Multiple roles of motor imagery during action observation

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue NOV, 2013, Pages

  Vogt, Stefan ^a   Rienzo, Franck Di ^b   Collet, Christian ^b   Collins, Alan ^a   Guillot, Aymeric ^b,c  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^c INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE FRANCE   (France)

Author keywords

Joint action; Mental practice; Mirror neurons; Motor rehabilitation; Motor simulation; Observational practice; Occupational therapy; Video therapy

Indexed keywords

BRAIN REGION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL TRAINING; HUMAN; IMAGERY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL TASK; MOTOR IMAGERY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MOVEMENT PERCEPTION; NEUROIMAGING; OBSERVATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PHYSIOTHERAPY PRACTICE; QUANTITATIVE STUDY; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION;

EID: 84933671059     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00807     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Altschuler, E. L., Wisdom, S. B., Stone, L., Foster, C., Galasko, D., Llewellyn, D. M., et al. (1999). Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet 353, 2035-2036. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00920-4.
2. Annett, J. (1996). On knowing how to do things: a theory of motor imagery. Cogn. Brain Res 3, 65-69. doi: 10.1016/0926-6410(95)00030-5.
3. Babiloni, C., Del Percio, C., Rossini, P. M., Marzano, N., Iacoboni, M., Infarinato, F., et al. (2009). Judgment of actions in experts: a high-resolution EEG study in elite athletes. Neuroimage 45, 512-521. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.035.
4. Babiloni, C., Marzano, N., Infarinato, F., Iacoboni, M., Rizza, G., Aschieri, P., et al. (2010). "Neural efficiency" of experts' brain during judgment of actions: a high-resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes. Behav. Brain Res. 207, 466-475. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.034.
5. Battaglia, F., Lisanby, S. H., and Freedberg, D. (2011). Corticomotor excitability during observation and imagination of a work of art. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5:79. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00079.
6. Bekkering, H., de Bruijn, E. R. A., Cuijpers, R. H., Newman-Norlund, R., van Schie, H. T., and Meulenbroek, R. (2009). Joint action: neurocognitive mechanisms supporting human interaction. Topics Cogn. Sci. 1, 340-352. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01023.x.
7. Berends, H. I., Wolkorte, R., Ijzerman, M. J., and van Putten, M. J. A. M. (2013). Differential cortical activation during observation and observation-and-imagination. Exp. Brain Res. 229, 337-345. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3571-8.
8. Bianco, G., Feurra, M., Fadiga, L., Rossi, A., and Rossi, S. (2012). Bi-hemispheric effects on corticospinal excitability induced by repeated sessions of imagery versus observation of actions. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 30, 481-489. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2012-120241.
9. Borroni, P., Montagna, M., Cerri, G., and Baldissera, F. (2005). Cyclic time course of motor excitability modulation during the observation of a cyclic hand movement. Brain Res. 1065, 115-124. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.034.
10. Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Wohlschläger, A., and Prinz, W. (2000). Compatibility between observed and executed finger movements: comparing symbolic, spatial, and imitative cues. Brain Cogn. 44, 124-143. doi: 10.1006/brcg.2000.1225.
11. Braun, S., Kleynen, M., van Heel, T., Kruithof, N., Wade, D., and Beurskens, A. (2013). The effects of mental practice in neurological rehabilitation; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:390. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00390.
12. Bubic, A., Von Cramon, D. Y., and Schubotz, R. I. (2010). Prediction, cognition and the brain. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 4:25. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00025.
13. Buccino, G., Lui, F., Canessa, N., Patteri, H., Lagravinese, G., Benuzzi, et al. (2004). Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by nonconspecifics: an fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 114-126. doi: 10.1162/089892904322755601.
14. Calvo-Merino, B., Glaser, D. E., Grèzes, J., Passingham, R. E., and Haggard, P. (2005). Action observation and acquired motor skills: an fMRI study with expert dancers. Cereb. Cortex 15, 1243-1249. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi007.
15. Caspers, S., Zilles, K., Laird, A. R., and Eickhoff, S. B. (2010). ALE meta-analysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain. Neuroimage 50, 1148-1167. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112.
