during motor task execution. NeuroReport, 19, 957-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328302c873
60. Marshall, C., Denny, E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H.,... Addington, J. (2014). The content of attenuated psychotic symptoms in those at clinical high risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 219, 506-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.023
61. Mattfeld, A. T., & Stark, C. E. (2011). Striatal and medial temporal lobe functional interactions during visuomotor associative learning. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 647-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhq144
62. Melinder, M. R., Barch, D. M., Heydebrand, G., & Csernansky, J. G. (2005). Easier tasks can have better discriminating power: The case of verbal fluency. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 385.
63. Meyer, F. F., & Louilot, A. (2011). Latent inhibition-related dopaminergic responses in the nucleus accumbens are disrupted following neonatal transient inactivation of the ventral subiculum. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 1421-1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.26
64. Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 40-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.40
65. Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Cadenhead, K., Cannon, T., Ventura, J.,... Woods, S. W. (2003). Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: Predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 703-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007040
66. Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Somjee, L., Markovich, P. J., Stein, K., & Woods, S. W. (2002). Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes: Preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 863-865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.863
67. Mittal, V. A., Tessner, K. D., Trottman, H. D., Esterberg, M., Dhrub, S. H., Simeonova, D. I.,... Walker, E. F. (2007). Movement abnormalities and the progression of prodromal symptomatology in adolescents at risk for psychotic disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 260-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.2.260
68. Mittal, V. A., & Walker, E. F. (2007). Movement abnormalities predict conversion to Axis I psychosis among prodromal adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 796-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.796
69. Moody, T. D., Bookheimer, S. Y., Vanek, Z., & Knowlton, B. J. (2004). An implicit learning task activates medial temporal lobe in patients with Parkinson's disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 438-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.2.438
70. Moritz, C. H., Haughton, V. M., Cordes, D., Quigley, M., & Meyerand, M. E. (2000). Whole-brain functional MR imaging activation from a finger-tapping task examined with independent component analysis. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 21, 1629-1635.
71. Morris, R. W., Vercammen, A., Lenroot, R., Moore, L., Langton, J. M., Short, B.,... Weickert, T. W. (2012). Disambiguating ventral striatum fMRI-related BOLD signal during reward prediction in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 235, 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.75
72. Murty, V. P., Ballard, I. C., Macduffie, K. E., Krebs, R. M., & Adcock, R. A. (2013). Hippocampal networks habituate as novelty accumulates. Learning & Memory, 20, 229-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.029728.112
73. Orosz, A. T., Feldon, J., Gal, G., Simon, A. E., & Cattapan-Ludewig, K. (2008). Deficient associative learning in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia: Results obtained using a new visual within-subjects learned irrelevance paradigm. Behavioural Brain Research, 193, 101-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.025
74. Orosz, A. T., Feldon, J., Simon, A. E., Hilti, L. M., Gruber, K., Yee, B. K., & Cattapan-Ludewig, K. (2011). Learned irrelevance and associative learning is attenuated in individuals at risk for psychosis but not in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: Translational state markers of psychosis? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 973-981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp165
75. Padrão, G., Mallorquí, A., Cucurell, D., Marco-Pallares, J., & Rodriguez-Fornells, A. (2013). Neurophysiological differences in reward processing in anhedonics. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 102-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-012-0119-5
76. Poldrack, R. A., Clark, J., Paré-Blagoev, E. J., Shohamy, D., Creso Moyano, J., Myers, C., & Gluck, M. A. (2001). Interactive memory systems in the human brain. Nature, 414, 546-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35107080
77. Pool, E. M., Rehme, A. K., Fink, G. R., Eickhoff, S. B., & Grefkes, C. (2013). Network dynamics engaged in the modulation of motor behavior in healthy subjects. NeuroImage, 82, 68-76.
78. E-prime (Version 2.0) [Computer software] (2006). Pittsburg, PA: Psychology Software Tools, Inc.
79. Reitan, R. (1969). Manual for administration of neuropsychological test batteries for adults and children. Indianapolis, IN: Neuropsychology Laboratory.
