Colorimetric biosensing of pathogens using gold nanoparticles

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 666-680

  Verma, Mohit S ^a,b   Rogowski, Jacob L ^a,b   Jones, Lyndon ^a   Gu, Frank X ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bacteria; Color; DNA; Fungus; PCR; Point of care; Protein; RNA; Small molecule; Virus

Indexed keywords

ASSAYS; BACTERIA; BIOSENSORS; COLOR; COLORIMETRY; DNA; FIBER OPTIC SENSORS; FUNGI; GOLD; METAL NANOPARTICLES; NANOPARTICLES; NUCLEIC ACIDS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROTEINS; RNA; VIRUSES;

COLORIMETRIC BIOSENSORS; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; PATHOGEN DETECTION; PCR; POINT OF CARE; SMALL MOLECULES; WATER-BORNE DISEASE;

PATHOGENS;

ASSAY; BACTERIUM; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CALORIMETRY; COLOR; DETECTION METHOD; DNA; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; FUNGUS; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GOLD; HEALTH IMPACT; NANOPARTICLE; PATHOGEN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROTEIN; RNA; SENSOR; VIRUS;

FUNGI;

BACTERIAL DNA; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; GOLD; METAL NANOPARTICLE; NUCLEIC ACID;

COLORIMETRY; DEVICES; GENETIC PROCEDURES; GENETICS; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; PROCEDURES;

BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BIOSENSING TECHNIQUES; COLORIMETRY; DNA, BACTERIAL; GOLD; LIMIT OF DETECTION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; NUCLEIC ACIDS;

