Variability and Variation in Second Language Acquisition Orders: A Dynamic Reevaluation

Language Learning

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 63-88

  Lowie, Wander ^a,b   Verspoor, Marjolijn ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE FREE STATE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Dynamic systems; Morpheme orders; Second language acquisition; Variability

Indexed keywords

EID: 84938531547     PISSN: 00238333     EISSN: 14679922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/lang.12093     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Bak, P., Tang, C., & Wiesenfeld, K. (1987). Self-organized criticality: An explanation of 1/f noise. Physical Review Letters, 59, 381-384.
2. Bassano, D., & van Geert, P. (2007). Modeling continuity and discontinuity in utterance length: A quantitative approach to changes, transitions and intra-individual variability in early grammatical development. Developmental Science, 10, 588-612.
3. Brown, R. (1973). A first language: The early stages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Cancino, H., Rosansky, E., Schumann, J., & Hatch, E. (1978). The acquisition of English negatives and interrogatives by native Spanish speakers. In E. Marcussen Hatch (Ed.), Second language acquisition: A book of readings (pp. 207-230). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
5. Caspi, T. (2010). Dynamic aspects of lexical development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen, Netherlands.
6. de Bot, K., & Gullberg, M. (Eds.). (2010). Gestures in language development. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
7. de Bot, K., Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2007). A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition. Bilingualism, 10, 7-21.
8. Derwing, T., & Munro, M. J. (2013). The development of L2 oral language skills in two L1 groups: A 7-year study. Language Learning, 63, 163-185.
9. Derwing, T., Thomson, R. I., & Munro, M. J. (2006). English pronunciation and fluency development in Mandarin and Slavic speakers. System, 34, 183-193.
10. Diedrich, F. J., Highlands, T. M., Spahr, K. A., Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (2001). The role of target distinctiveness in infant perseverative reaching. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 78, 263-290.
11. Diniz, A., Wijnants, M. L., Torre, K., Barreiros, J., Crato, N., Bosman, A. M. T., et al. (2011). Contemporary theories of 1/f noise in motor control. Human Movement Science, 30, 889-905.
12. Dörnyei, Z. (2009). Individual differences: Interplay of learner characteristics and learning environment. Language Learning, 59(S1), 230-248.
13. Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
14. Ellis, R. (2015). Researching acquisition sequences: Idealization and de-idealization in SLA. [Special Issue]. Language Learning, 65, 181-209.
15. Eskildsen, S. W. (2012). L2 negation constructions at work. Language Learning, 62, 335-372.
16. Eskildsen, S. W. (2015). What counts as a developmental sequence? Exemplar-based L2 learning of English questions. [Special Issue]. Language Learning, 65, 33-62.
17. Gatbonton, E. (1978). Patterned phonetic variability in second language speech: A gradual diffusion model. Canadian Modern Language Review, 343, 335-347.
18. Goldschneider, J., & DeKeyser, R. (2001). Explaining the "natural order of L2 morpheme acquisition" in English: A meta-analysis of multiple determinants. Language Learning, 51, 1-50.
19. Hakuta, K. (1976). A case study of a Japanese child learning English as a second language. Language Learning, 26, 321-351.
20. Kello, C. T., Anderson, G. G., Holden, J. G., & van Orden, G. C. (2008). The pervasiveness of 1/f scaling in speech reflects the metastable basis of cognition. Cognitive Science, 32, 1217-1231.
21. Kello, C. T., Beltz, B. C., Holden, J. G., & van Orden, G. C. (2007). The emergent coordination of cognitive function. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 551-568.
22. Konner, M. (1991). Universals of behavioral development in relation to brain myelination. In K. R. Gibson & A. C. Petersen (Eds.), Brain maturation and cognitive development: Comparative and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 181-223). Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
23. Larsen-Freeman, D. (1997). Chaos/complexity science and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18, 140-165.
24. Larsen-Freeman, D., & Cameron, L. (2008). Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
25. Lenzing, A. (2015). Exploring regularities and dynamic systems in L2 development [Special Issue]. Language Learning, 65, 89-122.
26. Lewis, J. D., & Elman, J. L. (2002). Learnability and the statistical structure of language: Poverty of stimulus arguments revisited. In B. Skarabela, S. Fish, & A. H.-J. Do (Eds.), Proceedings from the 26th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Vols. 1-2, pp. 359-370). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
27. Long, M. H. (1990). The least a second language acquisition theory needs to explain. TESOL Quarterly, 24, 649-666.
28. Lowie, W. (forthcoming). L2 phonological development: A plea for a dynamic, process based methodology.
29. Lowie, W., de Bot, K., & Plat, R. (2014). Pink noise in production: A nonlinear approach to the multilingual lexicon. Ecological Psychology, 26, 216-228.
30. Lowie, W. M., & Seton, B. J. (2013). Essential statistics for applied linguistics. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
31. Lowie, W., & Verspoor, M. (2011). The dynamics of multilingualism: Levelt's speaking model revisited. In M. S. Schmid & W. Lowie (Eds.), Modeling bilingualism: From structure to chaos (pp. 2067-2088). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
