What drives LGM precipitation over the western Mediterranean? A study focused on the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco

Climate Dynamics

Volumn 46, Issue 7-8, 2016, Pages 2611-2631

  Beghin, P ^a   Charbit, S ^a   Kageyama, M ^a   Combourieu Nebout, N ^a,b   Hatte C ^a   Dumas, C ^a   Peterschmitt, J Y ^a  

^a LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^b MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

Author keywords

Iberian Peninsula; Jet stream; LGM; PMIP3; Precipitation

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CLIMATE MODELING; JET STREAM; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; PALEOCLIMATE; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY);

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); IBERIAN PENINSULA; MOROCCO;

EID: 84935121173     PISSN: 09307575     EISSN: 14320894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00382-015-2720-0     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Abe-Ouchi A, Saito F, Kageyama M, Braconnot P, Harrison SP, Lambeck K, Otto-Bliesner BL, Peltier WR, Tarasov L, Peterschmitt J-Y, Takahashi K (2015) Ice-sheet configuration in the CMIP5/PMIP3 Last Glacial Maximum experiments. Geosci Model Dev Discuss 8:4293–4336. doi:10.5194/gmdd-8-4293-2015
2. Andrieu V, Eicher U, Reille M (1993) La fin du dernier Pléniglaciaire dans les Pyrénées (France): données polliniques isotopiques et radiométriques (The end of the last Peniglacial in the Pyrenees (France): pollenanalytical isotopic and radiometric data). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 316(2):245–250
3. Athanasiadis PJ, Wallace JM, Wettstein JJ (2010) Patterns of wintertime jet stream variability and their relation to the stor tracks. J Atmos Sci 67:1361–1381. doi:10.1175/2009JAS3270.1
4. Barnes EA, Polvani L (2013) Response of the midlatitude jets, and of their variability to increased greenhouse gases in the CMIP5 models. J Clim 26(18):7117–7135
5. Barnett TP, Preisendorfer R (1987) Origins and levels of monthly and seasonal forecast skill for United States surface air temperatures determined by canonical correlation analysis. Mon Weather Rev 115:1825–1850
6. Bartlein PJ, Harrison S, Brewer S, Connor S, Davis BAS, Gajewski K, Guiot J, Harrison-Prentice TI, Henderson A, Peyron O, Prentice IC, Scholze M, Seppä H, Shuman B, Sugita S, Thompseon RS, Viau AE, Williams J, Wu H (2011) Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka: a global synthesis. Clim Dyn 37:775–802. doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0904-1
7. Beghin P, Charbit S, Dumas C, Kageyama M, Roche DM, Ritz C (2014) Interdependence of the growth of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last glaciation: the role of atmospheric circulation. Clim Past 10:345–358
8. Berger AL (1978) Long-term variations of caloric insolation resulting from the Earth’s orbital elements. Quat Res 9:139–167
9. Braconnot P, Otto-Bliesner B, Harrison S, Joussaume S, Peterchmitt J-Y, Abe-Ouchi A, Crucifix M, Driesschaert E, Fichefet T, Hewitt CD, Kageyama M, Kitoh A, Laîné A, Loutre M-F, Marti O, Merkel U, Ramstein G, Valdes P, Weber SL, Yu Y, Zhao Y (2007) Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum. Part 1: experiments and largescale features. Clim Past 3:261–277. doi:10.5194/cp-3-261-2007
10. Braconnot P, Harrisson SP, Kageyama M, Bartlein PJ, Masson-Delmotte V, Abe-Ouchi A, Otto-Bliesner B, Zhao Y (2012) Evaluation of climate models using paleoclimatic data. Nat Clim Change 2(6):417–424
11. Broccoli AJ, Manabe S (1987) The influence of continental ice, atmospheric CO2, and land albedo on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Clim Dyn 1:87–99
