Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies: A decade later

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1366, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 20-39

  Pittock, Sean J ^a,b   Lucchinetti, Claudia F ^b  

^a Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology ^*  (United States)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Aquaporin 4; Multiple sclerosis; Myelitis; Neuromyelitis optica; Optic neuritis

Indexed keywords

ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY; AQUAPORIN 4; AUTOANTIGEN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CELL NUCLEUS ANTIGEN; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; COLLAPSIN RESPONSE MEDIATOR PROTEIN; COMPLEMENT INHIBITOR; ECULIZUMAB; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 2; EXTRACTABLE NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 33; INTERLEUKIN 6; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB; TOCILIZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VOLTAGE GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL; AQP4 PROTEIN, HUMAN; PROTEIN BINDING;

AGE; ALLERGIC ENCEPHALITIS; ALOPECIA AREATA; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE AQUAPORIN 4 CHANNELOPATHY; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CELIAC DISEASE; CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHANNELOPATHY; CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING POLYNEUROPATHY; CIRCUMVENTRICULAR ORGAN; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; COMPLEMENT INHIBITION; CROSS LINKING; DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS; DISABILITY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EOSINOPHIL; ETHNICITY; FLUORESCENCE ACTIVATED CELL SORTING; GRANULOCYTE; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTERNALIZATION; LIMITED MOBILITY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; MYELITIS; MYELOOPTIC NEUROPATHY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NOMENCLATURE; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC NEURITIS; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROPATHY; PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME; PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS; PERNICIOUS ANEMIA; PLASMABLAST; POLYMYOSITIS; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; PREGNANCY; PSORIASIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SCLERODERMA; SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; SEX; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SPINAL CORD; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; UPREGULATION; WATER TRANSPORT; ANIMAL; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHANNELOPATHIES; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; AQUAPORIN 4; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHANNELOPATHIES; HUMANS; NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA; PROTEIN BINDING;

EID: 84931472803     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12794     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Devic, E. 1895. Myélite aiguë dorso-lombaire avec névrite optique - Autopsie. Congrès Français de Medécine. 434-439.
2. Gault, F. 1894. De la neuromyélite optique aiguë. Thèse: Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie. Lyon: Rey.
3. Jarius, S. & B. Wildemann . 2013. The history of neuromyelitis optica. J. Neuroinflammation 10: 8.
4. Jarius, S. & B. Wildemann . 2011. An early case of neuromyelitis optica: on a forgotten report by Jacob Lockhart Clarke, FRS. Mult. Scler. 17: 1384-1386.
5. Jarius, S. & B. Wildemann . 2012. The case of the Marquis de Causan (1804): an early account of visual loss associated with spinal cord inflammation. J. Neurol. 259: 1354-1357.
6. Jarius, S & B. Wildemann . 2012. "Noteomielite" accompanied by acute amaurosis (1844). An early case of neuromyelitis optica. J. Neurol. Sci. 313: 182-184.
7. Wingerchuk, D.M., W.F. Hogancamp, P.C. O'Brien & B.G. Weinshenker . 1999. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome). Neurology 53: 1107-1114.
8. Lennon, V.A., D.M. Wingerchuk, T.J. Kryzer, et al. 2004. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 364: 2106-2112.
9. Lennon, V.A., T.J. Kryzer, S.J. Pittock, et al. 2005. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J. Exp. Med. 202: 473-477.
10. Wingerchuk, D.M., V.A. Lennon, C.F. Lucchinetti, et al. 2007. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol. 6: 805-815.
11. Iorio, R. & S.J. Pittock . 2014. Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies. Clin. Experiment. Neuroimmunol. 5: 175-187.
12. Weinshenker, B.G., D.M. Wingerchuk, S. Vukusic, et al. 2006. Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann. Neurol. 59: 566-569.
13. Jarius, S., J. Frederikson, P. Waters, et al. 2010. Frequency and prognostic impact of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in patients with optic neuritis. J. Neurol. Sci. 298: 158-162.
14. Etemadifar, M., M.A. Abtahi, H. Razmjoo, et al. 2012. Anti-aquaporin-4 IgG in patients presenting with unilateral optic neuritis: a cohort study. Int. J. Prev. Med. 3: 612-615.
15. Nielsen, S., E.A. Nagelhus, M. Amiry-Moghaddam, et al. 1997. Specialized membrane domains for water transport in glial cells: high-resolution immunogold cytochemistry of aquaporin-4 in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 17: 171-180.