32. Luk, Z. P., & Shirai, Y. (2009). Is the acquisition order of grammatical morphemes impervious to L1 knowledge? Evidence from the acquisition of plural -s, articles, and possessive 's. Language Learning, 59, 721-754.
33. Molenaar, P. C. M. (2008). On the implications of the classical ergodic theorems: Analysis of developmental processes has to focus on intra-individual variation. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 60-69.
34. Molenaar, P. C. M., Huizenga, H. M., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2003). The relationship between the structure of interindividual and intraindividual variability: A theoretical and empirical vindication of developmental systems theory. In U. M. Staudinger & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Understanding human development: Dialogues with lifespan psychology (pp. 339-360). New York: Springer.
35. Murakami, A. (2013). Individual variation and the role of L1 in the L2 development of English grammatical morphemes: Insights from learner corpora. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge, UK.
36. O'Grady, W. (2015). Processing determinism [Special Issue]. Language Learning, 65, 6-32.
37. Ortega, L., & Byrnes, H. (Eds.). (2008). The longitudinal study of advanced L2 capacities. New York: Routledge.
38. Ortega, L., & Iberri-Shea, G. (2005). Longitudinal research in SLA: Recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 26-45.
39. Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., Guzzetti, S., Rimoldi, O., Furlan, R., Pizzinelli, P., et al. (1986). Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circulation Research, 59, 178-193.
40. Peng, C., Havlin, S., Hausdorff, J., Mietus, J., Stanley, H., & Goldberger, A. (1995). Fractal mechanisms and heart rate dynamics: Long-range correlations and their breakdown with disease. Journal of Electrocardiology, 28, 59-65.
41. Pica, T. (1983). Adult acquisition of English as a second language under different conditions of exposure. Language Learning, 33, 465-497.
42. Pienemann, M. (2015). An outline of processability theory and its relationship to other approaches to SLA. [Special Issue]. Language Learning, 65, 123-151.
43. Rosansky, E. J. (1976). Methods and morphemes in second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 26, 409-425.
44. Smith, L. B. (2005). Cognition as a dynamic system: Principles from embodiment. Developmental Review, 25, 278-298.
45. Smith, L. B., & Thelen, E. (2003). Development as a dynamic system. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 343-348.
46. Smith, L. B., Thelen, E., Titzer, R., & McLin, D. (1999). Knowing in the context of acting: The task dynamics of the A-not-B error. Psychological Review, 106, 235-260.
47. Spoelman, M., & Verspoor, M. (2010). Dynamic patterns in the development of accuracy and complexity: A longitudinal case study on the acquisition of Finnish. Applied Linguistics, 31, 532-553.
48. Thelen, E., Schöner, G., Scheier, C., & Smith, L. B. (2001). The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 1-86.
49. Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
50. Thompson, N., & Valsiner, J. (2002). Doesn't a dance require dancers? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 641-642.
51. van Dijk, M., Verspoor, M. H., & Lowie, W. (2011). Variability and DST. In M. Verspoor, K. de Bot, & W. Lowie (Eds.), A dynamic approach to second language development: Methods and techniques (pp. 55-84). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
52. van Geert, P. (1991). A dynamic systems model of cognitive and language growth. Psychological Review, 98, 3-53.
53. van Geert, P. (2014, March). L2 acquisition and the study of change in complex systems: A perspective on universals and variability. Paper presented at the Invited Colloquium, From Universality to Variability in Second Language Development, K. de Bot and D. Larsen-Freeman (Converners). American Association for Applied Linguistics Conference, Portland, OR.
54. van Gelder, T. (1998). The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21, 615-656.
55. van Lieshout, P. (2004). Dynamical systems theory and its application in speech. In B. Maassen, R. Kent, H. Peters, P. van Lieshout, & W. Hulstijn (Eds.), Speech motor control in normal and disordered speech (pp. 51-82). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
56. van Orden, G., Holden, J., & Turvey, M. (2003). Self-organization of cognitive performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 331-350.
57. van Orden, G. C., Kloos, H., & Wallot, S. (2009). Living in the pink: Intentionality, well-being, and complexity. In C. Hooker (Ed.), Handbook of the philosophy of science, Vol. 10: Philosophy of complex systems (pp. 639-683). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
58. Verspoor, M., Lowie, W., & de Bot, K. (Eds). (2011). A dynamic approach to second language development: Methods and techniques. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
59. Verspoor, M. H., Lowie, W., & van Dijk, M. (2008). Variability in second language development from a dynamic systems perspective. Modern Language Journal, 92, 214-231.
60. Waegenmaekers, E., Lowie, W., Schoonen, R., Plat, H., & de Bot, K. (2014). The dynamics of bilingual lexical processing. Manuscript submitted for publication.
61. Yuldashev, A., Thorne, S. L., & Fernandez, J. (2013). Second language learners' contiguous and discontiguous multi-word unit use over time. Modern Language Journal, 97(S1), 31-45.
62. Zhang, X., & Lantolf, J. P. (2015). Natural or artificial: Is the route of L2 development teachable? [Special Issue]. Language Learning, 65, 152-180.