EID: 84930956433     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.003     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Agasti S.S., Rana S., Park M.H., Kim C.K., You C.C., Rotello V.M. Nanoparticles for detection and diagnosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010, 62:316-328.
2. Ahmed A., Rushworth J.V., Hirst N.A., Millner P.A. Biosensors for whole-cell bacterial detection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014, 27:631-646.
3. Azzazy H.M., Mansour M.M., Samir T.M., Franco R. Gold nanoparticles in the clinical laboratory: principles of preparation and applications. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012, 50:193-209.
4. Bakthavathsalam P., Rajendran V.K., Ali B.M.J. A direct detection of Escherichia coli genomic DNA using gold nanoprobes. J Nanobiotechnol 2012, 10:8. [3155-10-8].
5. Boisselier E., Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity. Chem Soc Rev 2009, 38:1759-1782.
6. Brooks B.W., Devenish J., Lutze-Wallace C.L., Milnes D., Robertson R.H., Berlie-Surujballi G. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Campylobacter fetus in bovine preputial washing and vaginal mucus samples. Vet Microbiol 2004, 103:77-84.
7. Bunz U.H., Rotello V.M. Gold nanoparticle-fluorophore complexes: sensitive and discerning "noses" for biosystems sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010, 49:3268-3279.
8. Cao C., Gontard L.C., Thuy Tram le L., Wolff A., Bang D.D. Dual enlargement of gold nanoparticles: from mechanism to scanometric detection of pathogenic bacteria. Small 2011, 7:1701-1708.
9. Carter J.R., Balaraman V., Kucharski C.A., Fraser T.S., Fraser M.J. A novel dengue virus detection method that couples DNAzyme and gold nanoparticle approaches. Virol J 2013, 10:201. [422X-10-201].
10. Cenciarini-Borde C., Courtois S., La Scola B. Nucleic acids as viability markers for bacteria detection using molecular tools. Future Microbiol 2009, 4:45-64.
11. Chan W.S., Tang B.S., Boost M.V., Chow C., Leung P.H. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a gold nanoparticle-based colourimetric polymerase chain reaction assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2014, 53:105-111.
12. Che Y., Li Y., Slavik M. Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry samples using an enzyme-linked immunoassay coupled with an enzyme electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2001, 16:791-797.
13. Chen S.H., Lin K.I., Tang C.Y., Peng S.L., Chuang Y.C., Lin Y.R., et al. Optical detection of human papillomavirus type 16 and type 18 by sequence sandwich hybridization with oligonucleotide-functionalized Au nanoparticles. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2009, 8:120-131.
14. Costa P., Amaro A., Botelho A., Inacio J., Baptista P.V. Gold nanoprobe assay for the identification of mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010, 16:1464-1469.
15. Daniel M.C., Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem Rev 2004, 104:293-346.
16. de Boer E., Beumer R.R. Methodology for detection and typing of foodborne microorganisms. Int J Food Microbiol 1999, 50:119-130.
17. de la Rica R., Stevens M.M. Plasmonic ELISA for the ultrasensitive detection of disease biomarkers with the naked eye. Nat Nanotechnol 2012, 7:821-824.
18. Deng H., Zhang X., Kumar A., Zou G., Zhang X., Liang X.J. Long genomic DNA amplicons adsorption onto unmodified gold nanoparticles for colorimetric detection of Bacillus anthracis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013, 49:51-53.
19. Drosten C., Gottig S., Schilling S., Asper M., Panning M., Schmitz H., et al. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:2323-2330.
20. Eghtedari M., Oraevsky A., Copland J.A., Kotov N.A., Conjusteau A., Motamedi M. High sensitivity of in vivo detection of gold nanorods using a laser optoacoustic imaging system. Nano Lett 2007, 7:1914-1918.
21. Farber J.M., Peterkin P.I. Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. Microbiol Rev 1991, 55:476-511.
22. Fu Z., Zhou X., Xing D. Rapid colorimetric gene-sensing of food pathogenic bacteria using biomodification-free gold nanoparticle. Sensors Actuators B Chem 2013, 182:633-641.
23. Garner A.L., Fullagar J.L., Day J.A., Cohen S.M., Janda K.D. Development of a high-throughput screen and its use in the discovery of Streptococcus pneumoniae immunoglobulin A1 protease inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2013, 135:10014-10017.
24. Ghosh P., Han G., De M., Kim C.K., Rotello V.M. Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008, 60:1307-1315.
25. Gill P., Alvandi A.H., Abdul-Tehrani H., Sadeghizadeh M. Colorimetric detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA using isothermal helicase-dependent amplification and gold nanoparticle probes. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 62:119-124.