12. Chavaillaz Y, Codron F, Kageyama M (2013) Southern westerlies in LGM and future (RCP4.5) climates. Clim Past 9:517–524. doi:10.5194/cp-9-517-2013
13. Cheddadi R, Fady B, François L, Hajar L, Suc J-P, Huang K, Demarteau M, Vendramin GG, Ortu E (2009) Putative glacial refugia of Cedrus atlantica deduced from Quaternary pollen records and modern genetic diversity. J Biogeogr 36(7):1361–1371. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02063.x
14. Clark PU, Clague JJ, Curry BB, Dreimanis A, Hicock SR, Miller GH, Berger GW, Eyles N, Lamothe M, Miller BB, Mott RJ, Oldale RN, Stea RR, Szabo JP, Thorleifson LH, Vincent J-S (1993) Initiation and developement of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets following the last interglaciation. Quat Sci Rev 12:79–114
15. Clark PU, Alley RB, Pollard D (1999) Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet influences on global climate change. Science 286:1104–1111
16. Combourieu-Nebout N, Peyron O, Dormoy I, Desprat S, Beaudouin C, Kotthoff U, Marret F (2009) Rapid climatic variability in the west Mediterranean during the last 25 000 years from high resolution pollen data. Clim Past 5:503–521
17. Cook KH, Held IM (1988) Stationary waves of the ice age climate. J Clim 1:807–819. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001<0807:SWO TIA>2.0.CO;2
18. Cortesi N, Gonzalez-Hidalgo JC, Trigo RM, Ramos AM (2014) Weather types and spatial variability of precipitation in the Iberian Peninsula: weather types and precipitation. Int J Climatol 34:2661–2677. doi:10.1002/joc.3866
19. Dyke AS, Prest VK (1987) Late Wisconsinan and Holocene retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet. Geological Survey of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario: Map 1702A, scale 1701:500000
20. Dyke AS, Andrews JT, Clark PU, England JH, Miller GH, Shaw J, Veillette JJ (2002) The Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets during the last glacial maximum. Quat Sci Rev 21:9–31
21. El Amrani M, Macaire J-J, Zarki H, Bréhéret J-G, Fontugne M (2008) Contrasted morphosedimentary activity of the lower Kert River (northeastern Morocco) during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. Possible impact of bioclimatic variations and human action. C R Geosci 340:533–542
22. Fernandez J, Saenz J (2003) Improved field reconstruction with the analog method: searching the CCA space. Clim Res 24:199–213
23. Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B, Braconnot P, Chou SC, Collins W, Cox P, Driouech F, Emori S, Eyring C, Forest C, Glekker P, Guilyardi E, Jakob C, Kattsov V, Reason C and Rummukainen M (2013). Evaluation of climate models climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. TF Stocker, D Qin, G-K Plattner, M Tignor, SK Allen, J Boschung, A Nauels, Y Xia, V Bex and PM Midgley. Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, Cambridge University Press
24. Fletcher WJ, Sanchez-Goni MF (2008) Orbital and-sub-orbital scale climate impacts on vegetation of the western Mediterranean basin over the last 48,000 yr. Quat Res 70(3):451–464. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.07.002
25. Garcia-Ruiz JM, Valero-Garcés BL, Gonzalez-Sampériz P, Lorent P, Marti-Bono C, Begueria S, Edwards L (2001) Stratified scree in the Central Spanish Pyrenees: paleoenvironmental implications. Permafr Periglac Process 12:233–242
26. Garcia-Ruiz JM, Valero-Garcés BL, Marti-Bono C, Gonzalez-Sampériz P (2003) Asynchroneity of maximum glacier advances in the central Spanish Pyrenees. J Quat Sci 18:61–72
