Glucose-sensitive hydrogels

Polymeric Biomaterials: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Applications, Volume 2

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 43-64

  Jeong, Seong Hoon ^a   Oh, Kyung T ^a   Park, Kinam ^b  

^a Dongguk University   (South Korea)

^b PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; GLUCOSE; HYDROPHILICITY;

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI; FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS; FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES; GLUCOSE-SENSITIVE HYDROGEL; HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS; HYDROPHILIC PROPERTIES; THREE-DIMENSIONAL NETWORKS;

HYDROGELS;

EID: 84930675597     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b13758     Document Type: Chapter

References (141)

1. K. Park, S. W. Shalaby, and H. Park. Biodegradable Hydrogel for Drug Delivery, Technomic, Lancaster, PA, 1993.
2. V. Kudela. Hydrogels. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (H. F. Mark and J. I. Kroschwitz, eds.), John Wiley, New York, 1985, pp. 783-807.
3. R. M. Ottenbrite, S. J. Huang, and K. Park. Hydrogels and Biodegradable Polymers for Bioapplications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1996.
4. J. Andrade. Hydrogels for Medical and Related Applications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1976.
5. N. A. Peppas. Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986.
6. D. DeRossi, K. Kajiwara, Y. Osada, and A. Yamauchi. Polymer Gels: Fundamentals and Biomedical Applications, Plenum Press, New York, 1991.
7. J. M. Guenet. Thermoreversible Gelation of Polymers and Biopolymers, Academic Press, New York, 1992.
8. Y. H. Bae and S. W. Kim. Hydrogel delivery systems based on polymer blends, block co-polymers or interpenetrating networks. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11: 109-135 (1993).
9. R. Barbucci, G. Leone, and A. Vecchiullo. Novel carboxymethylcellulose-based microporous hydrogels suitable for drug delivery. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 15: 607-619 (2004).
10. J. Berger, M. Reist, J. M. Mayer, O. Felt, N. A. Peppas, and R. Gurny. Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57: 19-34 (2004).
11. T. Miyata, T. Uragami, and K. Nakamae. Biomolecule-sensitive hydrogels. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54: 79-98 (2002).
12. W. E. Hennink and C. F. van Nostrum. Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54: 13-36 (2002).
13. K. M. Huh, T. Ooya, W. K. Lee, S. Sasaki, I. C. Kwon, S. Y. Jeong, and N. Yui. Supramolecular-structured hydrogels showing a reversible phase transition by inclusion complexation between poly(ethylene glycol) grafted dextran and α-cyclodextrin. Macromolecules 34: 8657-8662 (2001).
14. L. Martin, C. G. Wilson, F. Koosha, and I. F. Uchegbu. Sustained buccal delivery of the hydrophobic drug denbufylline using physically cross-linked palmitoyl glycol chitosan hydrogels. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 55: 35-45 (2003).
15. N. A. Peppas, Y. Huang, M. Torres-Lugo, J. H. Ward, and J. Zhang. Physicochemical foundations and structural design of hydrogels in medicine and biology. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2: 9-29 (2000).
16. H. Park and K. Park. Hydrogels in bioapplications. Hydrogels and Biodegradable Polymers for Bioapplications (R. M. Ottenbrite, S. J. Huang, and K. Park, eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 2-10.
17. C. M. Hassan, F. J. Doyle, and N. A. Peppas. Dynamic behavior of glucose-responsive poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules 30: 6166-6173 (1997).
18. A. S. Hoffman. Intelligent polymers. Controlled Drug Delivery (K. Park, ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1997, pp. 485-498.
19. J. Kim and K. Park. Smart hydrogels for bioseparation. Bioseparation 7: 177-184 (1998).
20. Y. H. Bae. Stimuli-sensitive drug delivery. Controlled Drug Delivery (K. Park, ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1997, pp. 147-162.
21. B. A. Firestone and R. A. Siegel. Kinetics and mechanisms of water sorption in hydrophobic, ionizable copolymer gels. J Appl Polym Sci 43: 901-914 (1991).
22. J. Heller. Feedback-controlled drug delivery. Controlled Drug Delivery (K. Park, ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1997, pp. 127-146.