26. Gobin A.M., Lee M.H., Halas N.J., James W.D., Drezek R.A., West J.L. Near-infrared resonant nanoshells for combined optical imaging and photothermal cancer therapy. Nano Lett 2007, 7:1929-1934.
27. He W., Huang C.Z., Li Y.F., Xie J.P., Yang R.G., Zhou P.F., et al. One-step label-free optical genosensing system for sequence-specific DNA related to the human immunodeficiency virus based on the measurements of light scattering signals of gold nanorods. Anal Chem 2008, 80:8424-8430.
28. Hitchins A.D., Jinneman K. Detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in foods. Anonymous bacteriological analytical manual 1998, U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
29. Huang X., El-Sayed I.H., Qian W., El-Sayed M.A. Cancer cell imaging and photothermal therapy in the near-infrared region by using gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2006, 128:2115-2120.
30. Hutter E., Fendler J. Exploitation of localized surface plasmon resonance. Adv Mater 2004, 16:1685-1706.
31. Jain P.K., El-Sayed I.H., El-Sayed M.A. Au nanoparticles target cancer. Nano Today 2007, 2:18-29.
32. Jiang T., Liu R., Huang X., Feng H., Teo W., Xing B. Colorimetric screening of bacterial enzyme activity and inhibition based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009, (15):1972-1974. [doi:1972-4].
33. Jung Y.L., Jung C., Parab H., Li T., Park H.G. Direct colorimetric diagnosis of pathogen infections by utilizing thiol-labeled PCR primers and unmodified gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2010, 25:1941-1946.
34. Jyoti A., Pandey P., Singh S.P., Jain S.K., Shanker R. Colorimetric detection of nucleic acid signature of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli using gold nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010, 10:4154-4158.
35. Kaittanis C., Santra S., Perez J.M. Emerging nanotechnology-based strategies for the identification of microbial pathogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010, 62:408-423.
36. Kalidasan K., Neo J.L., Uttamchandani M. Direct visual detection of Salmonella genomic DNA using gold nanoparticles. Mol Biosyst 2013, 9:618-621.
37. Khan S.A., Singh A.K., Senapati D., Fan Z., Ray P.C. Targeted highly sensitive detection of multi-drug resistant Salmonella DT104 using gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011, 47:9444-9446.
38. Khanna V.K. Nanoparticle-based sensors. Def Sci J 2008, 58:608-616.
39. Kim J.Y., Lee J.S. Synthesis and thermally reversible assembly of DNA-gold nanoparticle cluster conjugates. Nano Lett 2009, 9:4564-4569.
40. Kim Y.T., Chen Y., Choi J.Y., Kim W.J., Dae H.M., Jung J., et al. Integrated microdevice of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with colorimetric immunochromatographic detection for rapid gene expression analysis of influenza A H1N1 virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2012, 33:88-94.
41. Lauri A., Mariani P.O. Potentials and limitations of molecular diagnostic methods in food safety. Genes Nutr 2009, 4:1-12.
42. Lazcka O., Del Campo F.J., Munoz F.X. Pathogen detection: a perspective of traditional methods and biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2007, 22:1205-1217.
43. Lee C., Gaston M.A., Weiss A.A., Zhang P. Colorimetric viral detection based on sialic acid stabilized gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2013, 42:236-241.
44. Li X.X., Cao C., Han S.J., Sim S.J. Detection of pathogen based on the catalytic growth of gold nanocrystals. Water Res 2009, 43:1425-1431.
45. Li C.Z., Vandenberg K., Prabhulkar S., Zhu X., Schneper L., Methee K., et al. Paper based point-of-care testing disc for multiplex whole cell bacteria analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2011, 26:4342-4348.
46. Liana D.D., Raguse B., Gooding J.J., Chow E. Recent advances in paper-based sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2012, 12:11505-11526.
47. Liandris E., Gazouli M., Andreadou M., Comor M., Abazovic N., Sechi L.A., et al. Direct detection of unamplified DNA from pathogenic mycobacteria using DNA-derivatized gold nanoparticles. J Microbiol Methods 2009, 78:260-264.
48. Lim S., Koo O.K., You Y.S., Lee Y.E., Kim M.S., Chang P.S., et al. Enhancing nanoparticle-based visible detection by controlling the extent of aggregation. Sci Rep 2012, 2:456.
49. Liu J., Lu Y. A colorimetric lead biosensor using DNAzyme-directed assembly of gold nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125:6642-6643.
50. Liu R., Teo W., Tan S., Feng H., Padmanabhan P., Xing B. Metallic nanoparticles bioassay for Enterobacter cloacae P99 beta-lactamase activity and inhibitor screening. Analyst 2010, 135:1031-1036.
51. Liu M., Yuan M., Lou X., Mao H., Zheng D., Zou R., et al. Label-free optical detection of single-base mismatches by the combination of nuclease and gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2011, 26:4294-4300.