27. Genty D, Blamart D, Ouahdi R, Baker A, Jouzel J, Van-Extern S (2003) Precise dating of Dansgaard–Oeschger climate oscillations in western europe from stalagmite data. Nature 421:833–837
28. Genty D, Combourieu-Nebout N, Hatté C, Blamart D, Ghaleb B, Isabello L (2005) Rapid climatic changes of the last 90 kyr recorded on the European continent. C R Géosci 337:970–982
29. Giorgi F, Lionello P (2008) Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Glob Planet Change 63(2–3):90–104. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005
30. Gonzalez-Sampériz P, Valero-Garcés BL, Moreno A, Jalut G, Garcia- Ruiz JM, Marti-Bono C, Delgado-Huertas A, Navas A, Otto T, Dedoubat JJ (2006) Climate variability in the Spanish Pyrenees during the last 30,000 yr revealed by the El Portalet sequence. Quat Res 66:38–52. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.02.004
31. Gonzalez-Sampériz P, Valero-Garcés BL, Moreno A, Morellon M, Navas A, Machin J, Delgado-Huertas A (2008) Vegetation changes and hydrological fluctuations in the Central Ebro Basin (NE Spain) since the Late Glacial period: Saline lake records. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 259:157–181. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.10.005
32. Guiot J, Wu HB, Garreta V, Hatté C, Magny M (2009) A few prospective ideas on climate reconstruction: from a statistical single proxy approach towards a multi-proxy and dynamical approach. Clim Past 5:571–583
33. Hall NMJ, Valdes PJ, Dong B (1996) The maintenance of the last great ice sheets: a UGAMP GCM study. J Clim 9:1004–1019
34. Houze RA Jr, Hobbs PV, Biswas KR, Davis WM (1976) Mesoscale rainbands in extratropical cyclones. Mon Weather Rev 104:868–878
35. Hurrell JW (1995) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269(5224):676–679. doi:10.1126/science.269.5224.676
36. Jalut G, Monserrat Marti J, Fontugne M, Delebrias G, Vilaplanas JM, Julia R (1992) Glacial to interglacial vegetation changes in the northern and southern Pyrenees: deglaciation, vegetation cover and chronology. Quat Sci Rev 11:449–480
37. Jost A, Lunt D, Kageyama M, Abe-Ouchi A, Peyron O, Valdes P, Ramstein G (2005) High-resolution simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climate over Europe: a solution to discrepancies with continental palaeoclimatic reconstructions? Clim Dyn. doi:10.1007/s00382-005-0009-4
38. Joussaume S, Taylor K (1995) Status of the paleoclimate modelling intercomparison project (PMIP). In: Gates WL (ed) Proceedings of the first international AMIP conference. World Meteorol Organ, Geneva, pp 425–430
39. Kageyama M, Valdes P (2000) Impact of the North American icesheet orography on the Last Glacial Maximum eddies and snowfall. Geophys Res Lett 27(10):1515–1518
40. Kageyama M, D’andrea F, Ramstein G, Valdes PJ, Vautard R (1999) Weather climate in past climate atmopheric general circulation model simulations. Clim Dyn 15:773–793
41. Kageyama M, Peyron O, Pinot S, Tarasov P, Guiot J, Joussaume S, Ramstein G (2001) The Last Glacial Maximum climate over Europe and western Siberia: a PMIP comparison between models and data. Clim Dyn 17:23–43
42. Laîné A, Kageyama M, Salas-Mélia D, Voldoire A, Rivière G, Ramstein G, Planton S, Tyteca S, Peterschmitt JY (2009) Northern hemisphere storm tracks during the Last Glacial maximum in the PMIP2 ocean-atmosphere coupled models: energetic study, seasonal cycle, precipitation. Clim Dyn 32:593–614. doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0391-9
43. Lambeck K, Purcell A, Funder S, Kjaer KH, Larsen E, Möller P (2006) Constraints on the Late Saalian to early Middle Weichselian ice sheet of Eurasia from field data and rebound modelling. Boreas 35:539–575. doi:10.1080/03009480600781875
