Beta oscillations reveal ethnicity ingroup bias in sensorimotor resonance to pain of others

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Volumn 10, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 893-901

  Riečanský, Igor ^a,b   Paul, Nina ^a   Kölble, Sarah ^a   Stieger, Stefan ^a,c   Lamm, Claus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY   (Slovakia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Empathy; Ingroup favoritism; Mirror neurons; Mu rhythm; Racial bias

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ASSOCIATION; ATTITUDE; BETA RHYTHM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY PHASE SYNCHRONIZATION; EMPATHY; ETHNIC GROUP; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ASSOCIATION; ATTITUDE; BETA RHYTHM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY PHASE SYNCHRONIZATION; EMPATHY; ETHNIC GROUPS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PAIN; PAIN PERCEPTION; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84936953482     PISSN: 17495016     EISSN: 17495024     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu139     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. AAPA. (1996). AAPA statement on biological aspects of race. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 101(4), 569-70.
2. Allport, G.W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA.: Addison-Wesley.
3. Arnstein, D., Cui, F., Keysers, C., Maurits, N.M., Gazzola, V. (2011). μ-suppression during action observation and execution correlates with BOLD in dorsal premotor, inferior parietal, and SI cortices. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(40), 14243-9.
4. Avanzini, P., Fabbri-Destro, M., Dalla Volta, R., Daprati, E., Rizzolatti, G., Cantalupo, G. (2012). The dynamics of sensorimotor cortical oscillations during the observation of hand movements: an EEG study. PLoS ONE, 7(5), e37534.
5. Avenanti, A., Bueti, D., Galati, G., Aglioti, S.M. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain. Nature Neuroscience, 8(7), 955-60.
6. Avenanti, A., Minio-Paluello, I., Bufalari, I., Aglioti, S.M. (2009a). The pain of a model in the personality of an onlooker: influence of state-reactivity and personality traits on embodied empathy for pain. NeuroImage, 44(1), 275-83.
7. Avenanti, A., Minio-Paluello, I., Sforza, A., Aglioti, S.M. (2009b). Freezing or escaping? Opposite modulations of empathic reactivity to the pain of others. Cortex, 45(9), 1072-7.
8. Avenanti, A., Sirigu, A., Aglioti, S.M. (2010). Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with other-race pain. Current Biology, 20(11), 1018-22.
9. Azevedo, R.T., Macaluso, E., Avenanti, A., Santangelo, V., Cazzato, V., Aglioti, S.M. (2013). Their pain is not our pain: brain and autonomic correlates of empathic resonance with the pain of same and different race individuals. Human Brain Mapping, 34(12), 3168-81.
10. Babiloni, C., Babiloni, F., Carducci, F., et al. (2002). Human cortical electroencephalography (EEG) rhythms during the observation of simple aimless movements: a highresolution EEG study. NeuroImage, 17(2), 559-72.
11. Baker, S.N. (2007). Oscillatory interactions between sensorimotor cortex and the periphery. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 649-55.
12. Bank, P.J.M., Peper, C.E., Marinus, J., Beek, P.J., van Hilten, J.J. (2013). Motor consequences of experimentally induced limb pain: a systematic review. European Journal of Pain, 17(2), 145-57.
13. Bastiaansen, J.A., Thioux, M., Keysers, C. (2009). Evidence for mirror systems in emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 364(1528), 2391-404.
14. Blakemore, S.-J., Bristow, D., Bird, G., Frith, C., Ward, J. (2005). Somatosensory activations during the observation of touch and a case of vision-touch synaesthesia. Brain, 128(Pt 7), 1571-83.
15. Borgomaneri, S., Gazzola, V., Avenanti, A. (2014). Temporal dynamics of motor cortex excitability during perception of natural emotional scenes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(10), 1451-7.
16. Bourgeois, P., Hess, U. (2008). The impact of social context on mimicry. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 343-52.
17. Brázdil, M., Dobšík, M., Mikl, M., et al. (2005). Combined event-related fMRI and intracerebral ERP study of an auditory oddball task. NeuroImage, 26(1), 285-93.
18. Bremmer, F., Schlack, A., Shah, N.J., et al. (2001). Polymodal motion processing in posterior parietal and premotor cortex: a human fMRI study strongly implies equivalencies between humans and monkeys. Neuron, 29(1), 287-96.
19. Brigham, J.C. (1993). College students' racial attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(23), 1933-67.