23. A. A. Obaidat and K. Park. Characterization of protein release through glucose-sensitive hydrogel membranes. Biomaterials 18: 801-806 (1997).
24. N. Sharon and H. Lis. Lectins: Cell-agglutinating and sugar-specific proteins. Science 177: 949-959 (1972).
25. J. L. Wang, B. A. Cunningham, M. J. Waxdal, and G. M. Edelman. The covalent and three-dimensional structural of concanavalin A. I. Amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragments F1 and F2. J Biol Chem 250: 1490-1502 (1975).
26. B. A. Cunningham, J. L. Wang, M. J. Waxdal, and G. M. Edelman. The covalent and three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A. II. Amino acid sequence of cyanogen bromide fragment F3. J Biol Chem 250: 1503-1512 (1975).
27. M. Brownlee and A. Cerami. A glucose-controlled insulin-delivery system: Semisynthetic insulin bound to lectin. Science 206: 1190-1191 (1979).
28. S. Y. Jeong, S. W. Kim, D. L. Holmberg, and J. C. McRea. Self-regulating insulin delivery systems: III. In vivo studies. J Control Release 2: 143-152 (1985).
29. S. W. Kim, C. M. Paii, K. Makino, L. A. Seminoff, D. L. Holmberg, J. M. Gleeson, D. E. Wilson, and E. J. Mack. Self-regulated glycosylated insulin delivery. J Control Release 11: 193-201 (1990).
30. S. Y. Jeong, S. W. Kim, M. J. D. Eenink, and J. Feijen. Self-regulating insulin delivery systems I. Synthesis and characterization of glycosylated insulin. J Control Release 1: 57-66 (1984).
31. S. W. Kim, S. Y. Jeong, S. Sato, J. C. McRea, and J. Feijen. Self-regulating insulin delivery system—Chemical approach. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Systems (J. M. Anderson, S. W. Kim, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1984, pp. 123-136.
32. S. Sato, S. Y. Jeong, J. C. McRea, and S. W. Kim. Self-regulating insulin delivery systems II. In vitro studies. J Control Release 1: 67-77 (1984).
33. S. Sato, S. Y. Jeong, J. C. McRea, and S. W. Kim. Glucose stimulated insulin delivery systems. Pure Appl Chem 56: 1323-1328 (1984).
34. L. A. Seminoff, J. M. Gleeson, J. Zheng, G. B. Olsen, D. Holmberg, S. F. Mohammad, D. Wilson, and S. W. Kim. A self-regulating insulin delivery system. II. In vivo characteristics of a synthetic glycosylated insulin. Int J Pharm 54: 251-257 (1989).
35. L. A. Seminoff, G. B. Olsen, and S. W. Kim. A self-regulating insulin delivery system. I. Characterization of a synthetic glycosylated insulin derivative. Int J Pharm 54: 241-249 (1989).
36. K. Makino, E. J. Mack, T. Okano, and S. W. Kim. A microcapsule self-regulating delivery system for insulin. J Control Release 12: 235-239 (1990).
37. E. Kokufata, Y.-Q. Zhang, and T. Tanaka. Saccharide-sensitive phase transition of a lectin-loaded gel. Nature 351: 302-304 (1991).
38. J. E. Morris, A. S. Hoffman, and R. R. Fisher. Affinity precipitation of proteins by polyligands. Biotechnol Bioeng 41: 991-997 (1993).
39. K. Nakamae, T. Miyata, A. Jikihara, and A. S. Hoffman. Formation of poly(glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate)-concanavalin A complex and its glucose-sensitivity. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 6: 79-90 (1994).
40. T. Miyata, A. Jikihara, K. Nakamae, and A. S. Hoffman. Preparation of poly(2-glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate)-concanavalin A complex hydrogel and its glucose-sensitivity. Macromol Chem Phys 197: 1135-1146 (1996).
41. M. J. Taylor, S. Tanna, P. M. Taylor, and G. Adams. The delivery of insulin from aqueous and non-aqueous reservoirs governed by a glucose sensitive gel membrane. J Drug Target 3: 209-216 (1995).
42. S. Tanna and M. J. Taylor. A self-regulating system using high-molecular weight solutes in glucose-sensitive gel membranes. J Pharm Pharmacol 46(Suppl. 2): 1051a (1994).