44. Li C, Battisti DS (2008) Reduced Atlantic storminess during Last Glacial Maximum: evidence from a Coupled Climate Model. J Clim 21:3561–3579
45. Lionello P, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Boscolo R, Alpert P, Artale V, Li L, Luterbacher J, May W, Trigo R, Tsimplis M, Ulbrich U, Xoplaki E (2006) The Mediterranean climate: an overview of the main characteristics and issues. Dev Earth Environ Sci 4:1–26
46. Loulergue L, Schilt A, Spahni R, Masson-Delmotte V, Blunier T, Lemieux B, Barnola J-M, Raynaud D, Stocker TF, Chappellaz J (2008) Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature06950
47. Lüthi D, Lefloch M, Bereiter B, Blunier T, Barnola J-M, Siegenthaler U, Raynaud D, Jouzel J, Fischer H, Kawamura K, Stocker TF (2008) High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000-800,000 years before present. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature06949
48. Mercier N, Hatté C, Fontugne M, Reyss J-L, Valladas H, Wengler L, Brugal J-P, Ouammou A, Weisrock A (2009) Chronology of Upper Pleistocene sequences at Sidi Messaoud (wadi Noun, southwestern Morocco) based on 14C, optical and U-series dating
49. Minyuk PS, Brigham-Grette J, Melles M, Borkhodoev VY, Glushkova OY (2007) Inorganic geochemistry of El’gygytgyn Lake sediments (northeastern Russia) as an indicator of paleoclimatic change for the last 250 kyr. J Paleolimnol 37:123–133. doi:10.1007/s10933-006-9027-4
50. Mix A (2001) Environmental processes of the ice age: land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG). Quat Sci Rev 20:627–657
51. Morellon M, Valero-Garcés BL, Vegas-Villarubia T, Gonzalez-Sampériz P, Romero O, Delgado-Huertas A, Mata P, Moreno A, Rico M, Corella JP (2009) Lateglacial and Holocene palaeohydrology in the western Mediterranean region: the Lake Estanya record (NE Spain). Quat Sci Rev 28:2582–2599. doi:10.1016/jquascirev.2009.05.014
52. Moreno A, Stoll H, Jimenénez-Sanchez M, Cacho I, Valero-Garcés BL, Ito E, Edwards RL (2010) A speleothem record of glacial (25–11.6 kyr BP) rapid climatic changes from northern Iberian Peninsula. Glob Planet Change 71:218–231. doi:10.1016/jgloplacha.2009.10.002
53. Moreno A, González-Sampériz P, Morellón M, Valero-Garcés BL, Fletcher WJ (2012) Northern Iberian abrupt climate change dynamics during the last glacial cycle: a view from lacustrine sediments. Quat Sci Rev 36:139–153. doi:10.1016/jquascirev.2010.06.031
54. Naughton F, Sanchez-Goni MF, Turin J-L, Duprat J, Malaizé B, Joli C, Cortijo E, Drago T, Freitas MC (2007) Present-day and past (last 25 000 years) marine pollen signal off Western Iberia. Mar Micopaleontol 62(2):91–114. doi:10.1016/j.mar.micro.2006.07.006
55. Nieto S, Rodriguez-Puebla C (2006) Comparison of precipitation from observed data and general circulation models over the iberian peninsula. J Clim 19:4254–4275
56. Ortiz JE, Torres T, Delgado A, Julià R, Lucini M, Llamas FJ, Reyes E, Soler V, Valle M (2004) The palaeoenvironmental and palaeohydrological evolution of Padul Peat Bog (Granada, Spain) over one million years, from elemental, isotopic, and molecular organic geochemical proxies. Org Geochem 35(11–12):1243–1260
57. Ortiz JE, Torres T, Delgado A, Llams JF, Soler V, Valle M, Julia R, Moreno L, Diaz-Bautista A (2010) Palaeoenvironmental changes in the Padul Basin (Granada, Spain) over the last 1 Ma based on the biomarker content. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 298:286–299. doi:10.1016/jpalaeo.2010.10.003
