The snooze of lose: Rapid reaching reveals that losses are processed more slowly than gains

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Volumn 144, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 844-863

  Chapman, Craig S ^a   Gallivan, Jason P ^b   Wong, Jeremy D ^c   Wispinski, Nathan J ^a,d   Enns, James T ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Decision making; Gain; Loss; Rapid reaching; Relevance map; Reward; Stimulus response

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; REWARD; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ATTENTION; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; REWARD; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84938207995     PISSN: 00963445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/xge0000085     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Anderson, B. A., Laurent, P. A., & Yantis, S. (2011). Value-driven attentional capture. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 10367-10371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1104047108
2. Anderson, B. A., Laurent, P. A., & Yantis, S. (2013). Neural mechanisms of value-driven attentional capture. Journal of Vision, 13, 906. http://dx .doi.org/10.1167/13.9.906
3. Arita, J. T., Carlisle, N. B., & Woodman, G. F. (2012). Templates for rejection: Configuring attention to ignore task-irrelevant features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 580-584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027885
4. Awh, E., Belopolsky, A. V., & Theeuwes, J. (2012). Top-down versus bottom-up attentional control: A failed theoretical dichotomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 437-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.010
5. Baldauf, D., & Deubel, H. (2010). Attentional landscapes in reaching and grasping. Vision Research, 50, 999-1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .visres.2010.02.008
6. Basten, U., Biele, G., Heekeren, H. R., & Fiebach, C. J. (2010). How the brain integrates costs and benefits during decision making. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 21767-21772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas .0908104107
7. Bisley, J. W., & Goldberg, M. E. (2010). Attention, intention, and priority in the parietal lobe. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, 1-21. http://dx .doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152823
8. Bogacz, R., Brown, E., Moehlis, J., Holmes, P., & Cohen, J. D. (2006). The physics of optimal decision making: A formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks. Psychological Review, 113, 700-765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.700
9. Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856897X00357
10. Chapman, C. S., Gallivan, J. P., Culham, J. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2011). Mental blocks: FMRI reveals top-down modulation of early visual cortex when obstacles interfere with grasp planning. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1703-1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.048
11. Chapman, C. S., Gallivan, J. P., & Enns, J. T. (2015). Separating value from selection frequency in rapid reaching biases to visual targets. Visual Cognition, 23, 249-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2014.976604
12. Chapman, C. S., Gallivan, J. P., Wood, D. K., Milne, J. L., Ansari, D., Culham, J. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2014). Counting on the motor system: Rapid action planning reveals the format- and magnitude-dependent extraction of numerical quantity. Journal of Vision, 14, 30. http://dx.doi .org/10.1167/14.3.30
13. Chapman, C. S., Gallivan, J. P., Wood, D. K., Milne, J. L., Culham, J. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2010a). Reaching for the unknown: Multiple target encoding and real-time decision-making in a rapid reach task. Cognition, 116, 168-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.04.008
14. Chapman, C. S., Gallivan, J. P., Wood, D. K., Milne, J. L., Culham, J. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2010b). Short-term motor plasticity revealed in a visuomotor decision-making task. Behavioural Brain Research, 214, 130-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.05.012
15. Chelazzi, L., Estocinova, J., Calletti, R., Lo Gerfo, E., Sani, I., Della Libera, C., & Santandrea, E. (2014). Altering spatial priority maps via reward-based learning. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 34, 8594-8604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0277-14.2014
16. Chelazzi, L., Perlato, A., Santandrea, E., & Della Libera, C. (2013). (Rewards teach visual selective attention. Vision Research, 85, 58-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2012.12.005
17. Cisek, P. (2012). Making decisions through a distributed consensus. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 22, 927-936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .conb.2012.05.007
18. Cisek, P., & Kalaska, J. F. (2010). Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, 269-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135409
19. Cisek, P., Puskas, G. A., & El-Murr, S. (2009). Decisions in changing conditions: The urgency-gating model. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29, 11560-11571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1844-09.2009
20. Clithero, J. A., & Rangel, A. (2014). Informatic parcellation of the network involved in the computation of subjective value. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 1289-1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst106
21. Delgado, M. R., Jou, R. L., & Phelps, E. A. (2011). Neural systems underlying aversive conditioning in humans with primary and secondary reinforcers. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 5, 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2011.00071
22. Della Libera, C., & Chelazzi, L. (2009). Learning to attend and to ignore is a matter of gains and losses. Psychological Science, 20, 778-784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02360.x