16. Celnik, P., Webster, B., Glasser, D. M., and Cohen, L. G. (2008). Effects of action observation on physical training after stroke. Stroke 39, 1814-1820. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.508184.
17. Cisek, P., and Kalaska, J. F. (2010). Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 33, 269-298. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135409.
18. Clark, S., Tremblay, F., and Ste-Marie, D. (2004). Differential modulation of corticospinal excitability during observation, mental imagery and imitation of hand actions. Neuropsychologia 42, 105-112. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00144-1.
19. Collet, C., Di Rienzo, F., Hoyek, N., and Guillot, A. (2013). Autonomic nervous system correlates in movement observation and imagery. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:415. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00415.
20. Collet, C., Guillot, A., Lebon, F., MacIntyre, T., and Moran, A. (2011). Measuring motor imagery using psychometric, behavioural, and psychophysiological tools. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 39, 85-92. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31820ac5e0.
21. Conson, M., Sarà, M., Pistoia, F., and Trojano, L. (2009). Action observation improves motor imagery: specific interactions between simulative processes. Exp. Brain Res. 199, 71-81. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1974-3.
22. Cowles, T., Clark, A., Mares, K., Peryer, G., Stuck, R., and Pomeroy, V. (2013). Observation-to-imitate plus practice could add little to physical therapy benefits within 31 days of stroke: translational randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 27, 173-182. doi: 10.1177/1545968312452470.
23. Crosbie, J. H., McDonough, S. M., Gilmore, D. H., and Wiggam, M. I. (2004). The adjunctive role of mental practice in the rehabilitation of the upper limb after hemiplegic stroke: a pilot study. Clin. Rehabil. 18, 60-68. doi: 10.1191/0269215504cr702oa.
24. Cross, E. S., Kraemer, D. J. M., Hamilton, A. F., Kelley, W. M., and Grafton, S. T. (2009). Sensitivity of the action observation network to physical and observational learning. Cereb. Cortex 19, 315-326. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn083.
25. Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., Germain, M., and Pastene, J. (1991), Vegetative response during imagined movement is proportional to mental effort. Behav. Brain Res. 42, 1-5. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80033-6.
26. Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., and Prablanc, C. (1989). The timing of mentally represented actions. Behav. Brain Res. 34, 35-42. doi: 10.1016/S0166-4328(89)80088-9.
27. Dijkerman, H. C., Ietswaart, M., Johnston, M., and MacWalter, R. S. (2004). Does motor imagery training improve hand function in chronic stroke patients. A pilot study. Clin. Rehabil. 18, 538-549. doi: 10.1191/0269215504cr769oa.
28. Di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., and Rizzolatti, G. (1992). Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp. Brain Res. 91, 176-180. doi: 10.1007/BF00230027.
29. Driskell, J. E., Copper, C., and Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance. J. Appl. Psychol. 79, 481-492. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.481.
30. Eaves, D. L., Turgeon, M., and Vogt, S. (2012). Automatic imitation in rhythmical actions: kinematic fidelity and the effects of compatibility, delay, and visual monitoring. PLoS ONE 7:e46728. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046728.
31. Edge, D. (1979). Quantitative measures of communication in science: a critical review. Hist. Sci. 17, 102-134.
32. Ehrsson, H. H., Geyer, S., and Naito, E. (2003). Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 3304-3316. doi: 10.1152/jn.01113.2002.
33. Ertelt, D., Hemmelmann, C., Dettmers, C., Ziegler, A., and Binkofski, F. (2012). Observation and execution of upper-limb movements as a tool for rehabilitation of motor deficits in paretic stroke patients: protocol of a randomized clinical trial. BMC Neurol. 12:42. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-42.
34. Ertelt, D., Small, S., Solodkin, A., Dettmers, C., McNamara, A., Binkofski, F., et al. (2007). Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage 36, T164-T173. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.043.
35. Eskenazi, T., Grosjean, M., Humphreys, G. W., and Knoblich, G. (2009). The role of motor simulation in action perception: a neuropsychological case study. Psychol. Res. 73, 477-485. doi: 10.1007/s00426-009-0231-5.