16. Rash, J.E., T. Yasumura, C.S. Hudson, et al. 1998. Direct immunogold labeling of aquaporin-4 in square arrays of astrocyte and ependymocyte plasma membranes in rat brain and spinal cord. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 11981-11986.
17. Banwell, B., S. Tenembaum, V.A. Lennon, et al. 2008. Neuromyelitis optica-IgG in childhood inflammatory demyelinating CNS disorders. Neurology 70: 344-352.
18. Wingerchuk, D.M., V.A. Lennon, S.J. Pittock, et al. 2006. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 66: 1485-1489.
19. Marrie, R.A. & C. Gryba . 2013. The incidence and prevalence of neuromyelitis optica: a systematic review. Int. J. MS Care 15: 113-118.
20. Kira, J. 2003. Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. Lancet Neurol. 2: 117-127.
21. Cabre, P., A. Signate, S. Olindo, et al. 2005. Role of return migration in the emergence of multiple sclerosis in the French West Indies. Brain 128(Pt 12): 2899-2910.
22. Cabrera-Gomez, J.A., J.F. Kurtzke, A. Gonzalez-Quevedo & R. Lara-Rodriguez . 2009. An epidemiological study of neuromyelitis optica in Cuba. J. Neurol. 256: 35-44.
23. Asgari, N., S.T. Lillevang, H.P. Skejoe, et al. 2011. A population-based study of neuromyelitis optica in Caucasians. Neurology 76: 1589-1595.
24. Cossburn, M., G. Tackley, K. Baker, et al. 2012. The prevalence of neuromyelitis optica in South East Wales. Eur. J. Neurol. 19: 655-659.
25. Mealy, M.A., D.M. Wingerchuk, B.M. Greenberg & M. Levy . 2012. Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica in the United States: a multicenter analysis. Arch. Neurol. 69: 1176-1180.
26. Quek, A.M., A. McKeon, V.A. Lennon, et al. 2012. Effects of age and sex on aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Arch. Neurol. 69: 1039-1043.
27. Pittock, S.J. 2008. Neuromyelitis optica: a new perspective. Semin. Neurol. 28: 95-104.
28. Wingerchuk, D.M. & B.G. Weinshenker . 2003. Neuromyelitis optica: clinical predictors of a relapsing course and survival. Neurology 60: 848-853.
29. Jiao, Y., J.P. Fryer, V.A. Lennon, et al. 2013. Updated estimate of AQP4-IgG serostatus and disability outcome in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 81: 1197-1204.
30. Jiao, Y., J.P. Fryer, V.A. Lennon, et al. 2014. Aquaporin 4 IgG serostatus and outcome in recurrent longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. JAMA Neurol. 71: 48-54.
31. Collongues, N., P. Cabre, R. Marignier, et al. 2011. A benign form of neuromyelitis optica: does it exist? Arch. Neurol. 68: 918-924.
32. Optic Neuritis Study Group. 2008. Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis: a final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Ophthalmology 115: 1079-1082.e5.
33. Merle, H., S. Olindo, M. Bonnan, et al. 2007. Natural history of the visual impairment of relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Ophthalmology 114: 810-815.
34. Ratchford, J.N., M.E. Quigg, A. Conger, et al. 2009. Optical coherence tomography helps differentiate neuromyelitis optica and MS optic neuropathies. Neurology 73: 302-308.
35. Naismith, R.T., N.T. Tutlam, J. Xu, et al. 2009. Optical coherence tomography differs in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 72: 1077-1082.
36. Green, A.J. & B.A. Cree . 2009. Distinctive retinal nerve fibre layer and vascular changes in neuromyelitis optica following optic neuritis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80: 1002-1005.
37. Nakamura, M., I. Miyazawa, K. Fujihara, et al. 2008. Preferential spinal central gray matter involvement in neuromyelitis optica. An MRI study. J. Neurol. 255: 163-170.
38. Flanagan, E.P., B.G. Weinshenker, K.N. Krecke, et al. 2015. Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JAMA Neurol. 72: 81-87.
39. Flanagan, E.P., B. Weinshenker, K. Krecke & S.J. Pittock . 2014. Asymptomatic myelitis in neuromyelitis optica and autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathy. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 86: 153-159.
40. Kim, S.M., M.J. Go, J.J. Sung, et al. 2012. Painful tonic spasm in neuromyelitis optica: incidence, diagnostic utility, and clinical characteristics. Arch. Neurol. 69: 1026-1031.
