메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 327-338

Spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis-diagnostic, prognostic and clinical value

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN ATROPHY; CELL ACTIVITY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; DEMYELINATION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE MARKER; GRAY MATTER; GREY MATTER ATROPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INFLAMMATION; METABOLITE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYELOOPTIC NEUROPATHY; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SPINE RADIOGRAPHY; DISEASE COURSE; NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 84930570719     PISSN: 17594758     EISSN: 17594766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.80     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (173)

References (126)
  • 1
    • 0027722285 scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis
    • Kidd, D. et al. Spinal cord MRI using multi-array coils and fast spin echo. II. Findings in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 43, 2632-2637 (1993).
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 2632-2637
    • Kidd, D.1
  • 3
    • 0842325649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord abnormalities in recently diagnosed MS patients Added value of spinal MRI examination
    • Bot, J. C. et al. Spinal cord abnormalities in recently diagnosed MS patients. Added value of spinal MRI examination. Neurology 62, 226-233 (2004).
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.62 , pp. 226-233
    • Bot, J.C.1
  • 4
    • 0031966431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain and spinal cord abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: Correlation between MRI parameters, clinical subtypes and symptoms
    • Lycklamaà Nijeholt, G. J. et al. Brain and spinal cord abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: correlation between MRI parameters, clinical subtypes and symptoms. Brain 121, 687-697 (1998).
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , pp. 687-697
    • Lycklamaà Nijeholt, G. J.1
  • 5
    • 0036260539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis revisited
    • Barkhof, F. The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis revisited. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 15, 239-245 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Opin. Neurol , vol.15 , pp. 239-245
    • Barkhof, F.1
  • 6
    • 0037058769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage in the spinal cord of MS patients occurs largely independent of T2 MRI lesions
    • Bergers, E. et al. Axonal damage in the spinal cord of MS patients occurs largely independent of T2 MRI lesions. Neurology 59, 1766-1771 (2002).
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 1766-1771
    • Bergers, E.1
  • 7
    • 0036224681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffuse signal abnormalities in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: Direct postmortem in situ magnetic resonance imaging correlated with in vitro high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology
    • Bergers, E. et al. Diffuse signal abnormalities in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: direct postmortem in situ magnetic resonance imaging correlated with in vitro high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology. Ann. Neurol. 51, 652-656 (2002).
    • (2002) Ann. Neurol , vol.51 , pp. 652-656
    • Bergers, E.1
  • 8
    • 84868030317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biplanar MRI for the assessment of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis
    • Weier, K. et al. Biplanar MRI for the assessment of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 18, 1560-1569 (2012).
    • (2012) Mult. Scler , vol.18 , pp. 1560-1569
    • Weier, K.1
  • 9
    • 84888851197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Methods
    • Stroman, P. W. et al. The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: methods. Neuroimage 84, 1070-1081 (2014).
    • (2014) Neuroimage , vol.84 , pp. 1070-1081
    • Stroman, P.W.1
  • 10
    • 8944248824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis A new reproducible and sensitive MRI method with potential to monitor disease progression
    • Losseff, N. A. et al. Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis. A new reproducible and sensitive MRI method with potential to monitor disease progression. Brain 119, 701-708 (1996).
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , pp. 701-708
    • Losseff, N.A.1
  • 11
    • 33244486947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study 9: Observations on the progressive phase of the disease
    • Kremenchutzky, M., Rice, G. P., Baskerville, J., Wingerchuck, D. M. & Ebers, G. C. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 9: observations on the progressive phase of the disease. Brain 129, 584-594 (2006).
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , pp. 584-594
    • Kremenchutzky, M.1    Rice, G.P.2    Baskerville, J.3    Wingerchuck, D.M.4    Ebers, G.C.5
  • 12
    • 1842845857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on MRI parameters in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A pilot study
    • Kalkers, N. F., Barkhof, F., Bergers E, van Schijndel, R. & Polman, C. H. The effect of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on MRI parameters in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult. Scler. 8, 532-533 (2002).
    • (2002) Mult. Scler , vol.8 , pp. 532-533
    • Kalkers, N.F.1    Barkhof, F.2    Bergers, E.3    Van Schijndel, R.4    Polman, C.H.5
  • 13
    • 84888848353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Applications
    • Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A. et al. The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: applications. Neuroimage 84, 1082-1093 (2014).