58. Otto-Bliesner BL, Brady EC, Clauzet G, Tomas R, Levis S, Kothavala Z (2006) Last glacial maximum and Holocene climate in CCSM3. J Clim 19(11):2526–2544
59. Pausata FSR, Li C, Wettstein JJ, Nisancioglu KH, Battisti DS (2009) Changes in atmospheric variability in a glacial climate and the impacts on proxy data: a model intercomparison. Clim Past 5(3):489–502. doi:10.5194/cp-5-489-2009
60. Pausata FSR, Li C, Wettstein JJ, Kageyama M, Nisancioglu KH (2011) The key role of topography in altering North Atlantic atmospheric circulation duringthe last glacial period. Clim Past 7:1089–1101. doi:10.5194/cp-7-1089-2011
61. Peltier WR (2004) Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the iceage Earth: the ICE-5G (VM2) model and GRACE. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 32:111–149
62. Pèrez-Obiol R, Julià R (1994) Climatic change on the Iberian Peninsula recorded in a 30,000-Yr pollen record from Lake Banyoles. Quat Res 41:91–98
63. Peyron O, Guiot J, Cheddadi R, Tarasov P, Reille M, De Beaulieu J-L, Bottema S, Andrieu V (1998) Climatic reconstruction in Europe for 18,000 yr BP from pollen data. Quat Res 49:183–196
64. Pons A, Reille M (1988) The Holocene- and upper Pleistocene pollen record from Padul (Granada, Spain): a new study. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 66:243–263
65. Prado-Pérez AJ, Delgado-Huertas A, Crespo MT, Martin-Sanchez A, Pérez Del Villar L (2013) Late Pleistocene and Holocene midlatitude palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions: an approach based on the isotopic record from a travertine formation in the Guadix-Baza basin. Geol Mag, Spain. doi:10.1017/S0016756812000726
66. Prentice IC, Guiot J, Harrison SP (1992) Mediterranean vegetation, lake levels and paleoclimate at the last glacial maximum. Nature 360:658–660
67. Reille M, Andrieu V (1995) The late Pleistocene and Holocene in the Lourdes Basin, Western Pyrénées, France: new pollen analytical and chronological data. Veget Hist Archaeobot 4:1–21
68. Rivière G, Laîné A, Lapeyre G, Salas-Mélia D, Kageyama M (2010) Links between Rossby wave breaking and the North Atlantic Oscillation-Arctic Oscillation in present-day and Last Glacial Maximum simulations. J Clim 23:2987–3008. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3372.1
69. Roucoux KH, De Abreu L, Shackleton NJ, Tzedakis PC (2005) The response of NW Iberian vegetation to North Atlantic climate oscillations during the last 65 kyr. Quat Sci Rev 24:1637–1653. doi:10.1016/jquascirev.2004.08.022
70. Sanchez-Goni MF, Landais A, Cacho I, Duprat J, Rossignol L (2009) Contrasting intrainterstadial climatic evolution between high and middle North Atlantic latitudes: a close-up of Greenland Interstadials 8 and 12. Geochem Geophys Geosyst. doi:10.1029/2008GC002369
71. Sancho C, Pena JL, Lewis C, Mcdonald E, Rhodes E (2003) Preliminary dating of glacial and fluvial deposits in the Cinca River Valley (NE Spain): chronological evidences for the Glacial Maximum in the Pyrenees Quaternary Climatic Changes and Environmental Crises in the Mediterranean Region. MB Ruiz and et al. Universidad de Alcala -Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia– INQAU pp 169–173
72. Seager R, Battisti DS, Yin J, Gordon N, Naik N, Clement AC, Cane MA (2002) Is the Gulf Stream responsible for Europe’s mild winters. Q J Meteorol Soc 128(586):2563–2586. doi:10.1256/qj:01.0128
73. Seager R, Liu H, Henderson N, Simpson I, Kelley C, Shaw T, Kushnir Y, Ting M (2014) Causes of increasing aridification of the Mediterranean region in response to rising greenhouse gases. J Clim 27:4655–4676. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00446.1