41. Bradl, M., Y. Kanamori, I. Nakashima, et al. 2014. Pain in neuromyelitis optica-prevalence, pathogenesis and therapy. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10: 529-536.
42. Kanamori, Y., I. Nakashima, Y. Takai, et al. 2011. Pain in neuromyelitis optica and its effect on quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Neurology 77: 652-658.
43. Zhao, S., K. Mutch, L. Elsone, et al. 2014. Neuropathic pain in neuromyelitis optica affects activities of daily living and quality of life. Mult. Scler. 20: 1658-1661.
44. Pellkofer, H.L., J. Havla, D. Hauer, et al. 2013. The major brain endocannabinoid 2-AG controls neuropathic pain and mechanical hyperalgesia in patients with neuromyelitis optica. PLoS One 8: e71500.
45. Pittock, S.J., V.A. Lennon, K. Krecke, et al. 2006. Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. Arch. Neurol. 63: 390-396.
46. Kiyat-Atamer, A., E. Ekizoglu, E. Tuzun, et al. 2013. Long-term MRI findings in neuromyelitis optica: seropositive versus seronegative patients. Eur. J. Neurol. 20: 781-787.
47. Cabrera-Gomez, J.A. & I. Kister . 2012. Conventional brain MRI in neuromyelitis optica. Eur. J. Neurol. 19: 812-819.
48. Pittock, S.J., B.G. Weinshenker, C.F. Lucchinetti, et al. 2006. Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression. Arch. Neurol. 63: 964-968.
49. Ito, S., M. Mori, T. Makino, et al. 2009. "Cloud-like enhancement" is a magnetic resonance imaging abnormality specific to neuromyelitis optica. Ann. Neurol. 66: 425-428.
50. Matthews, L., R. Marasco, M. Jenkinson, et al. 2013. Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution. Neurology 80: 1330-1337.
51. Magana, S.M., M. Matiello, S.J. Pittock, et al. 2009. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 72: 712-717.
52. Misu, T., K. Fujihara, I. Nakashima, et al. 2005. Intractable hiccup and nausea with periaqueductal lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 65: 1479-1482.
53. Apiwattanakul, M., B.F. Popescu, M. Matiello, et al. 2010. Intractable vomiting as the initial presentation of neuromyelitis optica. Ann. Neurol. 68: 757-761.
54. Iorio, R., C.F. Lucchinetti, V.A. Lennon, et al. 2011. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis may herald or accompany neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 77: 1644-1646.
55. Guo, Y., V.A. Lennon, B.F. Popescu, et al. 2014. Autoimmune aquaporin-4 myopathy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. JAMA Neurol. 71: 1025-1029.
56. Deguchi, S., K. Deguchi, K. Sato, et al. 2012. HyperCKemia related to the initial and recurrent attacks of neuromyelitis optica. Intern Med. 51: 2617-2620.
57. Jeret, J.S., N. Suzuki, T. Takahashi & K. Fujihara . 2010. Neuromyelitis optica preceded by hyperCKemia episode. Neurology 75: 2253; author reply 2253-4.
58. Suzuki, N., T. Takahashi, M. Aoki, et al. 2010. Neuromyelitis optica preceded by hyperCKemia episode. Neurology 74: 1543-1545.
59. Yokoyama, N., M. Niino, T. Takahashi, et al. 2012. Seroconversion of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with hyperCKemia: a case report. Eur. J. Neurol. 19: e143.
60. Di Filippo, M., D. Franciotta, R. Massa, et al. 2012. Recurrent hyperCKemia with normal muscle biopsy in a pediatric patient with neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 79: 1182-1184.
61. Gelfand, J.M., R. Nolan, D.M. Schwartz, et al. 2012. Microcystic macular oedema in multiple sclerosis is associated with disease severity. Brain 135(Pt 6): 1786-1793.
62. Sotirchos, E.S., S. Saidha, G. Byraiah, et al. 2012. In-vivo identification of a novel retinal pathology in neuromyelitis optica. Mult. Scler. J. 18: 288-289.
63. Banwell, B.L. 2008. Into the looking glass: predicting MS in children experiencing a first demyelinating event. Neurology 71: 962-963.
64. McKeon, A., V.A. Lennon, T. Lotze, et al. 2008. CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in children. Neurology 71: 93-100.
65. Saadoun, S., P. Waters, M.I. Leite, et al. 2013. Neuromyelitis optica IgG causes placental inflammation and fetal death. J. Immunol. 191: 2999-3005.