    • (2014) Neuroimage , vol.84 , pp. 1082-1093
    • Wheeler-Kingshott, C.A.1
  • 14
    • 84877845026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiparametric MRI correlates of sensorimotor function in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis
    • Oh, J. et al. Multiparametric MRI correlates of sensorimotor function in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 19, 427-435 (2013).
    • (2013) Mult. Scler , vol.19 , pp. 427-435
    • Oh, J.1
  • 15
    • 66549090046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensorimotor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and column-specific magnetisation transfer-imaging abnormalities in the spinal cord
    • Zackowski, K. M. et al. Sensorimotor dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and column-specific magnetisation transfer-imaging abnormalities in the spinal cord. Brain 132, 1200-1209 (2009).
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1200-1209
    • Zackowski, K.M.1
  • 16
    • 79952501096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Revisions to the McDonald criteria
    • Polman, C. H. et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann. Neurol. 69, 292-302 (2011).
    • (2011) Ann. Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 292-302
    • Polman, C.H.1
  • 17
    • 0029925782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord in early relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Thorpe, J. W. et al. Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the brain and spinal cord in early relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 46, 373-378 (1996).
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , pp. 373-378
    • Thorpe, J.W.1
  • 18
    • 0031947990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic spinal cord lesions in clinically isolated optic nerve, brain stem and spinal cord syndromes suggestive of demyelination
    • O'Riordan, J. I. et al. Asymptomatic spinal cord lesions in clinically isolated optic nerve, brain stem and spinal cord syndromes suggestive of demyelination. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 64, 353-357 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 353-357
    • O'Riordan, J.I.1
  • 19
    • 59249105170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: A consensus approach
    • Miller, D. H. et al. Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: a consensus approach. Mult. Scler. 14, 1157-1174 (2008).
    • (2008) Mult. Scler , vol.14 , pp. 1157-1174
    • Miller, D.H.1
  • 20
    • 0036202291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiation of multiple sclerosis from other inflammatory disorders and cerebrovascular disease: Value of spinal MR imaging
    • Bot, J. C. et al. Differentiation of multiple sclerosis from other inflammatory disorders and cerebrovascular disease: value of spinal MR imaging. Radiology 223, 46-56 (2002).
    • (2002) Radiology , vol.223 , pp. 46-56
    • Bot, J.C.1
  • 21
    • 84911439010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord MRI should always be performed in clinically isolated syndrome patients: Yes
    • Barkhof, F. Spinal cord MRI should always be performed in clinically isolated syndrome patients: yes. Mult. Scler. 20, 1688-1689 (2014).
    • (2014) Mult. Scler , vol.20 , pp. 1688-1689
    • Barkhof, F.1
  • 22
    • 84911411919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord MRI should always be performed in clinically isolated syndrome patients: No
    • Rovira, A. & Tintoré, M. Spinal cord MRI should always be performed in clinically isolated syndrome patients: no. Mult. Scler. 20, 1686-1687 (2014).
    • (2014) Mult. Scler , vol.20 , pp. 1686-1687
    • Rovira, A.1    Tintoré, M.2
  • 24
    • 0035187730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-mortem high resolution MRI of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: A correlative study with conventional MRI, histopathology and clinical phenotype
    • Lycklamaà Nijeholt, G. J. et al. Post-mortem high resolution MRI of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: a correlative study with conventional MRI, histopathology and clinical phenotype. Brain 124, 154-166 (2001).
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 154-166
    • Lycklamaà Nijeholt, G.J.1
  • 25
    • 66249131627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusely abnormal white matter in chronic multiple sclerosis: Imaging and histopathologic analysis
    • Seewann, A. et al. Diffusely abnormal white matter in chronic multiple sclerosis: imaging and histopathologic analysis. Arch. Neurol. 66, 601-609 (2009).
    • (2009) Arch. Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 601-609
    • Seewann, A.1
  • 26
    • 34547791832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica
    • Wingerchuk, D. M. et al. The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol. 6, 805-815 (2007).
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 805-815
    • Wingerchuk, D.M.1
  • 27
    • 33745334334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica
    • Wingerchuk, D. M. et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 66, 1485-1489 (2006).
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 1485-1489
    • Wingerchuk, D.M.1
  • 28
    • 84921057087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
    • Flanagan, E. P. et al. Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JAMA Neurol. 72, 81-87 (2015).