43. M. J. Taylor, S. Tanna, S. Cockshott, and R. Vaitha. A self regulated delivery system using unmodified solutes in glucose-sensitive gel membranes. J Pharm Pharmacol 46(Suppl. 2): 1051b (1994).
44. S. J. Lee and K. Park. Synthesis of sol-gel phase-reversible hydrogels sensitive to glucose. Proc Int Symp Control Rel Bioact Mater 21: 93-94 (1994).
45. S. J. Lee and K. Park. Synthesis and characterization of sol-gel phase-reversible hydrogels sensitive to glucose. J Mol Recogn 9: 549-557 (1996).
46. S. J. Lee and K. Park. Glucose-sensitive phase-reversible hydrogels. Hydrogels and Biodegradable Polymers for Bioapplications (R. M. Ottenbrite, S. J. Huang, and K. Park, eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 11-16.
47. A. A. Obaidat and K. Park. Characterization of glucose dependent gel-sol phase transition of the polymeric glucose-concanavalin A hydrogel system. Pharm Res 13: 989-995 (1996).
48. T. Miyata, A. Jikihara, K. Nakamae, and A. S. Hoffman. Preparation of reversibly glucose-responsive hydrogels by covalent immobilization of lectin in polymer networks having pendant glucose. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 15: 1085-1098 (2004).
49. S. Tanna and M. J. Taylor. Characterization of model solute and insulin delivery across covalently modified lectin-polysaccharide gels sensitive to glucose. Pharm Pharmacol Commun 4: 117 (1998).
50. S. Tanna, M. J. Taylor, and G. Adams. Insulin delivery governed by covalently modified lectin-glycogen gels sensitive to glucose. J Pharm Pharmacol 51: 1093-1098 (1999).
51. S. Tanna, T. Sahota, J. Clark, and M. J. Taylor. Covalent coupling of concanavalin A to a Carbopol 934P and 941P carrier in glucose-sensitive gels for delivery of insulin. J Pharm Pharmacol 54: 1461-1469 (2002).
52. S. Tanna, T. Sahota, J. Clark, and M. J. Taylor. A covalently stabilised glucose responsive gel formulation with a Carbopol carrier. J Drug Target 10: 411-418 (2002).
53. S. Tanna, M. Joan Taylor, T. S. Sahota, and K. Sawicka. Glucose-responsive UV polymerised dextran-concanavalin A acrylic derivatised mixtures for closed-loop insulin delivery. Biomaterials 27: 1586-1597 (2006).
54. R. Zhang, M. Tang, A. Bowyer, R. Eisenthal, and J. Hubble. Synthesis and characterization of a d-glucose sensitive hydrogel based on CM-dextran and concanavalin A. React Funct Polymers 66: 757-767 (2006).
55. C. M. Pai, Y. H. Bae, E. J. Mack, D. E. Wilson, and S. W. Kim. Concanavalin A microspheres for a self-regulating insulin delivery system. J Pharm Sci 81: 532-536 (1992).
56. M. Baudys, T. Uchio, L. Hovgaard, E. F. Zhu, T. Avramoglou, M. Jozefowicz, B. Rihova, J. Y. Park, H. K. Lee, and S. W. Kim. Glycosylated insulins. J Control Release 36: 151-157 (1995).
57. B. A. Cunningham, J. L. Wang, M. N. Pflumm, and G. M. Edelman. Isolation and proteolytic cleavage of the intact subunit of concanavalin A. Biochemistry 11: 3233-3239 (1972).
58. F. Liu, S. C. Song, D. Mix, M. Baudys, and S. W. Kim. Glucose-induced release of glycosylpoly(ethylene glycol) insulin bound to a soluble conjugate of concanavalin A. Bioconjug Chem 8: 664-672 (1997).
59. J. J. Kim. Phase-reversible glucose-sensitive hydrogels for modulated insulin delivery, Doctor of Philosophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 1999.
60. K. Makino, E. J. Mack, T. Okano, and S. W. Kim. Self-regulated delivery of insulin from microcapsules. Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol 19: 219-228 (1991).