23. Dshemuchadse, M., Scherbaum, S., & Goschke, T. (2013). How decisions emerge: Action dynamics in intertemporal decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028499
24. Fecteau, J. H., & Munoz, D. P. (2006). Salience, relevance, and firing: A priority map for target selection. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 382-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.011
25. Freeman, J. B., Dale, R., & Farmer, T. A. (2011). Hand in motion reveals mind in motion. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00059
26. Gallivan, J. P., & Chapman, C. S. (2014). Three-dimensional reach trajectories as a probe of real-time decision-making between multiple competing targets. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00215
27. Gallivan, J. P., Chapman, C. S., Wood, D. K., Milne, J. L., Ansari, D., Culham, J. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2011). One to four, and nothing more: Nonconscious parallel individuation of objects during action planning. Psychological Science, 22, 803-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611408733
28. Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007). The neural basis of decision making. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 535-574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/1annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038
29. Gottlieb, J. (2012). Attention, learning, and the value of information. Neuron, 76, 281-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.034
30. Heekeren, H. R., Marrett, S., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2008). The neural systems that mediate human perceptual decision making. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 467-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1nrn2374
31. Hertwig, R., & Erev, I. (2009). The description-experience gap in risky choice. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 517-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.09.004
32. Hickey, C., & van Zoest, W. (2012). Reward creates oculomotor salience. Current Biology, 22, R219-R220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.007
33. Hikosaka, O. (2010). The habenula: From stress evasion to value-based decision-making. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 503-513. http://dx .doi.org/10.1038/nrn2866
34. Jarvstad, A., Hahn, U., Rushton, S. K., & Warren, P. A. (2013). Perceptuomotor, cognitive, and description-based decision-making seem equally good. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 16271-16276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/1pnas.1300239110
35. Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58, 697-720. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697
36. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Macmillan.
37. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1914185
38. Kiss, M., Driver, J., & Eimer, M. (2009). Reward priority of visual target singletons modulates event-related potential signatures of attentional selection. Psychological Science, 20, 245-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02281.x
39. Kleiner, M., Brainard, D., & Pelli, D. (2007). What's new in Psychtoolbox-3? [Abstract]. Perception, 36 (Suppl.), 14.
40. Leathers, M. L., & Olson, C. R. (2012). In monkeys making value-based decisions, LIP neurons encode cue salience and not action value. Science (New York, N. Y.), 338, 132-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science .1226405
41. Lee, J., & Shomstein, S. (2013). The differential effects of reward on space- and object-based attentional allocation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 10625-10633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5575-12.2013
42. Lee, J., & Shomstein, S. (2014). Reward-based transfer from bottom-up to top-down search tasks. Psychological Science, 25, 466-475. http://dx .doi.org/10.1177/0956797613509284
43. Levin, I. P., Xue, G., Weller, J. A., Reimann, M., Lauriola, M., & Bechara, A. (2012). A neuropsychological approach to understanding risk-taking for potential gains and losses. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00015
44. McKinstry, C., Dale, R., & Spivey, M. J. (2008). Action dynamics reveal parallel competition in decision making. Psychological Science, 19, 22-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02041.x
45. Milne, J. L., Chapman, C. S., Gallivan, J. P., Wood, D. K., Culham, J. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2013). Connecting the dots: Object connectedness deceives perception but not movement planning. Psychological Science, 24, 1456-1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612473485
46. Neyedli, H. F., & Welsh, T. N. (2012). The processes of facilitation and inhibition in a cue-target paradigm: Insight from movement trajectory deviations. Acta Psychologica, 139, 159-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1j.actpsy.2011.11.001
47. Neyedli, H. F., & Welsh, T. N. (2013). Optimal weighting of costs and probabilities in a risky motor decision-making task requires experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39, 638-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030518
48. Neyedli, H. F., & Welsh, T. N. (2015). Experience and net worth affects optimality in a motor decision task. Motor Control, 19, 75-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2013-0024
49. O'Brien, J. L., & Raymond, J. E. (2012). Learned predictiveness speeds visual processing. Psychological Science, 23, 359-363. http://dx.doi .org/10.1177/0956797611429800
50. O'Hora, D., Dale, R., Piiroinen, P. T., & Connolly, F. (2013). Local dynamics in decision making: The evolution of preference within and across decisions. Scientific Reports, 3, 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1srep02210
51. Painter, D. R., Kritikos, A., & Raymond, J. E. (2014). Value learning modulates goal-directed actions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 67, 1166-1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.848913