    • (2015) JAMA Neurol , vol.72 , pp. 81-87
    • Flanagan, E.P.1
  • 29
    • 10344250945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A serum antibody marker of neuromyelitis optica
    • Lennon, V. A. et al. A serum antibody marker of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet 364, 2106-2112 (2004).
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 2106-2112
    • Lennon, V.A.1
  • 30
    • 84925308553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: An international update
    • Kim, H. J. et al. MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an international update. Neurology 84, 1165-1173 (2015).
    • (2015) Neurology , vol.84 , pp. 1165-1173
    • Kim, H.J.1
  • 31
    • 84926653131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential patterns of spinal cord and brain atrophy in NMO and MS
    • Liu, Y. et al. Differential patterns of spinal cord and brain atrophy in NMO and MS. Neurology 84, 1465-1472 (2015).
    • (2015) Neurology , vol.84 , pp. 1465-1472
    • Liu, Y.1
  • 32
    • 84895749264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bright spotty lesions on spinal magnetic resonance imaging differentiate neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis
    • Yonezu, T. et al. "Bright spotty lesions" on spinal magnetic resonance imaging differentiate neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 20, 331-337 (2014).
    • (2014) Mult. Scler , vol.20 , pp. 331-337
    • Yonezu, T.1
  • 34
    • 84873674310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord lesions in patients with clinically isolated syndrome: A powerful tool in diagnosis and prognosis
    • Sombekke, M. H. et al. Spinal cord lesions in patients with clinically isolated syndrome: a powerful tool in diagnosis and prognosis. Neurology 80, 69-75 (2013).
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , pp. 69-75
    • Sombekke, M.H.1
  • 35
    • 62149133114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early MRI in optic neuritis: The risk for disability
    • Swanton, J. K. et al. Early MRI in optic neuritis: the risk for disability. Neurology 72, 542-550 (2009).
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 542-550
    • Swanton, J.K.1
  • 36
    • 38549158459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute transverse myelitis with normal brain MRI: Long-term risk of MS
    • Perumal, J. et al. Acute transverse myelitis with normal brain MRI: long-term risk of MS. J. Neurol. 255, 89-93 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 89-93
    • Perumal, J.1
  • 37
    • 1642430588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of patients presenting with acute partial transverse myelopathy
    • Cordonnier, C. et al. Prospective study of patients presenting with acute partial transverse myelopathy. J. Neurol. 250, 1447-1452 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neurol , vol.250 , pp. 1447-1452
    • Cordonnier, C.1
  • 38
    • 20444477614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term clinical outcome of primary progressive MS: Predictive value of clinical and MRI data
    • Sastre-Garriga, J. et al. Long-term clinical outcome of primary progressive MS: predictive value of clinical and MRI data. Neurology 65, 633-635 (2005).
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.65 , pp. 633-635
    • Sastre-Garriga, J.1
  • 39
    • 84912482408 scopus 로고
    • Topographical distribution of plaques in the spinal cord of multiple sclerosis
    • Fog, T. Topographical distribution of plaques in the spinal cord of multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 63, 382-414 (1950).
    • (1950) Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 382-414
    • Fog, T.1
  • 40
    • 0017799082 scopus 로고
    • The cervical cord in multiple sclerosis
    • Oppenheimer, D. R. The cervical cord in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 4, 151-162 (1978).
    • (1978) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol , vol.4 , pp. 151-162
    • Oppenheimer, D.R.1
  • 41
    • 79953036699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical spinal cord multiple sclerosis: Evaluation with 2D multi-echo recombined gradient echo MR imaging
    • White, M. L., Zhang, Y. & Healey, K. Cervical spinal cord multiple sclerosis: evaluation with 2D multi-echo recombined gradient echo MR imaging. J. Spinal Cord Med. 34, 93-98 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Spinal Cord Med , vol.34 , pp. 93-98
    • White, M.L.1    Zhang, Y.2    Healey, K.3
  • 42
    • 84879690444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axial 3D gradient-echo imagingfor improved multiple sclerosis lesion detection in the cervical spinal cord at 3 T
    • Ozturk, A. et al. Axial 3D gradient-echo imagingfor improved multiple sclerosis lesion detection in the cervical spinal cord at 3 T. Neuroradiology 55, 431-439 (2013).