80. Schmajuk, N. A., Cox, L., & Gray, J. A. (2001). Nucleus accumbens, entorhinal cortex and latent inhibition: A neural network model. Behavioural Brain Research, 118, 123-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(00)00319-3
81. Schmidt-Hansen, M., & Honey, R. C. (2014). Understanding the relationship between schizotypy and attention: Dissociating stimulus- and dimension-specific processes. Behavioural Brain Research, 260, 8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.028
82. Shohamy, D., Myers, C. E., Onlaor, S., & Gluck, M. A. (2004). Role of the basal ganglia in category learning: How do patients with Parkinson's disease learn? Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 676-686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.4.676
83. Skilleter, A. J., Weickert, C. S., Moustafa, A. A., Gendy, R., Chan, M., Arifin, N.,... Weickert, T. W. (2014). BDNF val66met genotype and schizotypal personality traits interact to influence probabilistic association learning. Behavioural Brain Research, 274, 137-142.
84. Stowkowy, J., & Addington, J. (2013). Predictors of a clinical high risk status among individuals with a family history of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 147, 281-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.03.030
85. Teo, W. P., Rodrigues, J. P., Mastaglia, F. L., & Thickbroom, G. W. (2013). Comparing kinematic changes between a finger-tapping task and unconstrained finger flexion-extension task in patients with Parkinson's disease. Experimental Brain Research, 227, 323-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3491-7
86. Tziortzi, A. C., Haber, S. N., Searle, G. E., Tsoumpas, C., Long, C. J., Shotbolt, P.,... Gunn, R. N. (2014). Connectivity-based functional analysis of dopamine release in the striatum using diffusion-weighted MRI and positron emission tomography. Cerebral Cortex, 24, 1165-1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs397
87. Veijola, J., Mäki, P., Jääskeläinen, E., Koivukangas, J., Moilanen, I., Taanila, A.,... Miettunen, J. (2013). Young people at risk for psychosis: Case finding and sample characteristics of the Oulu Brain and Mind Study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7, 146-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00360.x
88. Wagshal, D., Knowlton, B. J., Cohen, J. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., Bilder, R. M., Fernandez, V. G., & Asarnow, R. F. (2014a). Cognitive correlates of gray matter abnormalities in adolescent siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 40, 1030-1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt147
89. Wagshal, D., Knowlton, B. J., Cohen, J. R., Poldrack, R. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., Bilder, R. M., & Asarnow, R. F. (2014b). Impaired automatization of a cognitive skill in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 215, 294-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.024
90. Wagshal, D., Knowlton, B. J., Cohen, J. R., Poldrack, R. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., Bilder, R. M.,... Asarnow, R. F. (2012). Deficits in probabilistic classification learning and liability for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 200, 167-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.009
91. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
92. Weickert, T. W., Goldberg, T. E., Callicott, J. H., Chen, Q., Apud, J. A., Das, S.,... Mattay, V. S. (2009). Neural correlates of probabilistic category learning in patients with schizophrenia. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 1244-1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4341-08.2009
93. Weickert, T. W., Goldberg, T. E., Egan, M. F., Apud, J. A., Meeter, M., Myers, C. E.,... Weinberger, D. R. (2010). Relative risk of probabilistic category learning deficits in patients with schizophrenia and their siblings. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 948-955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.027
94. Weickert, T. W., Mattay, V. S., Das, S., Bigelow, L. B., Apud, J. A., Egan, M. F.,... Goldberg, T. E. (2013). Dopaminergic therapy removal differentially effects learning in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Schizophrenia Research, 149, 162-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.028
95. Young, A. M., Kumari, V., Mehrotra, R., Hemsley, D. R., Andrew, C., Sharma, T.,... Gray, J. A. (2005). Disruption of learned irrelevance in acute schizophrenia in a novel continuous within-subject paradigm suitable for fMRI. Behavioural Brain Research, 156, 277-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2004.05.034