20. Brozzoli, C., Gentile, G., Bergouignan, L., Ehrsson, H.H. (2013). A shared representation of the space near oneself and others in the human premotor cortex. Current Biology, 23(18), 1764-8.
21. Bufalari, I., Aprile, T., Avenanti, A., Di Russo, F., Aglioti, S.M. (2007). Empathy for pain and touch in the human somatosensory cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 17(11), 2553-61.
22. Bufalari, I., Ionta, S. (2013). The social and personality neuroscience of empathy for pain and touch. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 393.
23. Chen, R., Yaseen, Z., Cohen, L.G., Hallett, M. (1998). Time course of corticospinal excitability in reaction time and self-paced movements. Annals of Neurology, 44(3), 317-25.
24. Cheng, Y., Yang, C.-Y., Lin, C.-P., Lee, P.-L., Decety, J. (2008). The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: a magnetoencephalography study. NeuroImage, 40(4), 1833-40.
25. Cheyne, D., Gaetz, W., Garnero, L., et al. (2003). Neuromagnetic imaging of cortical oscillations accompanying tactile stimulation. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 17(3), 599-611.
26. Cikara, M., Bruneau, E.G., Saxe, R.R. (2011). Us and them: intergroup failures of empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 149-53.
27. Contreras-Huerta, L.S., Baker, K.S., Reynolds, K.J., Batalha, L., Cunnington, R. (2013). Racial bias in neural empathic responses to pain. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e84001.
28. Davis, M.H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-26.
29. Decety, J. (2011). The neuroevolution of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231, 35-45.
30. Delorme, A., Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9-21.
31. Dovidio, J.F., Johnson, J.D., Gaertner, S.L., Pearson, A.R., Saguy, T., Ashburn-Nardo, L. (2010). Empathy and intergroup relations. In: Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P.R., editors. Prosocial Motives, Emotions, and Behavior: The Better Angels of Our Nature (pp. 1-25). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
32. Ebisch, S.J.H., Perrucci, M.G., Ferretti, A., Del Gratta, C., Romani, G.L., Gallese, V. (2008). The sense of touch: embodied simulation in a visuotactile mirroring mechanism for observed animate or inanimate touch. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(9), 1611-23.
33. Efferson, C., Lalive, R., Fehr, E. (2008). The coevolution of cultural groups and ingroup favoritism. Science, 321(5897), 1844-9.
34. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., Doosje, B. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 161-86.
35. Fallon, N., Chiu, Y.H., Li, X., Nurmikko, T.J., Stancak, A. (2013). Ipsilateral cortical activation in fibromyalgia patients during brushing correlates with symptom severity. Clinical Neurophysiology, 124(1), 154-63.
36. Farmer, H., Maister, L., Tsakiris, M. (2014). Change my body, change my mind: the effects of illusory ownership of an outgroup hand on implicit attitudes toward that outgroup. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1016.
37. Fini, C., Cardini, F., Tajadura-Jiménez, A., Serino, A., Tsakiris, M. (2013). Embodying an outgroup: the role of racial bias and the effect of multisensory processing in somatosensory remapping. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 165.
38. Fogassi, L., Ferrari, P.F., Gesierich, B., Rozzi, S., Chersi, F., Rizzolatti, G. (2005). Parietal lobe: from action organization to intention understanding. Science, 308(5722), 662-7.
39. Forgiarini, M., Gallucci, M., Maravita, A. (2011). Racism and the empathy for pain on our skin. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 108.
40. Formaggio, E., Storti, S.F., Avesani, M., et al. (2008). EEG and FMRI coregistration to investigate the cortical oscillatory activities during finger movement. Brain Topography, 21(2), 100-11.
41. Formaggio, E., Storti, S.F., Cerini, R., Fiaschi, A., Manganotti, P. (2010). Brain oscillatory activity during motor imagery in EEG-fMRI coregistration. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28(10), 1403-12.
42. Fu, F., Tarnita, C.E., Christakis, N.A., et al. (2012). Evolution of in-group favoritism. Scientific Reports, 2, 460.
43. Gentile, G., Petkova, V.I., Ehrsson, H.H. (2011). Integration of visual and tactile signals from the hand in the human brain: an fMRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 105, 910-22.
44. Graziano, M. (2006). The organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 29, 105-34.
45. Graziano, M.S.A., Taylor, C.S.R., Moore, T. (2002). Complex movements evoked by microstimulation of precentral cortex. Neuron, 34, 841-51.
46. Graziano, M.S., Hu, X.T., Gross, C.G. (1997). Visuospatial properties of ventral premotor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77(5), 2268-92.