    • (2013) Neuroradiology , vol.55 , pp. 431-439
    • Ozturk, A.1
  • 43
    • 84888187456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimized T1-MPRAGE sequence for better visualization of spinal cord multiple sclerosis lesions at 3 T
    • Nair, G., Absinta, M. & Reich, D. S. Optimized T1-MPRAGE sequence for better visualization of spinal cord multiple sclerosis lesions at 3 T. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 34, 2215-2222 (2013).
    • (2013) AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol , vol.34 , pp. 2215-2222
    • Nair, G.1    Absinta, M.2    Reich, D.S.3
  • 44
    • 37349070994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis: T1-weighted inversion-recovery MR imaging with phase-sensitive reconstruction
    • Poonawalla, A. H., Hou, P., Nelson, F., Wolinski, J. S. & Narayana, P. A. Cervical spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis: T1-weighted inversion-recovery MR imaging with phase-sensitive reconstruction. Radiology 246, 258-264 (2008).
    • (2008) Radiology , vol.246 , pp. 258-264
    • Poonawalla, A.H.1    Hou, P.2    Nelson, F.3    Wolinski, J.S.4    Narayana, P.A.5
  • 45
    • 80755130568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of MRI sequences for evaluation of multiple sclerosis of the cervical spinal cord at 3 T
    • Philpott, C. & Brotchie, P. Comparison of MRI sequences for evaluation of multiple sclerosis of the cervical spinal cord at 3 T. Eur. J. Radiol. 80, 780-785 (2011).
    • (2011) Eur. J. Radiol , vol.80 , pp. 780-785
    • Philpott, C.1    Brotchie, P.2
  • 46
    • 35348874326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of cortical inflammatory lesions by double inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Calabrese, M. et al. Detection of cortical inflammatory lesions by double inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 64, 1416-1422 (2007).
    • (2007) Arch. Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 1416-1422
    • Calabrese, M.1
  • 47
    • 84920971196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory diseases
    • Riederer, I. et al. Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory diseases. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 36, 219-225 (2014).
    • (2014) AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol , vol.36 , pp. 219-225
    • Riederer, I.1
  • 48
    • 0034075061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a conventional cardiac-triggered dual spin-echo and a fast STIR sequence in detection of spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • Bot, J. C. et al. Comparison of a conventional cardiac-triggered dual spin-echo and a fast STIR sequence in detection of spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis. Eur. Radiol. 10, 753-758 (2000).
    • (2000) Eur. Radiol , vol.10 , pp. 753-758
    • Bot, J.C.1
  • 49
    • 84864819509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved detection of cortical MS lesions with phase-sensitive inversion recovery MRI
    • Sethi, V. et al. Improved detection of cortical MS lesions with phase-sensitive inversion recovery MRI. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 83, 877-882 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.83 , pp. 877-882
    • Sethi, V.1
  • 50
    • 84927642821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical cord lesion load is associated with disability independently from atrophy in MS
    • Kearney, H. et al. Cervical cord lesion load is associated with disability independently from atrophy in MS. Neurology 84, 367-373 (2015).
    • (2015) Neurology , vol.84 , pp. 367-373
    • Kearney, H.1
  • 51
    • 59349096454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging
    • Gilmore, C. P. et al. Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging. Mult. Scler. 15, 180-188 (2009).
    • (2009) Mult. Scler , vol.15 , pp. 180-188
    • Gilmore, C.P.1
  • 52
    • 33746792723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord gray matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis: A novel pattern of residual plaque morphology
    • Gilmore, C. P. et al. Spinal cord gray matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis: a novel pattern of residual plaque morphology. Brain Pathol. 16, 202-208 (2006).
    • (2006) Brain Pathol , vol.16 , pp. 202-208
    • Gilmore, C.P.1
  • 53
    • 0342288638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal changes in chronic demyelinated cervical spinal cord plaques
    • Lovas, G., Szilágyi, N., Majtényi, K., Palkovits, M. & Komoly, S. Axonal changes in chronic demyelinated cervical spinal cord plaques. Brain 123, 308-317 (2000).
    • (2000) Brain , vol.123 , pp. 308-317
    • Lovas, G.1    Szilágyi, N.2    Majtényi, K.3    Palkovits, M.4    Komoly, S.5
  • 54
    • 0033372792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: A post-mortem study
    • Ganter, P., Prince, C. & Esiri, M. M. Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a post-mortem study. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 25, 459-467 (1999).