36. Ewan, L. M., Kinmond, K., and Holmes, P. S. (2010). An observation-based intervention for stroke rehabilitation: experiences of eight individuals affected by stroke. Disabil. Rehabil. 32, 2097-2106. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2010.481345.
37. Feltz, D. L., and Landers, D. M. (1983). The effects of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance: a meta-analysis. J. Psychol. 5, 25-57.
38. Feurra, M., Bianco, G., Polizzotto, N. R., Innocenti, I., Rossi, A., and Rossi, S. (2011). Cortico-cortical connectivity between right parietal and bilateral primary motor cortices during imagined and observed actions: a combined TMS/tDCS study. Front. Neural Circuits 5:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-42.
39. Filimon, F., Nelson, J. D., Hagler, D. J., and Sereno, M. I. (2007). Human cortical representations for reaching: mirror neurons for execution, observation, and imagery. Neuroimage 37, 1315-1328. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.008.
40. Franceschini, M., Agosti, M., Cantagallo, A., Sale, P., Mancuso, M., and Buccino, G. (2010). Mirror neurons: action observation treatment as a tool in stroke rehabilitation. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 46, 517-523.
41. Frith, C. D. (2010). What is consciousness for? Pragm. Cogn. 18, 497-551. doi: 10.1075/pc.18.3.03fri.
42. Frith, C. D. (2013). The psychology of volition. Exp. Brain Res. 229, 289-299. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3407-6.
43. Frith, C. D., and Frith, U. (2006). The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron 50, 531-534. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001.
44. Frith, C. D., and Frith, U. (2012). Mechanisms of social cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 63, 287-313. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449.
45. Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., and Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119, 593-609. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.2.593.
46. Gallese, V., Gernsbacher, M. A., Heyes, C., Hickok, G., and Iacoboni, M. (2011). Mirror neuron forum. Persp. Psychol. Sci. 6, 369-407. doi: 10.1177/1745691611413392.
47. Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development. London: MacMillan. doi: 10.1037/14178-000.
48. Garrison, K. A., Winstein, C. J., and Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2010). The mirror neuron system: a neural substrate for methods in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil. Neural Rep. 24, 404-412. doi: 10.1177/1545968309354536.
49. Gatti, R., Tettamanti, A., Gough, P. M., Riboldi, E., Marinoni, L., and Buccino, G. (2013). Action observation versus motor imagery in learning a complex motor task: a short review of literature and a kinematics study. Neurosci. Lett. 540, 37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.039.
50. Gerardin, E., Sirigu, A., Lehericy, S., Poline, J. B., Gaymard, B., Marsault, C., et al. (2000). Partially overlapping neural networks for real and imagined hand movements. Cereb. Cortex 10, 1093-1104. doi: 10.1093/cercor/10.11.1093.
51. Grèzes, J., and Decety, J. (2001). Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: a meta-analysis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 12, 1-19. doi: 10.1002/1097-0193(200101)12:1<1::AID-HBM10>3.0.CO;2-V.
52. Grosbras, M. H., Beaton, S., and Eickhoff, S. B. (2012). Brain regions involved in human movement perception: a quantitative voxel-based meta-analysis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 431-454. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21222.
53. Grush, R. (2004). The emulation theory of representation: motor control, imagery, and perception. Behav. Brain Sci. 27, 377-442. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X04000093.
54. Guillot, A., and Collet, C. (2005). Duration of mentally simulated movement: a review.J. Mot. Behav. 37, 10-20. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.37.1.10-20.
55. Guillot, A., Collet, C., Nguyen, V. A., Malouin, F., Richards, C., and Doyon, J. (2009). Brain activity during visual versus kinesthetic imagery: an fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 2157-2172. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20658.
56. Guillot, A., Di Rienzo, F., Moran, A., MacIntyre, T., and Collet, C. (2012a). Imagining is not doing but involves motor commands: a review of experimental data related to motor inhibition. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:247. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00247.
57. Guillot, A., Hoyek, N., Louis, M., and Collet, C. (2012b). Understanding the timing of motor imagery: Recent findings and future directions. Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 5, 3-22. doi: 10.1080/1750984X.2011.623787.