61. S. Aronoff, T. Chen, and M. Cheveldayoff. Complexation of d-glucose with borate. Carbohydr Res 40: 299-309 (1975).
62. J. Boeseken. The use of boric acid for the determination of the configuration of carbohydrates. Adv Carbohydr Chem 47: 189-210 (1949).
63. V. Bouriotis, I. J. Galpin, and P. D. G. Dean. Applications of immobilised phenylboronic acids as supports for group specific ligands in the affinity chromatography of enzymes. J Chromatogr 210: 267-278 (1981).
64. A. B. Foster. Zone electrophoresis of carbohydrate. Adv Carbohydr Chem 12: 81-115 (1957).
65. I. Hisamitsu, K. Kataoka, T. Okano, and Y. Sakurai. Glucose-responsive gel from phenylborate polymer and poly(vinyl alcohol): Prompt response at physiological pH through the interaction of borate with amino group in the gel. Pharm Res 14: 289-293 (1997).
66. S. Kitano, K. Kataoka, Y. Koyama, T. Okano, and Y. Sakurai. Glucose-responsive complex formation between poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) with pendant phenylboronic acid moieties. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 12: 227-233 (1991).
67. S. Kitano, Y. Koyama, K. Kataoka, T. Okano, and Y. Sakurai. A novel drug delivery system utilizing a glucose responsive polymer complex between poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) with a phenylboronic acid moiety. J Control Release 19: 161-170 (1992).
68. D. Shiino, Y. Murata, K. Kataoka, Y. Koyama, M. Yokoyama, T. Okano, and Y. Sakurai. Preparation and characterization of a glucose-responsive insulin-releasing polymer device. Biomaterials 15: 121-128 (1994).
69. T. Tanaka, D. Fillmore, S. T. Sun, I. Nishio, G. Swislow, and A. Shah. Phase transitions in ionic gels. Phys Rev Lett 45: 1636 (1980).
70. J. P. Lorand and J. O. Edwards. Polyol complexes and structure of the benzeneboronate ion. J Org Chem 24: 769 (1959).
71. Y. K. Choi, S. Y. Jeong, and Y. H. Kim. A glucose-triggered solubilizable polymer gel matrix for an insulin delivery system. Int J Pharm 80: 9-16 (1992).
72. K. Kataoka, H. Miyazaki, T. Okano, and Y. Sakurai. Sensitive glucose-induced change of the lower critical solution temperature of poly[N, N-(dimethylacrylamide)-co-3-(acrylamido)-phenylboronic acid] in physiological saline. Macromolecules 27: 1061-1062 (1994).
73. G. Albin, T. Horbett, and B. Ratner. Glucose-sensitive membranes for controlled release of insulin. Pulsed and Self-Regulated Drug Delivery (J. Kost, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990.
74. G. Albin, T. A. Horbett, and B. D. Ratner, Glucose sensitive membranes for controlled delivery of insulin: Insulin transport studies. J Control Release 2: 153-164 (1985).
75. G. W. Albin, T. A. Horbett, S. R. Miller, and N. L. Ricker. Theoretical and experimental studies of glucose sensitive membranes. J Control Release 6: 267-291 (1987).
76. T. A. Horbett, J. Kost, and B. D. Ratner. Swelling behavior of glucose sensitive membranes. Polymers as Biomaterials (S. Shakaby, A. Hoffman, T. Horbett, and B. Ratner, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1984, pp. 193-207.
77. J. Kost, T. A. Horbett, B. D. Ratner, and M. Singh, Glucose-sensitive membranes containing glucose oxidase: Activity, swelling, and permeability studies. J Biomed Mater Res 19: 1117-1133 (1985).
78. T. A. Horbett, B. D. Ratner, J. Kost, and M. Singh. A bioresponsive membrane for insulin delivery. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Systems (J. M. Anderson and S. W. Kim, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1984, pp. 209-220.
79. L. A. Klumb and T. A. Horbett. Design of insulin delivery devices based on glucose sensitive membranes. J Control Release 18: 59-80 (1992).
80. L. A. Klumb and T. A. Horbett. The effect of hydronium ion transport on the transient behavior of glucose sensitive membranes. J Control Release 27: 95-114 (1993).