66. Kim, W., S.H. Kim, I. Nakashima, et al. 2012. Influence of pregnancy on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurology 78: 1264-1267.
67. Bourre, B., R. Marignier, H. Zephir, et al. 2012. Neuromyelitis optica and pregnancy. Neurology 78: 875-879.
68. Waters, P.J., A. McKeon, M.I. Leite, et al. 2012. Serologic diagnosis of NMO: a multicenter comparison of aqua-porin-4-IgG assays. Neurology 78: 665-671; discussion 9.
69. Fryer, J.P., V.A. Lennon, S.J. Pittock, et al. 2014. AQP4 autoantibody assay performance in clinical laboratory service. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 1: e11.
70. Kitley, J., M.I. Leite, W. Kuker, et al. 2013. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis with and without aquaporin 4 antibodies. JAMA Neurol. 70: 1375-1381.
71. Iyer, A., L. Elsone, R. Appleton & A. Jacob . 2014. A review of the current literature and a guide to the early diagnosis of autoimmune disorders associated with neuromyelitis optica. Autoimmunity 47: 154-161.
72. Zhang, B., Y. Zhong, Y. Wang, et al. 2014. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders without and with autoimmune diseases. BMC Neurol. 14: 162.
73. Pittock, S.J., V.A. Lennon, J. deSeze, et al. 2008. Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity. Arch. Neurol. 65: 78-83.
74. McKeon, A., V.A. Lennon, A. Jacob, et al. 2009. Coexistence of myasthenia gravis and serological markers of neurological autoimmunity in neuromyelitis optica. Muscle Nerve 39: 87-90.
75. Armagan, H., E. Tuzun, S. Icoz, et al. Long extensive transverse myelitis associated with aquaporin-4 antibody and breast cancer: favorable response to cancer treatment. J. Spinal Cord. Med. 35: 267-269.
76. De Santis, G., L. Caniatti, A. DeVito, et al. 2009. A possible paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica associated with lung cancer. Neurol. Sci. 30: 397-400.
77. Frasquet, M., L. Bataller, E. Torres-Vega, et al. 2013. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis with AQP4 antibodies revealing ovarian teratoma. J. Neuroimmunol. 263: 145-147.
78. Pittock, S.J. & V.A. Lennon . 2008. Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a paraneoplastic context. Arch. Neurol. 65: 629-632.
79. Al-Harbi, T., A. Al-Sarawi, M. Binfalah & S. Dermime . 2014. Paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder associated with stomach carcinoid tumor. Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Ther. 7: 116-119.
80. Ontaneda, D. & R.J. Fox . 2014. Is neuromyelitis optica with advanced age of onset a paraneoplastic disorder? Int. J. Neurosci. 124: 509-511.
81. Uzawa, A., M. Mori, M. Ito, et al. 2009. Markedly increased CSF interleukin-6 levels in neuromyelitis optica, but not in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 256: 2082-2084.
82. Icoz, S., E. Tuzun, M. Kurtuncu, et al. 2010. Enhanced IL-6 production in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica patients. Int. J. Neurosci. 120: 71-75.
83. Ayzenberg, I., I. Kleiter, A. Schroder, et al. 2013. Interleukin 6 receptor blockade in patients with neuromyelitis optica nonresponsive to anti-CD20 therapy. JAMA Neurol. 70: 394-397.
84. Kieseier, B.C., O. Stuve, T. Dehmel, et al. 2013. Disease amelioration with tocilizumab in a treatment-resistant patient with neuromyelitis optica: implication for cellular immune responses. JAMA Neurol. 70: 390-393.
85. Misu, T., R. Takano, K. Fujihara, et al. 2009. Marked increase in cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillar acidic protein in neuromyelitis optica: an astrocytic damage marker. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80: 575-577.
86. Storoni, M., A. Petzold & G.T. Plant . 2011. The use of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein measurements in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum optic neuritis. PLoS One 6: e23489.
87. Takano, R., T. Misu, T. Takahashi, et al. 2010. Astrocytic damage is far more severe than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 75: 208-216.
88. Saadoun, S., M.C. Papadopoulos, H. Watanabe, et al. 2005. Involvement of aquaporin-4 in astroglial cell migration and glial scar formation. J. Cell Sci. 118(Pt 24): 5691-5698.
89. Manley, G.T., M. Fujimura, T. Ma, et al. 2000. Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces brain edema after acute water intoxication and ischemic stroke. Nat. Med. 6: 159-163.