47. Grecucci, A., Koch, I., Rumiati, R.I. (2011). The role of emotional context in facilitating imitative actions. Acta Psychologica, 138(2), 311-5.
48. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-80.
49. Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B.A., Banaji, M.R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197-216.
50. Gutsell, J.N., Inzlicht, M. (2010). Empathy constrained: prejudice predicts reduced mental simulation of actions during observation of outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(5), 841-5.
51. Gutsell, J.N., Inzlicht, M. (2012). Intergroup differences in the sharing of emotive states: neural evidence of an empathy gap. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(5), 596-603.
52. Hajcak, G., Molnar, C., George, M.S., Bolger, K., Koola, J., Nahas, Z. (2007). Emotion facilitates action: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study of motor cortex excitability during picture viewing. Psychophysiology, 44(1), 91-7.
53. Hari, R., Salmelin, R. (1997). Human cortical oscillations: a neuromagnetic view through the skull. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(1), 44-9.
54. Hauck, M., Lorenz, J., Engel, A.K. (2008). Role of synchronized oscillatory brain activity for human pain perception. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 19(6), 441-50.
55. Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.
56. Ishida, H., Nakajima, K., Inase, M., Murata, A. (2010). Shared mapping of own and others' bodies in visuotactile bimodal area of monkey parietal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 83-96.
57. Ito, T.A., Bartholow, B.D. (2009). The neural correlates of race. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(12), 524-31.
58. Jenkinson, N., Brown, P. (2011). New insights into the relationship between dopamine, beta oscillations and motor function. Trends in Neurosciences, 34(12), 611-8.
59. Kayser, J. (2009). Current Source Density (CSD) Interpolation Using Spherical Splines-CSD Toolbox (Version 1.1). New York State Psychiatric Institute: Division of Cognitive Neuroscience.
60. Keysers, C., Kaas, J.H., Gazzola, V. (2010). Somatosensation in social perception. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 11(6), 417-28.
61. Kilavik, B.E., Zaepffel, M., Brovelli, A., Mackay, W., Riehle, A. (2013). The ups and downs of beta oscillations in sensorimotor cortex. Experimental Neurology, 245, 15-26.
62. Kilner, J.M., Vargas, C., Duval, S., Blakemore, S.-J., Sirigu, A. (2004). Motor activation prior to observation of a predicted movement. Nature Neuroscience, 7(12), 1299-301.
63. Kofler, M., Glocker, F.X., Leis, A.A., et al. (1998). Modulation of upper extremity motoneurone excitability following noxious finger tip stimulation in man: a study with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroscience Letters, 246(2), 97-100.
64. Kuehn, E., Trampel, R., Mueller, K., Turner, R., Schütz-Bosbach, S. (2013). Judging roughness by sight-a 7-Tesla fMRI study on responsivity of the primary somatosensory cortex during observed touch of self and others. Human Brain Mapping, 34(8), 1882-95.
65. Lamm, C., Batson, C.D., Decety, J. (2007a). The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(1), 42-58.
66. Lamm, C., Decety, J., Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. NeuroImage, 54(3), 2492-502.
67. Lamm, C., Majdandžić, J. (2015). The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and morality for empathy-a critical comment. Neuroscience Research, 90, 15-24.
68. Lamm, C., Meltzoff, A.N., Decety, J. (2010). How do we empathize with someone who is not like us? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(2), 362-76.
69. Lamm, C., Nusbaum, H.C., Meltzoff, A.N., Decety, J. (2007b). What are you feeling? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the modulation of sensory and affective responses during empathy for pain. PLoS ONE, 2(12), e1292.
70. Lamm, C., Porges, E.C., Cacioppo, J.T., Decety, J. (2008). Perspective taking is associated with specific facial responses during empathy for pain. Brain Research, 1227, 153-61.
71. Lepage, J.-F., Saint-Amour, D., Théoret, H. (2008). EEG and neuronavigated single-pulse TMS in the study of the observation/execution matching system: are both techniques measuring the same process? Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 175(1), 17-24.
72. Maister, L., Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., Tsakiris, M. (2013). Experiencing ownership over a dark-skinned body reduces implicit racial bias. Cognition, 128(2), 170-8.
73. Mancini, F., Longo, M.R., Canzoneri, E., Vallar, G., Haggard, P. (2013). Changes in cortical oscillations linked to multisensory modulation of nociception. European Journal of Neuroscience, 37(5), 768-76.