    • (1999) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol , vol.25 , pp. 459-467
    • Ganter, P.1    Prince, C.2    Esiri, M.M.3
  • 55
    • 11244305515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological study of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis suggests limited role of local lesions
    • Evangelou, N., DeLuca, G. C., Owens, T. & Esiri, M. M. Pathological study of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis suggests limited role of local lesions. Brain 128, 29-34 (2005).
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 29-34
    • Evangelou, N.1    Deluca, G.C.2    Owens, T.3    Esiri, M.M.4
  • 56
    • 7044260861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: Relationship of high-spatial-resolution quantitative MR imaging findings to histopathologic results
    • Bot, J. C. et al. The spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: relationship of high-spatial-resolution quantitative MR imaging findings to histopathologic results. Radiology 233, 531-540 (2004).
    • (2004) Radiology , vol.233 , pp. 531-540
    • Bot, J.C.1
  • 57
    • 84922290170 scopus 로고
    • Mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA) measurement in long standing multiple sclerosis: Relation to brain findings and clinical disability
    • Daams, M. et al. Mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA) measurement in long standing multiple sclerosis: relation to brain findings and clinical disability. Mult. Scler. 20, 1860-1865 (2014).
    • (1860) Mult. Scler , vol.20 , pp. 2014
    • Daams, M.1
  • 58
    • 84888382496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of physical disability in relapse onset multiple sclerosis of long disease duration
    • Kearney, H. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of physical disability in relapse onset multiple sclerosis of long disease duration. Mult. Scler. 20, 72-80 (2014).
    • (2014) Mult. Scler , vol.20 , pp. 72-80
    • Kearney, H.1
  • 59
    • 84930183125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord normalization in multiple sclerosis
    • Oh, J. et al. Spinal cord normalization in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimaging 24, 577-584 (2014).
    • (2014) J. Neuroimaging , vol.24 , pp. 577-584
    • Oh, J.1
  • 60
    • 84863776396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to normalization of spinal cord volume: Application to multiple sclerosis
    • Healy, B. C. et al. Approaches to normalization of spinal cord volume: application to multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimaging 22, e12-e19 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Neuroimaging , vol.22 , pp. e12-e19
    • Healy, B.C.1
  • 61
    • 84930386848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atrophy and structural variability of the upper cervical cord in early multiple sclerosis
    • Biberacher, V. et al. Atrophy and structural variability of the upper cervical cord in early multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514546514.
    • Mult. Scler.
    • Biberacher, V.1
  • 62
    • 84925349029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical spinal cord volume loss is related to clinical disability progression in multiple sclerosis
    • Lukas, C. et al. Cervical spinal cord volume loss is related to clinical disability progression in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 86, 410-418 (2015).
    • (2015) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.86 , pp. 410-418
    • Lukas, C.1
  • 63
    • 77953335345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing brain atrophy rates in a large population of untreated multiple sclerosis subtypes
    • De Stefano, N. et al. Assessing brain atrophy rates in a large population of untreated multiple sclerosis subtypes. Neurology 74, 1868-1876 (2010).
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 1868-1876
    • De Stefano, N.1
  • 64
    • 77953476309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial
    • Kapoor, R. et al. Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Lancet Neurol. 9, 681-688 (2010).
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 681-688
    • Kapoor, R.1
  • 65
    • 84903318797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
    • Chataway, J. et al. Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 383, 2213-2221 (2014).
    • (2014) Lancet , vol.383 , pp. 2213-2221
    • Chataway, J.1
  • 66
    • 0041989798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis over four years: Application of a reproducible automated technique in monitoring disease progression in a cohort of the interferon-1a (Rebif) treatment trial
    • Lin, X., Tench, C. R., Turner, B., Blumhardt, L. D. & Constantinescu, C. S. Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis over four years: application of a reproducible automated technique in monitoring disease progression in a cohort of the interferon-1a (Rebif) treatment trial. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 74, 1090-1094 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.74 , pp. 1090-1094
    • Lin, X.1    Tench, C.R.2    Turner, B.3    Blumhardt, L.D.4    Constantinescu, C.S.5
  • 67
    • 67749146330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord neuronal pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • Gilmore, C. P. et al. Spinal cord neuronal pathology in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol. 19, 642-649 (2009).
    • (2009) Brain Pathol , vol.19 , pp. 642-649
    • Gilmore, C.P.1
  • 68
    • 84907814346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlates with multiple sclerosis disability
    • Schlaeger, R. et al. Spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlates with multiple sclerosis disability. Ann. Neurol. 76, 568-580 (2014).