74. Spahni R, Chappellaz J, Stocker TF, Loulergue L, Hausammann G, Kawamura K, Flückiger J, Schwander J, Raynaud D, Masson- Delmotte V, Jouzel J (2005) Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide of the late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores. Science 310:1317–1320
75. Svendsen JI, Alexanderson H, Astakhov VI, Demidov I, Dowdeswell J, Funder S, Gataullin V, Henriksen M, Hjort C, Houmark- Nielsen M, Hubberten HW, Ingolfsson O, Jakobsson M, Kjaer KH, Larsen E, Lokrantz H, Lunkka JP, Lysa A, Mangerud J, Matiouchkhov A, Murray A, Möller P, Niessen F, Nikolskaya O, Polyak L, Saarnisto M, Siegert C, Siegert MJ, Spielhagen RF, Stein R (2004) Late quaternary ice sheet history of Northern Eurasia. Quat Sci Rev 23:1229–1271
76. Tarasov L, Dyke AS, Neal RM, Peltier WR (2012) A data-calibrated distribution of deglacial chronologies for the North American ice complex from glaciological modeling. Earth Planet Sci Lett 315–316:30–40. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.010
77. Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93(4):485–498. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
78. Toscano MA, Peltier WR, Drummond R (2011) ICE-5G and ICE-6G models of postglacial relative sea-level history applied to the Holocene coral reef record of northeastern St Croix, U.S.V.I.: investigating the influence of rotational feedback on GIA processes at tropical latitudes. Quat Sci Rev 30:3032–3042. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.018
79. Ullman DJ, Legrande AN, Carlson AE, Anslow FS, Licciardi JM (2014) Assessing the impact of Laurentide Ice Sheet topography on glacial climate. Clim Past 10:487–507. doi:10.5194/cp-10-487-2014
80. Valero-Garcés BL, Zeroual E, Kelts K (1998) Arid phases in the western Mediterranean region during the last glacial cycle reonstructed from lacustrine records. In: Benito G, Baker VR, Gregory KJ (eds) Paleohydrology and Environmental Change, pp 67–80
81. Valero-Garcés BL, Gonzalez-Sampériz P, Navas A, Machin J, Delgado- Huertas A, Pena-Monné JL, Sancho-Marcén C, Stevenson T, Davis BAS (2004) Paleohydrological fluctuations and steppe vegetation during the last glacial maximum in the central Ebro valley (NE Spain). Quat Int 122:43–55. doi:10.1016/j. quaint.2004.01.030
82. Vegas J, Ruiz-Zapata B, Ortiz JE, Galán L, Torres T, García-Cortés Á, Gil-García MJ, Pérez-González A, Gallardo-Millán JL (2010) Identification of arid phases during the last 50 cal. ka BP from the Fuentillejo maar-lacustrine record (Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field, Spain). J Quat Sci 25:1051–1062. doi:10.1002/jqs.1262
83. von Storch H, Zwiers FW (1999) Canonical correlation analysis, in Statistical Analysis in Climate Research, Chap. 14. Cambridge University Press, UK
84. Watts WA (1986). Stages of Climatic Change from full glacial to Holocene in northwest Spain, southern France and Italy: a Comparison of the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean basin Current Issues in Climate Research. In: Proceedings EC climatology programme symposium. A Ghazi and R Fantechi. Sophia- Antipolis, 1984, Ridel, Dordrecht, pp 101–112
85. Wu H, Guiot J, Brewer S, Guo Z (2007) Climatic changes in Eurasia and Africa at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene: reconstruction from pollen data using inverse vegetation modelling. Clim Dyn 29:211–229. doi:10.1007/s00382-007-0231-3
86. Xoplaki E, Gonzalez-Rouco JF, Luterbacher J, Wanner H (2004) Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large-scale dynamics and trends. Clim Dyn 23:63–78. doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0422-0