90. Papadopoulos, M.C., G.T. Manley, S. Krishna & A.S. Verkman . 2004. Aquaporin-4 facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid in vasogenic brain edema. FASEB J. 18: 1291-1293.
91. Verkman, A.S., M.O. Anderson & M.C. Papadopoulos . 2014. Aquaporins: important but elusive drug targets. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 13: 259-277.
92. Saadoun, S. & M.C. Papadopoulos . 2015. Role of membrane complement regulators in neuromyelitis optica. Mult. Scler. pii: 1352458515571446.
93. Neely, J.D., B.M. Christensen, S. Nielsen & P. Agre . 1999. Heterotetrameric composition of aquaporin-4 water channels. Biochemistry 38: 11156-11163.
94. Jung, J.S., R.V. Bhat, G.M. Preston, et al. 1994. Molecular characterization of an aquaporin cDNA from brain: candidate osmoreceptor and regulator of water balance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91: 13052-13056.
95. Yang, B., T. Ma & A.S. Verkman . 1995. cDNA cloning, gene organization, and chromosomal localization of a human mercurial insensitive water channel. Evidence for distinct transcriptional units. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 22907-22913.
96. Lu, M., M.D. Lee, B.L. Smith, et al. 1996. The human AQP4 gene: definition of the locus encoding two water channel polypeptides in brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 10908-10912.
97. Wolburg, H. 1995. Orthogonal arrays of intramembranous particles: a review with special reference to astrocytes. J. Hirnforsch. 36: 239-258.
98. Wolburg, H., K. Wolburg-Buchholz, P. Fallier-Becker, et al. 2011. Structure and functions of aquaporin-4-based orthogonal arrays of particles. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 287: 1-41.
99. Furman, C.S., D.A. Gorelick-Feldman, K.G. Davidson, et al. 2003. Aquaporin-4 square array assembly: opposing actions of M1 and M23 isoforms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100: 13609-13614.
100. Nicchia, G.P., M. Mastrototaro, A. Rossi, et al. 2009. Aquaporin-4 orthogonal arrays of particles are the target for neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies. Glia 57: 1363-1373.
101. Iorio, R., J.P. Fryer, S.R. Hinson, et al. 2013. Astrocytic autoantibody of neuromyelitis optica (NMO-IgG) binds to aquaporin-4 extracellular loops, monomers, tetramers and high order arrays. J. Autoimmun. 40: 21-27.
102. Hinson, S.R., S.J. Pittock, C.F. Lucchinetti, et al. 2007. Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extra-cellular domain in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 69: 2221-2231.
103. Hinson, S.R., M.F. Romero, B.F. Popescu, et al. 2012. Molecular outcomes of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG binding to aquaporin-4 in astrocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109: 1245-1250.
104. Hinson, S.R., S.F. Roemer, C.F. Lucchinetti, et al. 2008. Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2. J. Exp. Med. 205: 2473-2481.
105. Marignier, R., A. Nicolle, C. Watrin, et al. 2010. Oligodendrocytes are damaged by neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G via astrocyte injury. Brain 133: 2578-2591.
106. Zeng, X.N., X.L. Sun, L. Gao, et al. 2007. Aquaporin-4 deficiency down-regulates glutamate uptake and GLT-1 expression in astrocytes. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 34: 34-39.
107. Coulter, D.A. & T. Eid . 2012. Astrocytic regulation of glutamate homeostasis in epilepsy. Glia 60: 1215-1226.
108. Danbolt, N.C. 2001. Glutamate uptake. Prog. Neurobiol. 65: 1-105.
109. Howe, C.L., T. Kaptzan, S.M. Magana, et al. 2014. Neuromyelitis optica IgG stimulates an immunological response in rat astrocyte cultures. Glia 62: 692-708.
110. Lucchinetti, C.F., R.N. Mandler, D. McGavern, et al. 2002. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125(Pt 7): 1450-1461.
111. Matsushita, T., T. Tateishi, N. Isobe, et al. 2013. Characteristic cerebrospinal fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles in neuromyelitis optica, relapsing remitting or primary progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 8: e61835.
112. Saadoun, S., P. Waters, C. MacDonald, et al. 2012. Neutrophil protease inhibition reduces neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin G-induced damage in mouse brain. Ann. Neurol. 71: 323-333.
113. Barnum, S.R. 1995. Complement biosynthesis in the central nervous system. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 6: 132-146.
114. Misu, T., K. Fujihara, A. Kakita, et al. 2007. Loss of aquaporin 4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Brain 130(Pt 5): 1224-1234.