58. Haggard, P., and Tsakiris, M. (2005). The rubber hand illusion revisited: visuotactile integration and self-attribution. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 31, 80-91. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.80.
59. Hétu, S., Gregoire, M., Saimpont, A., Coll, M. P., Eugene, F., Michon, P. E., et al. (2013). The neural network of motor imagery: an ALE meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 930-949. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.017.
60. Hétu, S., Mercier, C., Eugene, F., Michon, P. E., and Jackson, P. L. (2012). Modulation of brain activity during action observation: influence of perspective, transitivity and meaningfulness. PLoS ONE 6:e24728. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024728.
61. Heyes, C. (2011). Automatic imitation. Psychol. Bull. 137, 463-483. doi: 10.1037/a0022288.
62. Higuchi, S., Holle, H., Roberts, N., Eickhoff, S. B., and Vogt, S. (2012). Imitation and observational learning of hand actions: prefrontal involvement and connectivity. Neuroimage 59, 1668-1683. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.021.
63. Holmes, P., and Calmels, C. (2008). A neuroscientific review of imagery and observation use in sport. J. Mot. Behav. 40, 433-445. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.40.5.433-445.
64. Holmes, P., and Calmels, C. (2011). "Mental practice: neuroscientific support for a new approach, " in Performance Psychology: A Practitioner's Guide, eds D. Collins, A. Button, and H. Richards (Oxford: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier), 231-244.
65. Hove, M. J., Spivey, M. J., and Krumhansl, C. L. (2010). Compatibility of motion facilitates visuomotor synchronization. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 36, 1525-1534. doi: 10.1037/a0019059.
66. Ietswaart, M., Johnston, M., Dijkerman, H. C., Joice, S., Scott, C. L., MacWalter, R. S., et al. (2011). Mental practice with motor imagery in stroke recovery: randomized controlled trial of efficacy. Brain 134, 1373-1386. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr077.
67. James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York, NY: Holt. doi: 10.1037/11059-000.
68. Jeannerod, M. (1994). The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behav. Brain Sci. 17, 187-202. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00034026.
69. Jeannerod, M. (2001). Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage 14, S103-109. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0832.
70. Jeannerod, M. (2006). Motor Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569657.001.0001.
71. Johansson, B. B. (2012). Multisensory stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:60. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00060.
72. Kang, Y. J., Ku, J., Kim, H. J., and Park, H. K. (2011). Facilitation of corticospinal excitability according to motor imagery and mirror therapy in healthy subjects and stroke patients. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 35, 747-758. doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.6.747.
73. Kelly, A. M. C., and Garavan, H. (2005). Human functional neuroimaging of brain changes associated with practice. Cereb. Cortex 15, 1089-1102. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi005.
74. Keysers, C., Kaas, J. H., and Gazzola, V. (2010). Somatosensation in social perception. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 417-428. doi: 10.1038/nrn2833.
75. Kilner, J. M. (2011). More than one pathway to action understanding. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 352-357. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.06.005.
76. Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J., and Frith, C. D. (2007). Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system. Cogn. Process. 8, 159-166. doi: 10.1007/s10339-007-0170-2.
77. Knorr-Cetina, K. D. (1982). Scientific communities or transepistemic arenas of research. A critique of quasi-economic models of science. Soc. Stud. Sci. 12, 101-130. doi: 10.1177/030631282012001005.
78. Konvalinka, I., Vuust, P., Roepstorff, A., and Frith, C. D. (2010). Follow you, follow me: continuous mutual prediction and adaptation in joint tapping. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 63, 2220-2230. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2010.497843.
79. Kosslyn, S. M. (2010). "Multimodal images in the brain, " in The Neurophysiological Foundations of Mental and Motor Imagery, eds A. Guillot and C. Collet (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 3-16. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546251.003.0001.
80. Lejeune, M., Decker, C., and Sanchez, X. (1994). Mental rehearsal in table tennis performance. Percept. Mot. Skills 79, 627-641. doi: 10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.627.
81. Leonard, G., and Tremblay, F. (2007). Corticomotor facilitation associated with observation, imagery and imitation of hand actions: a comparative study in young and old adults. Exp. Brain Res. 177, 167-175. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0657-6.
