Racism and the empathy for pain on our skin

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 2, Issue MAY, 2011, Pages

  Forgiarini, Matteo ^a   Gallucci, Marcello ^a   Maravita, Angelo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Empathy; Pain; Prejudice; Racism; Skin conductance

Indexed keywords

EID: 84864097927     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00108     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Aiken, L. S., and West, S. G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
2. Avenanti, A., Bueti, D., Galati, G., and Aglioti, S. M. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 955-960.
3. Avenanti, A., Minio-Paluello, I., Bufalari, I., and Aglioti, S. M. (2009). The pain of a model in the personality of an onlooker: influence of state-reactivity and personality traits on embodied empathy for pain. Neuroimage 44, 275-283.
4. Avenanti, A., Sirigu, A., and Aglioti, S. M. (2010). Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with otherrace pain. Curr. Biol. 20, 1018-1022.
5. Baron-Cohen, S., and Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 34, 163-175.
6. Batson, C. D., Chang, J., Orr, R., and Rowland, J. (2002). Empathy, attitudes and action: can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 28, 1656-1666.
7. Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., and Highberger, L. (1997a). Empathy and attitudes: can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 71, 105-118.
8. Batson, D., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Kostia, R., and Karen, D. (1997b). Is empathy-induced helping due to selfother merging? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 73, 495-509.
9. Brown, L. M., Bradley, M. M., and Lang, P. J. (2006). Affective reactions to pictures of ingroup and outgroup members. Biol. Psychol. 71, 303-311.
10. Bufalari, I., Aprile, T., Avenanti, A., Di Russo, F., and Aglioti, S. M. (2007). Empathy for pain and touch in the human somatosensory cortex. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2553-2561.
11. Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., and Lenzi, G. L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 5497-5502.
12. Cheng, Y., Lin, C.-P., Liu, H.-L., Hsu, Y.-Y., Lim, K.-E., Hung, D., and Decety, J. (2007). Expertise modulates the perception of pain in others. Curr. Biol. 17, 1708-1713.
13. Cheng, Y., Yang, C.-Y., Lin, C.-P., Lee, P.-L., and Decety, J. (2008). The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: a magnetoen-
14. cephalography study. Neuroimage 40, 1833-1840.
15. Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., and Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: when one into one equals oneness. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 73, 481-494.
16. Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., and Kurzban, R. (2003). Perceptions of race. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 7, 173-179.
17. Cunningham, M. (1986). Levites and brother's keepers: a sociobiological perspective on prosocial behavior. Humboldt J. Soc. Relat. 13, 35-67.
18. Cunningham, W. A., Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., and Banaji, M. R. (2004). Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces. Psychol. Sci. 15, 806-813.
19. De Vignemont, F., and Singer, T. (2006). The empathic brain: how, when and why? Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 435-441.
20. Derbyshire, S. (2000). Exploring the pain "neuromatrix". Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 4, 467-477.
21. Devinsky, O., Morrell, M. J., and Vogt, B. A. (1995). Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain 118, 279-306.
22. Eisenberg, N., and Carlo, G. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence: a longitudinal study. Child Dev. 66, 1179-1197.
23. Eisenberg, N., and Morris, A. S. (2001). The origins and social significance of empathy-related responding. A review of empathy and moral development: implications for caring and justice by M. L. Hoffman. Soc. Justice Res. 14, 95-120.
24. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., and Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82, 878-902.
25. Greenwald, A., McGhee, D. E., and Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74, 1464-1480.
26. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., and Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85, 197-216.
27. Harris, L. T., and Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychol. Sci. 17, 847-853.
28. Hutchison, W. D., Davis, K. D., Lozano, A. M., Tasker, R. R., and Dostrovsky, J. O. (1999). Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 403-405.
29. Johnson, J., Simmons, C., Jordan, A., MacLean, L., Taddei, J., and Thomas, D. (2002). Rodney King and O. J. revisited: the impact of race and defendant empathy induction on judicial decisions. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 32, 1208-1223.
30. Krebs, D. (1975). Empathy and altruism. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 32, 1134-1146.
31. Krebs, D. L. (1991). Altruism and egoism: a false dichotomy. Psychol. Inq. 2, 137-139.
32. Lamm, C., Batson, C. D., and Decety, J. (2007). The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 42-58.
33. Lamm, C., Meltzoff, A. N., and Decety, J. (2010). How do we empathize with someone who is not like us? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 362-376.
34. Ledowski, T., Bromilow, J., Paech, M. J., Storm, H., Hacking, R., and Schug, S. A. (2006). Monitoring of skin conductance to assess postoperative pain intensity. Br. J. Anaesth. 97, 862-865.
35. Levenson, R. W., and Ruef, A. M. (1992). Empathy: a physiological substrate. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 63, 234-246.
36. Mehrabian, A., and Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. J. Pers. 40, 525-543.
37. Morrison, I., Lloyd, D., Di Pellegrino, G., and Roberts, N. (2004). Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: is empathy a multisensory issue? Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 4, 270-278.
38. Peyron, R., Garcia-Larrea, L., Gregoire, M.-C., Costes, N., Convers, P., Lavenne, F., Mauguiere, F., Michel, D., and Laurent, B. (1999). Haemodynamic brain responses to acute pain in humans: sensory and attentional networks. Brain 122, 1765-1780.
39. Peyron, R., Laurent, B., and García-Larrea, L. (2000). Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and metaanalysis (2000). Neurophysiol. Clin. 30, 263-288.
40. Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., and Banaji, M. R. (2000). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12, 729-738.
41. Pletcher, M. J., Kertesz, S. G., Kohn, M. A., and Gonzales, R. (2008). Trends in opioid prescribing by race/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments. JAMA 299, 70-78.
42. Preston, S. D., and de Waal, F. B. M. (2001). Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav. Brain Sci. 25, 1-20.
43. Purves, D., Brannon, E. M., Cabeza, R., Huettel, S. A., LaBar, K. S., Platt, M. L., and Woldorff, M. G. (2008). Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc.
44. Rae Westbury, H., and Neumann, D. L. (2008). Empathy-related responses to moving film stimuli depicting human and non-human animal targets in negative circumstances. Biol. Psychol. 78, 66-74.
45. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., and Frith, C. D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303, 1157-1162.
46. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., and Frith, C. D. (2006). Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature 439, 466-469.
47. Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., and Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: the common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron 40, 655-664.
48. Xu, X., Zuo, X., Wang, X., and Han, S. (2009). Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses. J. Neurosci. 29, 8525-8529.