    • (2014) Ann. Neurol , vol.76 , pp. 568-580
    • Schlaeger, R.1
  • 69
    • 84962081177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area by MRI using edge detection and partial volume correction
    • Tench, C. R., Morgan, P. S. & Constantinescu, C. S. Measurement of cervical spinal cord cross-sectional area by MRI using edge detection and partial volume correction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 18, 368-371 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Magn. Reson. Imaging , vol.18 , pp. 368-371
    • Tench, C.R.1    Morgan, P.S.2    Constantinescu, C.S.3
  • 70
    • 77952294568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid semi-automatic segmentation of the spinal cord from the magnetic resonance images: Application in multiple sclerosis
    • Horsfield, M. A. et al. Rapid semi-automatic segmentation of the spinal cord from the magnetic resonance images: application in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 50, 446-455 (2010).
    • (2010) Neuroimage , vol.50 , pp. 446-455
    • Horsfield, M.A.1
  • 71
    • 84894286217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved MRI quantification of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis
    • Kearney, H. et al. Improved MRI quantification of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 39, 617-623 (2014).
    • (2014) J. Magn. Reson. Imaging , vol.39 , pp. 617-623
    • Kearney, H.1
  • 72
    • 79959630427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter assessment of cervical cord atrophy among MS clinical phenotypes
    • Rocca, M. A. et al. A multicenter assessment of cervical cord atrophy among MS clinical phenotypes. Neurology 76, 2096-2102 (2011).
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.76 , pp. 2096-2102
    • Rocca, M.A.1
  • 73
    • 51649101072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medulla oblongata volume: A biomarker of spinal cord damage and disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Liptak, Z. et al. Medulla oblongata volume: a biomarker of spinal cord damage and disability in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 29, 1465-1470 (2008).
    • (2008) AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol , vol.29 , pp. 1465-1470
    • Liptak, Z.1
  • 74
    • 84920593564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical cord area measurement using volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis
    • Zheng, L. et al. Cervical cord area measurement using volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 4, 52-57 (2015).
    • (2015) Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord , vol.4 , pp. 52-57
    • Zheng, L.1
  • 75
    • 84874314330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional cervical cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis: A voxel-based analysis
    • Valsasina, P. et al. Regional cervical cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis: a voxel-based analysis. Radiology 266, 853-861 (2013).
    • (2013) Radiology , vol.266 , pp. 853-861
    • Valsasina, P.1
  • 76
    • 84907878924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo imaging of spinal cord atrophy in neuroinflammatory diseases
    • Liu, W. et al. In vivo imaging of spinal cord atrophy in neuroinflammatory diseases. Ann. Neurol. 76, 370-378 (2014).
    • (2014) Ann. Neurol , vol.76 , pp. 370-378
    • Liu, W.1
  • 77
    • 84871232513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voxel-wise mapping of cervical cord damage in multiple sclerosis patients with different clinical phenotypes
    • Rocca, M. A. et al. Voxel-wise mapping of cervical cord damage in multiple sclerosis patients with different clinical phenotypes. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 84, 35-41 (2013).
    • (2013) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.84 , pp. 35-41
    • Rocca, M.A.1
  • 78
    • 11244305515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathological study of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis suggests limited role of local lesions
    • Evangelou, N., DeLuca, G. C., Owens, T. & Esiri, M. M. Pathological study of spinal cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis suggests limited role of local lesions. Brain 128, 29-34 (2005).
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 29-34
    • Evangelou, N.1    Deluca, G.C.2    Owens, T.3    Esiri, M.M.4
  • 79
    • 78149481589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningeal T cells associate with diffuse axonal loss in multiple sclerosis spinal cords
    • Androdias, G. et al. Meningeal T cells associate with diffuse axonal loss in multiple sclerosis spinal cords. Ann. Neurol. 68, 465-476 (2010).
    • (2010) Ann. Neurol , vol.68 , pp. 465-476
    • Androdias, G.1
  • 80
    • 84876049193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Casting a light on multiple sclerosis heterogeneity: The role of HLA-DRB1 on spinal cord pathology
    • DeLuca, G. C. et al. Casting a light on multiple sclerosis heterogeneity: the role of HLA-DRB1 on spinal cord pathology. Brain 136, 1025-1034 (2013).