82. Liepert, J., and Neveling, N. (2009). Motor excitability during imagination and observation of foot dorsiflexions. J. Neural Transm. 116, 1613-1619. doi: 10.1007/s00702-009-0287-9.
83. Loporto, M., McAllister, C., Williams, J., Hardwick, R., and Holmes, P. (2011). Investigating central mechanisms underlying the effects of action observation and imagery through transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Mot. Behav. 43, 361-373. doi: 10.1080/00222895.2011.604655.
84. Lorey, B., Naumann, T., Pilgramm, S., Petermann, C., Bischoff, M., Zentgraf, K., et al. (2013a). How equivalent are the action execution, imagery, and observation of intransitive movements. Revisiting the concept of somatotopy during action simulation. Brain Cogn. 81, 139-150. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.011.
85. Lorey, B., Naumann, T., Pilgramm, S., Petermann, C., Bischoff, M., Zentgraf, K., et al. (2013b). Neural simulation of actions: effector-versus action-specific motor maps within the human premotor and posterior parietal area. Hum. Brain Mapp. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22246. [Epub ahead of print].
86. Lotze, M., Montoya, P., Erb, M., Hulsmann, E., Flor, H., Klose, U., et al. (1999). Activation of cortical and cerebellar motor areas during executed and imagined hand movements: an fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11, 491-501. doi: 10.1162/089892999563553.
87. Macuga, K. L., and Frey, S. H. (2012). Neural representations involved in observed, imagined, and imitated actions are dissociable and hierarchically organized. Neuroimage 59, 2798-2807. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.083.
88. Malouin, F., Jackson, P. L., and Richards, C. L. (2013). Towards the integration of mental practice in rehabilitation programs. A critical review. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7:576. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00576.
89. McCormick, S. A., Causer, J., and Holmes, P. S. (2012). Eye gaze metrics reflect a shared motor representation for action observation and movement imagery. Brain Cogn. 80, 83-88. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.04.010.
90. Milner, A. D., and Goodale, M. A. (2008). Two visual systems re-viewed. Neuropsychologia 46, 774-785. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.005.
91. Moran, A. (2002). In the mind's eye. The Psychologist 15, 414-415.
92. Moran, A., Guillot, A., Macintyre, T., and Collet, C. (2012). Re-imagining motor imagery: building bridges between cognitive neuroscience and sport psychology. Br. J. Psychol. 103, 224-247. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02068.x.
93. Morris, T., Spittle, M., and Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
94. Mulder, T. (2007). Motor imagery and action observation: cognitive tools for rehabilitation. J. Neural Transm. 114, 1265-1278. doi: 10.1007/s00702-007-0763-z.
95. Munzert, J., Lorey, B., and Zentgraf, K. (2009). Cognitive motor processes: the role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations. Brain Res. Rev. 60, 306-326. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.024.
96. Nedelko, V., Hassa, T., Hamzei, F., Schoenfeld, M. A., and Dettmers, C. (2012). Action imagery combined with action observation activates more corticomotor regions than action observation alone. J. Neurol Phys. Ther. 36, 182-188. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e318272cad1.
97. Neuper, C., Scherer, R., Wriessnegger, S., and Pfurtscheller, G. (2009). Motor imagery and action observation: modulation of sensorimotor brain rhythms during mental control of a brain-computer interface. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 239-247. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.015.
98. Nyberg, L., Eriksson, J., Larsson, A., and Marklund, P. (2006). Learning by doing versus learning by thinking: an fMRI study of motor and mental training.Neuropsychologia 44, 711-717. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.08.006.
99. Oosterhof, N. N., Tipper, S. P., and Downing, P. E. (2012). Visuo-motor imagery of specific manual actions: a multi-variate pattern analysis fMRI study. NeuroImage 63, 262-271. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.045.
100. Page, S. J., Levine, P., and Leonard, A. (2007). Mental practice in chronic stroke: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 38, 1293-1297. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000260205.67348.2b.