52. Majdinasab M., Aminlari M., Sheikhi M.H., Niakousari M., Shekarforoosh S. Detection of inv A gene of Salmonella by DNA-gold nanoparticles biosensor and its comparison with PCR. J Exp Nanosci 2013, 8:223-239.
53. Mancuso M., Jiang L., Cesarman E., Erickson D. Multiplexed colorimetric detection of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus and Bartonella DNA using gold and silver nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2013, 5:1678-1686.
54. Mao X., Ma Y., Zhang A., Zhang L., Zeng L., Liu G. Disposable nucleic acid biosensors based on gold nanoparticle probes and lateral flow strip. Anal Chem 2009, 81:1660-1668.
55. Marin M.J., Rashid A., Rejzek M., Fairhurst S.A., Wharton S.A., Martin S.R., et al. Glyconanoparticles for the plasmonic detection and discrimination between human and avian influenza virus. Org Biomol Chem 2013, 11:7101-7107.
56. Mayer K.M., Hafner J.H. Localized surface plasmon resonance sensors. Chem Rev 2011, 111:3828-3857.
57. Miranda O.R., Li X., Garcia-Gonzalez L., Zhu Z.J., Yan B., Bunz U.H., et al. Colorimetric bacteria sensing using a supramolecular enzyme-nanoparticle biosensor. J Am Chem Soc 2011, 133:9650-9653.
58. Mollasalehi H., Yazdanparast R. Non-crosslinking gold nanoprobes for detection of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification products. Anal Biochem 2012, 425:91-95.
59. Monis P.T., Giglio S. Nucleic acid amplification-based techniques for pathogen detection and identification. Infect Genet Evol 2006, 6:2-12.
60. Murphy C.J., Gole A.M., Stone J.W., Sisco P.N., Alkilany A.M., Goldsmith E.C., et al. Gold nanoparticles in biology: beyond toxicity to cellular imaging. Acc Chem Res 2008, 41:1721-1730.
61. Nagatani N., Yamanaka K., Ushijima H., Koketsu R., Sasaki T., Ikuta K., et al. Detection of influenza virus using a lateral flow immunoassay for amplified DNA by a microfluidic RT-PCR chip. Analyst 2012, 137:3422-3426.
62. Nath N., Chilkoti A. A colorimetric gold nanoparticle biosensor: effect of particle size on sensitivity. Second joint EMBS-BMES conference 2002, vols. 1-3, conference proceedings: bioengineering - integrative methodologies 2002, 574-575. New Technologies.
63. Ng L.K., Kingombe C.I., Yan W., Taylor D.E., Hiratsuka K., Malik N., et al. Specific detection and confirmation of Campylobacter jejuni by DNA hybridization and PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997, 63:4558-4563.
64. Niazi A., Jorjani O.N., Nikbakht H., Gill P. A nanodiagnostic colorimetric assay for 18S rRNA of Leishmania pathogens using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and gold nanorods. Mol Diagn Ther 2013, 17:363-370.
65. Paciotti G.F., Myer L., Weinreich D., Goia D., Pavel N., McLaughlin R.E., et al. Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2004, 11:169-183.
66. Pandey S.K., Suri C.R., Chaudhry M., Tiwari R.P., Rishi P. A gold nanoparticles based immuno-bioprobe for detection of Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Mol Biosyst 2012, 8:1853-1860.
67. Peters R.P., van Agtmael M.A., Danner S.A., Savelkoul P.H., Vandenbroucke-Grauls C.M. New developments in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2004, 4:751-760.
68. Popovtzer R., Agrawal A., Kotov N.A., Popovtzer A., Balter J., Carey T.E., et al. Targeted gold nanoparticles enable molecular CT imaging of cancer. Nano Lett 2008, 8:4593-4596.
69. Prasad D., Shankaracharya, Vidyarthi A.S. Gold nanoparticles-based colorimetric assay for rapid detection of Salmonella species in food samples. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011, 27:2227-2230.
70. Pylaev T.E., Khanadeev V.A., Khlebtsov B.N., Dykman L.A., Bogatyrev V.A., Khlebtsov N.G. Colorimetric and dynamic light scattering detection of DNA sequences by using positively charged gold nanospheres: a comparative study with gold nanorods. Nanotechnology 2011, 22:285501. [4484/22/28/285501. Epub 2011 May 31].
71. Qi H., Chen S., Hao R., Shi H., Zhang M., Wang S. Introduction of nanogold-DAB as a HRP substrate for simplifying detection in visual DNA microarrays. Anal Methods 2012, 4:1178-1181.
72. Renuart I., Mertens P., Leclipteux T. One step oligochromatographic device and method of use 2011, [US 10/555,154].
73. Saha K., Agasti S.S., Kim C., Li X., Rotello V.M. Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing. Chem Rev 2012, 112:2739-2779.
74. Saleh M., Soliman H., Schachner O., El-Matbouli M. Direct detection of unamplified spring viraemia of carp virus RNA using unmodified gold nanoparticles. Dis Aquat Organ 2012, 100:3-10.
75. Shawky S.M., Bald D., Azzazy H.M. Direct detection of unamplified hepatitis C virus RNA using unmodified gold nanoparticles. Clin Biochem 2010, 43:1163-1168.
76. Skottrup P.D., Nicolaisen M., Justesen A.F. Towards on-site pathogen detection using antibody-based sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008, 24:339-348.
77. Smith Z.J., Chu K., Espenson A.R., Rahimzadeh M., Gryshuk A., Molinaro M., et al. Cell-phone-based platform for biomedical device development and education applications. PLoS One 2011, 6:e17150.