74. Martínez-Jauand, M., González-Roldán, A.M., Muñoz, M.A., Sitges, C., Cifre, I., Montoya, P. (2012). Somatosensory activity modulation during observation of other's pain and touch. Brain Research, 1467, 48-55.
75. Mathur, V.A., Harada, T., Lipke, T., Chiao, J.Y. (2010). Neural basis of extraordinary empathy and altruistic motivation. NeuroImage, 51(4), 1468-75.
76. Mäki, H., Ilmoniemi, R.J. (2010). EEG oscillations and magnetically evoked motor potentials reflect motor system excitability in overlapping neuronal populations. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(4), 492-501.
77. Montalan, B., Lelard, T., Godefroy, O., Mouras, H. (2012). Behavioral investigation of the influence of social categorization on empathy for pain: a minimal group paradigm study. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 389.
78. Neuper, C., Pfurtscheller, G. (2001). Event-related dynamics of cortical rhythms: frequency-specific features and functional correlates. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 43(1), 41-58.
79. Niedermeyer, E. (2005). Normal EEG of the waking adult. In: Niedermeyer, E., Lopes da Silva, F., editors. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, 5th edn. (pp. 167-192). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
80. Ohara, S., Crone, N.E., Weiss, N., Lenz, F. (2004). Attention to a painful cutaneous laser stimulus modulates electrocorticographic event-related desynchronization in humans. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(7), 1641-52.
81. Oishi, N., Mima, T., Ishii, K., et al. (2007). Neural correlates of regional EEG power change. NeuroImage, 36(4), 1301-12.
82. Paulus, C. (2009). The Saarbrueck Personality Questionnaire on Empathy: Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Saarbrücken: Universität des Saarlandes.
83. Peck, T.C., Seinfeld, S., Aglioti, S.M., Slater, M. (2013). Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(3), 779-87.
84. Perry, A., Bentin, S., Bartal, I.B.-A., Lamm, C., Decety, J. (2010). 'Feeling' the pain of those who are different from us: modulation of EEG in the mu/alpha range. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(4), 493-504.
85. Pfurtscheller, G., da Silva, F.L. (2005). EEG event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS). In: Niedermeyer, E., Lopes da Silva, F., editors. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields, 5th edn. (pp. 1003-1016). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
86. Ploner, M., Gross, J., Timmermann, L., Pollok, B., Schnitzler, A. (2006). Pain suppresses spontaneous brain rhythms. Cerebral Cortex, 16(4), 537-40.
87. Ritter, P., Moosmann, M., Villringer, A. (2009). Rolandic alpha and beta EEG rhythms' strengths are inversely related to fMRI-BOLD signal in primary somatosensory and motor cortex. Human Brain Mapping, 30(4), 1168-87.
88. Rossini, P.M., Desiato, M.T., Lavaroni, F., Caramia, M.D. (1991). Brain excitability and electroencephalographic activation: non-invasive evaluation in healthy humans via transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Research, 567(1), 111-9.
89. Schaefer, M., Heinze, H.-J., Rotte, M. (2012). Embodied empathy for tactile events: interindividual differences and vicarious somatosensory responses during touch observation. NeuroImage, 60(2), 952-7.
90. Schaefer, M., Xu, B., Flor, H., Cohen, L.G. (2009). Effects of different viewing perspectives on somatosensory activations during observation of touch. Human Brain Mapping, 30(9), 2722-30.
91. Senkowski, D., Kautz, J., Hauck, M., Zimmermann, R., Engel, A.K. (2011). Emotional facial expressions modulate pain-induced beta and gamma oscillations in sensorimotor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(41), 14542-50.
92. Serino, A., Giovagnoli, G., Làdavas, E. (2009). I feel what you feel if you are similar to me. PLoS ONE, 4(3), e4930.
93. Sessa, P., Meconi, F., Castelli, L., Dell'Acqua, R. (2014). Taking one's time in feeling otherrace pain: an event-related potential investigation on the time-course of cross-racial empathy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(4), 454-63.
94. Sheng, F., Han, S. (2012). Manipulations of cognitive strategies and intergroup relationships reduce the racial bias in empathic neural responses. NeuroImage, 61(4), 786-97.
95. Sheng, F., Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, W., Han, S. (2013). Oxytocin modulates the racial bias in neural responses to others' suffering. Biological Psychology, 92(2), 380-6.
96. Sheng, F., Liu, Q., Li, H., Fang, F., Han, S. (2014). Task modulations of racial bias in neural responses to others' suffering. NeuroImage, 88, 263-70.