52. Pastor-Bernier, A., & Cisek, P. (2011). Neural correlates of biased competition in premotor cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 31, 7083-7088. http://dx.doi .org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5681-10.2011
53. Peck, C. J., Jangraw, D. C., Suzuki, M., Efem, R., & Gottlieb, J. (2009). (Reward modulates attention independently of action value in posterior parietal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29, 11182-11191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/1JNEUROSCI.1929-09.2009
54. Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856897X00366
55. Ptak, R. (2012). The frontoparietal attention network of the human brain: Action, saliency, and a priority map of the environment. The Neuroscientist, 18, 502-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858411409051
56. Purcell, B. A., Heitz, R. P., Cohen, J. Y., Schall, J. D., Logan, G. D., & Palmeri, T. J. (2010). Neurally constrained modeling of perceptual decision making. Psychological Review, 117, 1113-1143. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/a0020311
57. Rakow, T., & Newell, B. R. (2010). Degrees of uncertainty: An overview and framework for future research on experience-based choice. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 23, 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm .681
58. Raymond, J. E., & O'Brien, J. L. (2009). Selective visual attention and motivation: The consequences of value learning in an attentional blink task. Psychological Science, 20, 981-988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j .1467-9280.2009.02391.x
59. Resulaj, A., Kiani, R., Wolpert, D. M., & Shadlen, M. N. (2009). Changes of mind in decision-making. Nature, 461, 263-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08275
60. Rutherford, H. J., O'Brien, J. L., & Raymond, J. E. (2010). Value associations of irrelevant stimuli modify rapid visual orienting. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 536-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.4.536
61. Scherbaum, S., Dshemuchadse, M., Fischer, R., & Goschke, T. (2010). (How decisions evolve: The temporal dynamics of action selection. Cognition, 115, 407-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.02.004
62. Serences, J. T. (2008). Value-based modulations in human visual cortex. Neuron, 60, 1169-1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.051
63. Song, J. H., & Nakayama, K. (2009). Hidden cognitive states revealed in choice reaching tasks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 360-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.009
64. Spivey, M. J., & Dale, R. (2006). Continuous dynamics in real-time cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 207-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00437.x
65. Stanisor, L., van der Togt, C., Pennartz, C. M., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2013). (A unified selection signal for attention and reward in primary visual cortex. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 9136-9141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/1pnas.1300117110
66. Summerfield, C., Tsetsos, K., Van Maanen, L., Dreher, J., & Ruff, C. (2012). Building bridges between perceptual and economic decisionmaking: Neural and computational mechanisms. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00070
67. Trommershäuser, J., Maloney, L. T., & Landy, M. S. (2003a). Statistical decision theory and the selection of rapid, goal-directed movements. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 20, 1419-1433.
68. Trommershäuser, J., Maloney, L. T., & Landy, M. S. (2003b). Statistical decision theory and trade-offs in the control of motor response. Spatial Vision, 16, 255-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856803322467527
69. Trommershäuser, J., Maloney, L. T., & Landy, M. S. (2008). Decision making, movement planning and statistical decision theory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 291-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.010
70. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 297-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122574
71. Van der Stigchel, S., Meeter, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2006). Eye movement trajectories and what they tell us. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 666-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.12.001
72. Welsh, T. N., & Elliott, D. (2004). Movement trajectories in the presence of a distracting stimulus: Evidence for a response activation model of selective reaching. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology, 57, 1031-1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980343000666
73. Welsh, T. N., Neyedli, H., & Tremblay, L. (2013). Refining the time course of facilitation and inhibition in attention and action. Neuroscience Letters, 554, 6-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.055
74. Wolpert, D. M., & Landy, M. S. (2012). Motor control is decision-making. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 22, 996-1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.05.003
75. Wood, D. K., Gallivan, J. P., Chapman, C. S., Milne, J. L., Culham, J. C., & Goodale, M. A. (2011). Visual salience dominates early visuomotor competition in reaching behavior. Journal of Vision, 11, 16. http://dx .doi.org/10.1167/11.10.16
76. Xue, G., Lu, Z., Levin, I. P., Weller, J. A., Li, X., & Bechara, A. (2009). (Functional dissociations of risk and reward processing in the medial prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 1019-1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn147
77. Yechiam, E., & Hochman, G. (2013). Losses as modulators of attention: Review and analysis of the unique effects of losses over gains. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 497-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1a0029383
78. Yechiam, E., & Hochman, G. (2014). Loss attention in a dual-task setting. Psychological Science, 25, 494-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797613510725
79. Yechiam, E., & Telpaz, A. (2013). Losses induce consistency in risk taking even without loss aversion. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26, 31-40.