    • (2013) Brain , vol.136 , pp. 1025-1034
    • Deluca, G.C.1
  • 81
    • 0026526861 scopus 로고
    • Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging
    • Dousset, V. et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging. Radiology 182, 483-491 (1992).
    • (1992) Radiology , vol.182 , pp. 483-491
    • Dousset, V.1
  • 82
    • 10744225280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High field MRI correlates of myelin content and axonal density in multiple sclerosis-A post-mortem study of the spinal cord
    • Mottershead, J. P. et al. High field MRI correlates of myelin content and axonal density in multiple sclerosis-a post-mortem study of the spinal cord. J. Neurol. 250, 1293-1301 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neurol , vol.250 , pp. 1293-1301
    • Mottershead, J.P.1
  • 83
    • 0032692179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetization-transfer histogram analysis of the cervical cord in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Bozzali, M. et al. Magnetization-transfer histogram analysis of the cervical cord in patients with multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20, 1803-1808 (1999).
    • (1999) AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol , vol.20 , pp. 1803-1808
    • Bozzali, M.1
  • 84
    • 0033985894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conventional and magnetization transfer MRI study of the cervical cord in patients with MS
    • Filippi, M. et al. A conventional and magnetization transfer MRI study of the cervical cord in patients with MS. Neurology 54, 207-213 (2000).
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 207-213
    • Filippi, M.1
  • 85
    • 33847268629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical cord magnetization transfer ratio and clinical changes over 18 months in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A preliminary study
    • Charil, A. et al. Cervical cord magnetization transfer ratio and clinical changes over 18 months in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study. Mult. Scler. 12, 662-665 (2006).
    • (2006) Mult. Scler , vol.12 , pp. 662-665
    • Charil, A.1
  • 86
    • 0033645920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative contributions of brain and cervical cord pathology to multiple sclerosis disability: A study with magnetisation transfer ratio histogram analysis
    • Rovaris, M. et al. Relative contributions of brain and cervical cord pathology to multiple sclerosis disability: a study with magnetisation transfer ratio histogram analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 69, 723-727 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 723-727
    • Rovaris, M.1
  • 87
    • 0035208389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo assessment of the brain and cervical cord pathology of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Rovaris, M. et al. In vivo assessment of the brain and cervical cord pathology of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 124, 2540-2549 (2001).
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 2540-2549
    • Rovaris, M.1
  • 88
    • 34548626343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between cervical cord gray matter damage and disability in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Agosta, F., Pagani, E., Caputo, D. & Filippi, M. Associations between cervical cord gray matter damage and disability in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 64, 1302-1305 (2007).
    • (2007) Arch. Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 1302-1305
    • Agosta, F.1    Pagani, E.2    Caputo, D.3    Filippi, M.4
  • 89
    • 84906687539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of magnetization transfer ratio-derived pial and subpial abnormalities in the multiple sclerosis spinal cord
    • Kearney, H. et al. Investigation of magnetization transfer ratio-derived pial and subpial abnormalities in the multiple sclerosis spinal cord. Brain 137, 2456-2468 (2014).
    • (2014) Brain , vol.137 , pp. 2456-2468
    • Kearney, H.1
  • 90
    • 0025718336 scopus 로고
    • Diffusion and perfusion imaging by gradient sensitisation: Design, strategy and significance
    • Le Bihan, D., Turner, R., Pekar, J. & Moonen, C. T. Diffusion and perfusion imaging by gradient sensitisation: design, strategy and significance. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1, 7-28 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Magn. Reson. Imaging , vol.1 , pp. 7-28
    • Le Bihan, D.1    Turner, R.2    Pekar, J.3    Moonen, C.T.4
  • 91
    • 33847725167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced field-of-view MRI using outer volume suppression for spinal cord diffusion imaging
    • Wilm, B. J. et al. Reduced field-of-view MRI using outer volume suppression for spinal cord diffusion imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 57, 625-630 (2007).
    • (2007) Magn. Reson. Med , vol.57 , pp. 625-630
    • Wilm, B.J.1
  • 92
    • 79952253313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using diffusion tensor imaging and immunofluorescent assay to evaluate the pathology of multiple sclerosis
    • Zollinger, L. V. et al. Using diffusion tensor imaging and immunofluorescent assay to evaluate the pathology of multiple sclerosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 33, 557-564 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Magn. Reson. Imaging , vol.33 , pp. 557-564
    • Zollinger, L.V.1
  • 93
    • 79952735821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial diffusivity predicts demyelination in ex vivo multiple sclerosis spinal cords
    • Klawiter, E. C. et al. Radial diffusivity predicts demyelination in ex vivo multiple sclerosis spinal cords. Neuroimage. 55, 1454-1460 (2011).