101. Pezzulo, G., Candidi, M., Dindo, H., and Barca, L. (2013). Action simulation in the human brain: twelve questions. New Ideas Psychol. 31, 270-290. doi: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2013.01.004.
102. Porro, C. A., Francescato, M. P., Cettolo, V., Diamond, M. E., Baraldi, P., Zuiani, C., et al. (1996). Primary motor and sensory cortex activation during motor performance and motor imagery: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci. 16, 7688-7698.
103. Press, C., Catmur, C., Cook, R., Widmann, H., Heyes, C., and Bird, G. (2012). fMRI evidence of 'mirror' responses to geometric shapes. PLoS ONE 7:12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051934.
104. Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., Eastough, D., and Edwards, M. G. (2010). Incongruent imagery interferes with action initiation. Brain Cogn. 74, 249-254. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.08.005.
105. Rizzolatti, G. (2005). The mirror neuron system and its function in humans. Anat. Embryol. 210, 419-421. doi: 10.1007/s00429-005-0039-z.
106. Rizzolatti, G., and Fabbri-Destro, M. (2010). Mirror neurons: from discovery to autism. Exp. Brain Res. 200, 223-237. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-2002-3.
107. Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., and Gallese, V. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cogn. Brain Res. 3, 131-141. doi: 10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0.
108. Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., and Gallese, V. (2002). "From mirror neurons to imitation: facts and speculations, " in The Imitative mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases, eds A. N. Meltzoff and W. Prinz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 247-266. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511489969.015.
109. Rizzolatti, G., and Sinigaglia, C. (2010). The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations and misinterpretations. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 264-274. doi: 10.1038/nrn2805.
110. Roure, R., Collet, C., Deschaumes-Molinaro, C., Delhomme, G., Dittmar, A., and Vernet-Maury, E. (1999). Imagery quality estimated by autonomic response is correlated to sporting performance enhancement. Physiol. Behav. 66, 63-72. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00026-8.
111. Sakamoto, M., Muraoka, T., Mizuguchi, N., and Kanosue, K. (2009). Combining observation and imagery of an action enhances human corticospinal excitability. Neurosci. Res. 65, 23-27. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.05.003.
112. Solodkin, A., Hlustik, P., Chen, E. E., and Small, S. L. (2004). Fine modulation in network activation during motor execution and motor imagery. Cereb. Cortex 14, 1246-1255. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh086.
113. Schubotz, R. I. (2007). Prediction of external events with our motor system: towards a new framework. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11, 211-218. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.006.
114. Schuster, C., Hilfiker, R., Amft, O., Scheidhauer, A., Andrews, B., Butler, J. A., et al. (2011). Best practice for motor imagery: a systematic literature review on motor imagery training elements in five different disciplines. BMC Med. 9:75. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-75.
115. Schwoebel, J., Boronat, C. B., and Branch Coslett, H. (2002). The man who executed "imagined" movements: evidence for dissociable components of the body schema. Brain Cogn. 50, 1-16. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2626(02)00005-2.
116. Scott, S. K., McGettigan, C., and Eisner, F. (2009). A little more conversation, a little less action-candidate roles for the motor cortex in speech perception. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 295-302. doi: 10.1038/nrn2603.
117. Shallice, T. (2004). "The fractionation of supervisory control, " in The Cognitive Neurosciences, 3rd Edn., ed M. S. Gazzaniga (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 943-956.
118. Shepard, R. N. (1984). Ecological constraints on internal representation: Resonant kinematics of perceiving, imagining, thinking, and dreaming. Psychol. Rev. 91, 417-447. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.91.4.417.
119. Springer, A., Parkinson, J., and Prinz, W. (2013). Action simulation: time course and representational mechanisms. Front. Psychol. 4:387. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00387.
120. Stürmer, B., Aschersleben, G., and Prinz, W. (2000). Correspondence effects with manual gestures and postures: a study of imitation. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 26, 1746-1759. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.26.6.1746.
121. Sully, J. (1892). The Human Mind: a Text-Book of Psychology. London: Longmans Green. doi: 10.1037/12967-000.
122. Titchener, E. B. (1909). Imagery and Sensationalism. New York, NY: MacMillan.
123. Tremblay, F., Leonard, G., and Tremblay, L. (2008). Corticomotor facilitation associated with observation and imagery of hand actions is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Exp. Brain Res. 185, 249-257. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-1150-6.