97. Singer, T., Lamm, C. (2009). The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 81-96.
98. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R.J., Frith, C.D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1157-62.
99. Srinivasan, R. (2005). High-resolution EEG: theory and practice. In: Handy, T.C., editors. Event-Related Potentials: A Methods Handbook. Cambrigde, MA.: MIT Press.
100. Stančák, A. (2006). Cortical oscillatory changes occurring during somatosensory and thermal stimulation. Progress in Brain Research, 159, 237-52.
101. Stančák, A., Poláček, H., Vrána, J., Mlynář, J. (2007). Cortical oscillatory changes during warming and heating in humans. Neuroscience, 147(3), 842-52.
102. Steriade, M., Llinás, R.R. (1988). The functional states of the thalamus and the associated neuronal interplay. Physiological Reviews, 68(3), 649-742.
103. Stevenson, C.M., Brookes, M.J., Morris, P.G. (2011). β-Band correlates of the fMRI BOLD response. Human Brain Mapping, 32(2), 182-97.
104. Stürmer, S., Snyder, M., Kropp, A., Siem, B. (2006). Empathy-motivated helping: the moderating role of group membership. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 943-56.
105. Takemi, M., Masakado, Y., Liu, M., Ushiba, J. (2013). Event-related desynchronization reflects downregulation of intracortical inhibition in human primary motor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology, 110(5), 1158-66.
106. Tarrant, M., Dazeley, S., Cottom, T. (2009). Social categorization and empathy for outgroup members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(3), 427-46.
107. Tenke, C.E., Kayser, J. (2012). Generator localization by current source density (CSD): implications of volume conduction and field closure at intracranial and scalp resolutions. Clinical Neurophysiology, 123(12), 2328-45.
108. Trawalter, S., Hoffman, K.M., Waytz, A. (2012). Racial bias in perceptions of others' pain. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e48546.
109. Urban, P.P., Solinski, M., Best, C., Rolke, R., Hopf, H.C., Dieterich, M. (2004). Different short-term modulation of cortical motor output to distal and proximal upper-limb muscles during painful sensory nerve stimulation. Muscle and Nerve, 29(5), 663-9.
110. Urgesi, C., Maieron, M., Avenanti, A., Tidoni, E., Fabbro, F., Aglioti, S.M. (2010). Simulating the future of actions in the human corticospinal system. Cerebral Cortex, 20(11), 2511-21.
111. Valentini, E., Liang, M., Aglioti, S.M., Iannetti, G.D. (2012). Seeing touch and pain in a stranger modulates the cortical responses elicited by somatosensory but not auditory stimulation. Human Brain Mapping, 33(12), 2873-84.
112. van Ravenzwaaij, D., van der Maas, H.L.J., Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2011). Does the namerace Implicit Association Test measure racial prejudice? Experimental Psychology, 58, 271-7.
113. Van Wijk, B.C.M., Beek, P.J., Daffertshofer, A. (2012). Neural synchrony within the motor system: what have we learned so far? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 252.
114. Voisin, J.I.A., Marcoux, L.-A., Canizales, D.L., Mercier, C., Jackson, P.L. (2011). I am touched by your pain: limb-specific modulation of the cortical response to a tactile stimulation during pain observation. Journal of Pain, 12(11), 1182-89.
115. Whitmarsh, S., Nieuwenhuis, I.L.C., Barendregt, H.P., Jensen, O. (2011). Sensorimotor alpha activity is modulated in response to the observation of pain in others. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 91.
116. Williams, A.C. (2002). Facial expression of pain: an evolutionary account. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(4), 439-55.
117. Xu, X., Zuo, X., Wang, X., Han, S. (2009). Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(26), 8525-9.
118. Yabar, Y., Johnston, L., Miles, L., Peace, V. (2006). Implicit behavioral mimicry: investigating the impact of group membership. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 30(3), 97-113.
119. Yoshino, A., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., et al. (2012). Sadness enhances the experience of pain and affects pain-evoked cortical activities: an MEG study. Journal of Pain, 13(7), 628-35.
120. Yuan, H., Liu, T., Szarkowski, R., Rios, C., Ashe, J., He, B. (2010). Negative covariation between task-related responses in alpha/beta-band activity and BOLD in human sensorimotor cortex: an EEG and fMRI study of motor imagery and movements. NeuroImage, 49(3), 2596-606.
121. Zebrowitz, L.A., Bronstad, P.M., Leek, H.K. (2007). The contribution of face familiarity to ingroup favoritism and stereotyping. Social Cognition, 25(2), 306-8.