115. Lucchinetti, C.F., Y. Guo, B.F. Popescu, et al. 2014. The pathology of an autoimmune astrocytopathy: lessons learned from neuromyelitis optica. Brain Pathol. 24: 83-97.
116. Saadoun, S., P. Waters, B.A. Bell, et al. 2010. Intra-cerebral injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G and human complement produces neuromyelitis optica lesions in mice. Brain 133(Pt 2): 349-361.
117. Saadoun, S., P. Waters, C. Macdonald, et al. 2011. T cell deficiency does not reduce lesions in mice produced by intracerebral injection of NMO-IgG and complement. J. Neuroimmunol. 235: 27-32.
118. Bennett, J.L., C. Lam, S.R. Kalluri, et al. 2009. Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica. Ann. Neurol. 66: 617-629.
119. Bradl, M., T. Misu, T. Takahashi, et al. 2009. Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo. Ann. Neurol. 66: 630-643.
120. Kinoshita, M., Y. Nakatsuji, T. Kimura, et al. 2009. Neuromyelitis optica: passive transfer to rats by human immunoglobulin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 386: 623-627.
121. Kinoshita, M., Y. Nakatsuji, T. Kimura, et al. 2010. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody induces astrocytic cytotoxicity in the absence of CNS antigen-specific T cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 394: 205-210.
122. Roemer, S.F., J.E. Parisi, V.A. Lennon, et al. 2007. Pattern-specific loss of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Brain 130(Pt 5): 1194-1205.
123. Popescu, B.F., V.A. Lennon, J.E. Parisi, et al. 2011. Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions: nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. Neurology 76: 1229-1237.
124. Popescu, B.F., Y. Guo, M.E. Jentoft, et al. 2015. Diagnostic utility of aquaporin-4 in the analysis of active demyelinating lesions. Neurology 84: 148-158.
125. Filippi, M., M.A. Rocca, L. Moiola, et al. 1999. MRI and magnetization transfer imaging changes in the brain and cervical cord of patients with Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 53: 1705-1710.
126. Rocca, M.A., F. Agosta, D.M. Mezzapesa, et al. 2004. Magnetization transfer and diffusion tensor MRI show gray matter damage in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 62: 476-478.
127. Popescu, B.F., J.E. Parisi, J.A. Cabrera-Gomez, et al. 2010. Absence of cortical demyelination in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 75: 2103-2109.
128. Papadopoulos, M.C., J.L. Bennett & A.S. Verkman . 2014. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: state-of-the-art and emerging therapies. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10: 493-506.
129. Pittock, S.J., V.A. Lennon, A. McKeon, et al. 2013. Eculizumab in AQP4-IgG-positive relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: an open-label pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 12: 554-602.
130. Chihara, N., T. Aranami, W. Sato, et al. 2011. Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108: 3701-3706.
131. Araki, M., T. Matsuoka, K. Miyamoto, et al. 2014. Efficacy of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica: a pilot study. Neurology 82: 1302-1306.
132. Tedder, T.F. 2009. CD19: a promising B cell target for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 5: 572-577.
133. Hammer, O. 2012. CD19 as an attractive target for antibody-based therapy. MAbs 4: 571-577.
134. Tradtrantip, L., H. Zhang, S. Saadoun, et al. 2012. Anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody blocker therapy for neuromyelitis optica. Ann. Neurol. 71: 314-322.
135. Dalmau, J., E. Lancaster, E. Martinez-Hernandez, et al. 2011. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 10: 63-74.
136. Titulaer, M.J., L. McCracken, I. Gabilondo, et al. 2013. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 12: 157-165.
137. Mader, S., V. Gredler, K. Schanda, et al. 2011. Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. J. Neuroinflammation 8: 184.
138. Kitley, J., M. Woodhall, P. Waters, et al. 2012. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79: 1273-1277.
139. Sato, D.K., D. Callegaro, M.A. Lana-Peixoto, et al. 2014. Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 82: 474-481.
140. Kitley, J., P. Waters, M. Woodhall, et al. 2014. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a comparative study. JAMA Neurol. 71: 276-2783.
141. Zamvil, S.S. & A.J. Slavin . 2015. Does MOG Ig-positive AQP4-seronegative opticospinal inflammatory disease justify a diagnosis of NMO spectrum disorder? Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 2: e62.
142. Kimbrough, D.J., K. Fujihara, A. Jacob, et al. 2012. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica: review and recommendations. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 1: 180-187.