81. M. Goldraich and J. Kost. Glucose-sensitive polymeric matrices for controlled drug delivery. Clin Mater 13: 135-142 (1993).
82. K. Ishihara, M. Kobayashi, N. Ishimaru, and I. Shinohara. Glucose induced permeation control of insulin through a complex membrane consisting of immobilized glucose oxidase and a poly(amine). Polymer J 16: 625-631 (1984).
83. K. Ishihara, M. Kobayashi, and I. Shinohara. Insulin permeation through amphiphilic polymer membranes having 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate moiety. Polymer J 16: 647-651 (1984).
84. K. Ishihara, M. Kobayashi, and I. Shionohara. Control of insulin permeation through a polymer membrane with responsive function for glucose. Makromol Chem Rapid Commun 4: 327-331 (1983).
85. K. Ishihara and K. Matsui. Glucose-responsive insulin release from a polymer capsule. J Polym Sci Polym Lett Edn 24: 413-417 (1986).
86. Y. Ito, M. Casolaro, K. Kono, and Y. Imanishi. An insulin-releasing system that is responsive to glucose. J Control Release 10: 195-203 (1989).
87. H. Iwata and T. Matsuda. Preparation and properties of novel environment-sensitive membranes prepared by graft polymerization onto a porous membrane. J Memb Sci 38: 185-199 (1988).
88. S. H. Cho, M. S. Jhon, S. H. Yuk, and H. B. Lee. Temperature-induced phase transition of poly(N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide). J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 35: 595-598 (1997).
89. S. H. Yuk, S. H. Cho, and S. H. Lee. pH/temperature-responsive polymer composed of poly((N, N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-ethylacrylamide). Macromolecules 30: 6856-6859 (1997).
90. J. Heller. Chemically self-regulated drug delivery systems. J Control Release 8: 111-125 (1988).
91. J. Heller. Use of enzymes and bioerodible polymers in self-regulated and triggered drug delivery systems. Modulated Controlled Release Systems (J. Kost, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, pp. 93-108.
92. J. Heller, A. C. Chang, G. Rood, and G. M. Grodsky. Release of insulin from pH-sensitive poly(ortho esters). J Control Release 13: 295-302 (1990).
93. J. Heller, S. H. Pangburn, and D. W. H. Penhale. Use of bioerodible polymers in self-regulated drug delivery systems. Controlled Release Technology (P. I. Lee and W. R. Good, eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1987, pp. 172-187.
94. J. Heller, D. W. H. Penhale, and R. F. Helwing. Preparation of poly(ortho esters) by the reaction of ketane acetal and diol. J Polym Sci Polym Lett Edn 18: 611-624 (1980).
95. D.-J. Chung, Y. Ito, and Y. Imanishi. An insulin-releasing membrane system on the basis of oxidation reaction of glucose. J Control Release 18: 45-53 (1992).
96. R. T. Kurnik, B. Berner, J. Tamada, and R. O. Potts. Design and simulation of a reverse iontophoretic glucose monitoring device. J Electrochem Soc 145: 4119-4125 (1998).
97. E. Csoeregi, C. P. Quinn, D. W. Schmidtke, S.-E. Lindquist, M. V. Pishko, L. Ye, I. Katakis, J. A. Hubbell, and A. Heller. Design, characterization, and one-point in vivo calibration of a subcutaneously implanted glucose electrode. Anal Chem 66: 3131-3138 (1994).
98. D. M. Back, D. F. Michalska, and P. L. Polavarapu. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a powerful tool for the study of carbohydrates in aqueous solutions. Appl Spectrosc 38: 173-180 (1984).
99. G. B. Christison and H. A. MacKenzie. Laser photoacoustic determination of physiological glucose concentrations in human whole blood. Med Biol Eng Comput 31: 284-290 (1993).
100. J. W. Hall and A. Pollard. Near-infrared spectrophotometry: A new dimension in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem 38: 1623-1631 (1992).
101. H. M. Heise, R. Marbach, T. Koschinsky, and F. A. Gries. Noninvasive blood glucose sensors based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Artif Organs 18: 439-447 (1994).
102. L. A. Marquardt, M. A. Arnold, and G. W. Small. Near-infrared spectroscopic measurement of glucose in a protein matrix. Anal Chem 65: 3271-3278 (1993).