78. Su H., Ma Q., Shang K., Liu T., Yin H., Ai S. Gold nanoparticles as colorimetric sensor: a case study on E. coli O157:H7 as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. Sensors Actuators B Chem 2012, 161:298-303.
79. Su H., Zhao H., Qiao F., Chen L., Duan R., Ai S. Colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using functionalized Au@Pt nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetics. Analyst 2013, 138:3026-3031.
80. Sun J., Ge J., Liu W., Wang X., Fan Z., Zhao W., et al. A facile assay for direct colorimetric visualization of lipopolysaccharides at low nanomolar level. Nano Res 2012, 5:486-493.
81. Sung Y.J., Suk H.J., Sung H.Y., Li T., Poo H., Kim M.G. Novel antibody/gold nanoparticle/magnetic nanoparticle nanocomposites for immunomagnetic separation and rapid colorimetric detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk. Biosens Bioelectron 2013, 43:432-439.
82. Tallury P., Malhotra A., Byrne L.M., Santra S. Nanobioimaging and sensing of infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010, 62:424-437.
83. Tang J., Zhou L., Gao W., Cao X., Wang Y. Visual DNA microarrays for simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and Treponema pallidum coupled with multiplex asymmetric polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009, 65:372-378.
84. Taton T.A., Mirkin C.A., Letsinger R.L. Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes. Science 2000, 289:1757-1760.
85. U.S.Food and Drug Administration Fish and fishery products hazards and controls guidance 2011.
86. Upadhyayula V.K. Functionalized gold nanoparticle supported sensory mechanisms applied in detection of chemical and biological threat agents: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012, 715:1-18.
87. Urusov A.E., Kostenko S.N., Sveshnikov P.G., Zherdev A.V., Dzantiev B.B. Immunochromatographic assay for the detection of ochratoxin A. J Anal Chem 2011, 66:770-776.
88. Veigas B., Machado D., Perdigao J., Portugal I., Couto I., Viveiros M., et al. Au-nanoprobes for detection of SNPs associated with antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:415101. [4484/21/41/415101. Epub 2010 Sep 16].
89. Veigas B., Jacob J.M., Costa M.N., Santos D.S., Viveiros M., Inacio J., et al. Gold on paper-paper platform for Au-nanoprobe TB detection. Lab Chip 2012, 12:4802-4808.
90. Velusamy V., Arshak K., Korostynska O., Oliwa K., Adley C. An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: in the perspective of biosensors. Biotechnol Adv 2010, 28:232-254.
91. Verma M.S., Chen P.Z., Jones L., Gu F.X. Branching and size of CTAB-coated gold nanostars control the colorimetric detection of bacteria. RSC Adv 2014, 4:10660-10668.
92. Verma M.S., Chen P.Z., Jones L., Gu F.X. "Chemical nose" for the visual identification of emerging ocular pathogens using gold nanostars. Biosens Bioelectron 2014, 61:386-390.
93. Wang C., Chen Y., Wang T., Ma Z., Su Z. Biorecognition-driven self-assembly of gold nanorods: a rapid and sensitive approach toward antibody sensing. Chem Mater 2007, 19:5809-5811.
94. Wang S., Singh A.K., Senapati D., Neely A., Yu H., Ray P.C. Rapid colorimetric identification and targeted photothermal lysis of Salmonella bacteria by using bioconjugated oval-shaped gold nanoparticles. Chemistry 2010, 16:5600-5606.
95. Wang J., Gao J., Liu D., Han D., Wang Z. Phenylboronic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Nanoscale 2012, 4:451-454.
96. Wang X., Li Y., Wang J., Wang Q., Xu L., Du J., et al. A broad-range method to detect genomic DNA of multiple pathogenic bacteria based on the aggregation strategy of gold nanorods. Analyst 2012, 137:4267-4273.
97. Willets K.A., Van Duyne R.P. Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and sensing. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2007, 58:267-297.
98. Wu W.H., Li M., Wang Y., Ouyang H.X., Wang L., Li C.X., et al. Aptasensors for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. Nanoscale Res Lett 2012, 7:658. [276X-7-658].
99. Xing Y., Wang P., Zang Y., Ge Y., Jin Q., Zhao J., et al. A colorimetric method for H1N1 DNA detection using rolling circle amplification. Analyst 2013, 138:3457-3462.
100. Yaron S., Matthews K.R. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7: investigation of specific target genes. J Appl Microbiol 2002, 92:633-640.
101. Yeh C., Chang Y., Lin H., Chang T., Lin Y. A newly developed optical biochip for bacteria detection hybridization. Sensors Actuators B Chem 2012, 161:1168-1175.
102. Zagorovsky K., Chan W.C. A plasmonic DNAzyme strategy for point-of-care genetic detection of infectious pathogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013, 52:3168-3171.
103. Zhao W., Brook M.A., Li Y. Design of gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensing assays. Chembiochem 2008, 9:2363-2371.