124. Tsukazaki, I., Uehara, K., Morishita, T., Ninomiya, M., and Funase, K. (2012). Effect of observation combined with motor imagery of a skilled hand-motor task on motor cortical excitability: difference between novice and expert. Neurosci. Lett. 518, 96-100. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.04.061.
125. Van Overwalle, F., and Baetens, K. (2009). Understanding others' actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: a meta-analysis. Neuroimage 48, 564-584. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.009.
126. Villiger, M., Estevez, N., Hepp-Reymond, M.-C., Kiper, D., Kollias, S. S., Eng, K., et al. (2013). Enhanced activation of motor execution networks using action observation combined with imagination of lower limb movements. PLoS ONE 8:e72403. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072403.
127. Vogt, S. (1994). Imagery needs preparation, too (Commentary on a target article by M. Jeannerod). Behav. Brain Sci. 17, 226-227. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00034324.
128. Vogt, S. (1995). On relations between perceiving, imagining and performing in the learning of cyclical movement sequences. Br. J. Psychol. 86, 191-216. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02556.x.
129. Vogt, S. (1996). Imagery and perception-action mediation in imitative actions. Cogn. Brain Res. 3, 79-86. doi: 10.1016/0926-6410(95)00032-1.
130. Vogt, S. (2002). "Visuomotor couplings in object-oriented and imitative actions, " inThe Imitative Mind: Development, Evolution, and Brain Bases, eds A. N. Meltzoff and W. Prinz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 206-220. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511489969.012.
131. Vogt, S., Buccino, G., Wohlschläger, A. M., Canessa, N., Shah, N., Zilles, K., et al. (2007). Prefrontal involvement in imitation learning of hand actions: effects of practice and expertise. Neuroimage 37, 1371-1383. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.005.
132. Vogt, S., Taylor, P., and Hopkins, B. (2003). Visuomotor priming by pictures of hand postures: perspective matters. Neuropsychologia 41, 941-951. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00319-6.
133. Vogt, S., and Thomaschke, R. (2007). From visuo-motor interactions to imitation learning: behavioural and brain imaging studies. J. Sports Sci. 25, 497-517. doi: 10.1080/02640410600946779.
134. Wehner, T., Vogt, S., and Stadler, M. (1984). Task-specific EMG-characteristics during mental training. Psychol. Res. 46, 389-401. doi: 10.1007/BF00309071.
135. Weinberg, R. S. (2008). Does imagery work. Effects on performance and mental skills.J. Im. Res. Sport Phys. Act. 3, 1-21. doi: 10.2202/1932-0191.1025.
136. Williams, J., Pearce, A. J., Loporto, M., Morris, T., and Holmes, P. S. (2012). The relationship between corticospinal excitability during motor imagery and motor imagery ability. Behav. Brain Res. 226, 369-375. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.014.
137. Woolgar, S. W. (1976). "The identification and definition of scientific collectivities, " inPerspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines, eds G. Lemaine, R. MacLeod, M. Mulkay, and P. Weingart (The Hague: Mouton and Co.), 235-245. doi: 10.1515/9783110819038.233.
138. Wuyam, B., Moosavi, S. H., Decety, J., Adams, L., Lansing, R. W., and Guz, A. (1995). Imagination of dynamic exercise produced ventilatory responses which were more apparent in competitive sportsmen. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 482, 713-724.
139. Zentgraf, K., Munzert, J., Bischoff, M., and Newman-Norlund, R. D. (2011). Simulation during observation of human actions-theories, empirical studies, applications. Vision Res. 51, 827-835. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.01.007.
140. Ziessler, M., Nattkemper, D., and Vogt, S. (2012). The activation of effect codes in response preparation: new evidence from an indirect interference paradigm. Front. Psychol. 3:585. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00585.
141. Zuckerman, H. (1987). Citation analysis and the complex problem of intellectual influence. Scientometrics 12, 329-338. doi: 10.1007/BF02016675.