103. M. R. Robinson, R. P. Eaton, D. M. Haaland, G. W. Koepp, E. V. Thomas, B. R. Stallard, and P. L. Robinson. Noninvasive glucose monitoring in diabetic patients: A preliminary evaluation. Clin Chem 38: 1618-1622 (1992).
104. H. Zeller, P. Novak, and R. Landgraf. Blood glucose measurement by infrared spectroscopy. Int J Artif Organs 12: 129-135 (1989).
105. A. A. Sharkawy, M. R. Neuman, and W. R. Reichert, Senso-compatibility: Design consideration for biosensor-based drug delivery systems. Controlled Drug Delivery: Challenges and Strategies (K. Park, ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1997, pp. 163-181.
106. J. N. Roe and B. R. Smoller. Bloodless glucose measurements. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 15: 199-241 (1998).
107. C. Henry. Getting under the skin: Implantable glucose sensors. Anal Chem 70: 594A-598A (1998).
108. H. Park and K. Park. Biocompatibility issues of implantable drug delivery systems. Pharm Res 13: 1770-1776 (1996).
109. D. Frazer. Biosensing in the body. Med Device Technol 5: 24-28 (1994).
110. J. C. Pickup, D. J. Claremont, and G. W. Shaw. Responses and calibration of amperometric glucose sensors implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of man. Acta Diabetol 30: 143-148 (1993).
111. F. J. Schmidt, W. J. Sluiter, and A. J. Schoonen. Glucose concentration in subcutaneous extracellular space. Diabetes Care 16: 695-700 (1993).
112. P. Vadgama and P. W. Crump. Biosensors: Recent trends. A review. Analyst 117: 1657-1670 (1992).
113. M. V. Pishko, A. C. Michael, and A. Heller. Amperometric glucose microelectrodes prepared through immobilization of glucose oxidase in redox hydrogels. Anal Chem 63: 2268-2272 (1991).
114. S. Dong, W. Baoxing, and L. Baifeng. Amperometric glucose sensor with ferrocene as an electron transfer mediator. Biosens Bioelectron 7: 215-222 (1991).
115. B. Linke, W. Kerner, M. Kiwit, M. Pishko, and A. Heller. Amperometric biosensor for in vivo glucose sensing based on glucose oxidase immobilized in a redox hydrogel. Biosens Bioelectron 9: 151-158 (1994).
116. C. A. Quinn, R. E. Connor, and A. Heller. Biocompatible, glucose-permeable hydrogel for in situ coating of implantable biosensors. Biomaterials 18: 1665-1670 (1997).
117. E. V. Larsson, M. Gullberg, and A. Coutinho. Heterogeneity of cells and factors participating in the concanavalin A-dependent activation of T lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential. Immunobiology 161: 5-20 (1982).
118. A. E. Powell and M. A. Leon. Reversible interaction of human lymphocytes with the mitogen concanavalin A. Exp Cell Res 62: 315-325 (1970).
119. T. Li, H. B. Lee, and K. Park. Comparative stereochemical analysis of glucose-binding proteins for rational design of glucose-specific agents. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 9: 327-344 (1998).
120. G. Urban, G. Jobst, E. Aschauer, O. Tilado, P. Svasek, M. Varahram, C. Ritter, and J. Riegebauer. Performance of integrated glucose and lactate thin-film microbiosensors for clinical analysers. Sens Actuat B Chem 19: 592-596 (1994).
121. G. Urban, G. Jobst, F. Keplinger, E. Aschauer, O. Tilado, R. Fasching, and F. Kohl. Miniaturized multi-enzyme biosensors integrated with pH sensors on flexible polymer carriers for in vivo applications. Biosens Bioelectron 7: 733-739 (1992).
122. T. de Lumley-Woodyear, P. Rocca, J. Lindsay, Y. Dror, A. Freeman, and A. Heller. Polyacrylamide-based redox polymer for connecting redox centers of enzymes to electrodes. Anal Chem 67: 1332-1338 (1995).
123. B. A. Gregg and A. Heller. Redox polymer films containing enzymes. 2. Glucose oxidase-containing enzyme electrodes. J Phys Chem 95: 5976-5980 (1991).
124. T. J. Ohara, R. Rajagopalan, and A. Heller. Glucose electrodes based on cross-linked bis(2,2′-bipyridine)chloroosmium(+/2+) complexed poly(1-vinylimidazole) films. Anal Chem 65: 3512-3517 (1993).
125. T. J. Ohara, R. Rajagopalan, and A. Heller. “Wired” enzyme electrodes for amperometric determination of glucose or lactate in the presence of interfering substances. Anal Chem 66: 2451-2457 (1994).
126. D. W. Schmidtke and A. Heller. Accuracy of the one-point in vivo calibration of “wired” glucose oxidase electrodes implanted in jugular veins of rats in periods of rapid rise and decline of the glucose concentration. Anal Chem 70: 2149-2155 (1998).
127. C. Danilowicz, E. Cort, F. Battaglini, and E. J. Calvo. An Os(byp)2ClPyCH2NHPoly(allylamine) hydrogel mediator for enzyme wiring at electrodes. Electrochim Acta 43: 3525-3531 (1998).
128. Y. Nakayama and T. Matsuda. Surface fixation of hydrogels. Heparin and glucose oxidase hydrogelated surfaces. Asaio J 38: M421-M424 (1992).
129. Y. Nakayama, Q. Zheng, J. Nishimura, and T. Matsuda. Design and properties of photocurable electroconductive polymers for use in biosensors. Asaio J 41: M418-M421 (1995).
130. K. Sirkar and M. V. Pishko. Amperometric biosensors based on oxidoreductases immobilized in photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol) redox polymer hydrogels. Anal Chem 70: 2888-2894 (1998).
131. R. Vaidya and E. Wilkins. Application of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes to control interference effects in a glucose biosensor. Biomed Instrum Technol 27: 486-494 (1993).
132. R. Vaidya and E. Wilkins. Use of charged membranes to control interference by body chemicals in a glucose biosensor. Med Eng Phys 16: 416-421 (1994).
133. C. Jimenez, J. Bartrol, N. F. de Rooij, and M. Koudelka-Hep. Use of photopolymerizable membranes based on polyacrylamide hydrogels for enzymatic microsensor construction. Anal Chim Acta 351: 169-176 (1997).
134. K. M. Quan, G. B. Christison, H. A. MacKenzie, and P. Hodgson. Glucose determination by a pulsed photoacoustic technique: An experimental study using a gelatin-based tissue phantom. Phys Med Biol 38: 1911-1922 (1993).
135. D. Janasek and U. Spohn. An enzyme-modified chemiluminescence detector for hydrogen peroxide and oxidase substrates. Sens Actuat B Chem 39: 291-294 (1997).
136. J. H. Holtz and S. A. Asher. Polymerized colloidal crystal hydrogel films as intelligent chemical sensing materials. Nature 389: 829-832 (1997).
137. J. H. Holtz, J. S. W. Holtz, C. H. Munro, and S. A. Asher. Intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays: Novel chemical sensor materials. Anal Chem 70: 780-791 (1998).
138. J. S. Schulz, S. Mansouri, and I. J. Goldstein. Affinity sensor: A new technique for developing implantable sensors for glucose and other metabolites. Diabetes Care 5: 245-253 (1982).
139. T. Aoki, Y. Nagao, K. Sanui, N. Ogata, A. Kikuchi, Y. Sakurai, K. Kataoka, and T. Okano. Glucose-sensitive lower critical solution temperature changes of copolymers composed of N-isopropylacrylamide and phenylboronic acid moieties. Polym J 28: 371-374 (1996).
140. M. Tessema, T. Ruzgas, L. Gorton, and T. Ikeda. Flow injection amperometric determination of glucose and some other low molecular weight saccharides based on oligosaccharide dehydrogenase mediated by benzoquinone systems. Anal Chim Acta 310: 161-171 (1995).
141. T. Ruzgas, E. Csoregi, I. Katakis, G. Kenausis, and L. Gorton. Preliminary investigations of an amperometric oligosaccharide dehydrogenase-based electrode for the detection of glucose and some other low molecular weight saccharides. J Mol Recogn 9: 480-484 (1996).