    • (2011) Neuroimage , vol.55 , pp. 1454-1460
    • Klawiter, E.C.1
  • 94
    • 84873667974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord quantitative MRI discriminates between disability levels in multiple sclerosis
    • Oh, J. et al. Spinal cord quantitative MRI discriminates between disability levels in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 80, 540-547 (2013).
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , pp. 540-547
    • Oh, J.1
  • 95
    • 20644442872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy histogram analysis of the cervical cord in MS patients
    • Valsasina, P. et al. Mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy histogram analysis of the cervical cord in MS patients. Neuroimage 26, 822-828 (2005).
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.26 , pp. 822-828
    • Valsasina, P.1
  • 96
    • 73449090438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diffusion tensor MRI study of cervical cord damage in benign and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients
    • Benedetti, B. et al. A diffusion tensor MRI study of cervical cord damage in benign and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 81, 26-30 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.81 , pp. 26-30
    • Benedetti, B.1
  • 97
    • 13844307941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of cervical cord pathology in primary progressive MS using diffusion tensor MRI
    • Agosta, F. et al. Quantification of cervical cord pathology in primary progressive MS using diffusion tensor MRI. Neurology 64, 631-635 (2005).
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.64 , pp. 631-635
    • Agosta, F.1
  • 98
    • 34547763292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo assessment of cervical cord damage in MS patients: A longitudinal diffusion tensor MRI study
    • Agosta, F. et al. In vivo assessment of cervical cord damage in MS patients: a longitudinal diffusion tensor MRI study. Brain 130, 2211-2219 (2007).
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 2211-2219
    • Agosta, F.1
  • 99
    • 84867856969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term evolution of spinal cord damage in multiple sclerosis: A diffusion tensor MRI study
    • Theaúdin, M. et al. Short-term evolution of spinal cord damage in multiple sclerosis: a diffusion tensor MRI study. Neuroradiology 54, 1171-1178 (2012).
    • (2012) Neuroradiology , vol.54 , pp. 1171-1178
    • Theaúdin, M.1
  • 100
    • 77957583285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery after spinal cord relapse in multiple sclerosis is predicted by radial diffusivity
    • Freund, P. et al. Recovery after spinal cord relapse in multiple sclerosis is predicted by radial diffusivity. Mult. Scler. 16, 1193-1202 (2010).
    • (2010) Mult. Scler , vol.16 , pp. 1193-1202
    • Freund, P.1
  • 101
    • 33747405927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion tensor imaging in multiple sclerosis: Assessment of regional differences in the axial plane within normal-appearing cervical spinal cord
    • Hesseltine, S. M. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in multiple sclerosis: assessment of regional differences in the axial plane within normal-appearing cervical spinal cord. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 27, 1189-1193 (2006).
    • (2006) AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol , vol.27 , pp. 1189-1193
    • Hesseltine, S.M.1
  • 102
    • 84879085451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord tract diffusion tensor imaging reveals disability substrate in demyelinating disease
    • Naismith, R. T. et al. Spinal cord tract diffusion tensor imaging reveals disability substrate in demyelinating disease. Neurology 80, 2201-2209 (2013).
    • (2013) Neurology , vol.80 , pp. 2201-2209
    • Naismith, R.T.1
  • 103
    • 84930004930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord grey matter abnormalities are associated with secondary progression and physical disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Kearney, H. et al. Spinal cord grey matter abnormalities are associated with secondary progression and physical disability in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-308241.
    • J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
    • Kearney, H.1
  • 104
    • 84921947245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voxel-based cervical spinal cord mapping of diffusion abnormalities in MS-related myelitis
    • Toosy, A. T. et al. Voxel-based cervical spinal cord mapping of diffusion abnormalities in MS-related myelitis. Neurology 83, 1321-1325 (2014).
    • (2014) Neurology , vol.83 , pp. 1321-1325
    • Toosy, A.T.1
  • 105
    • 4644313555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MR spectroscopy of cervical spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Kendi, A. T., Tan, F. U., Kendi, M., Huvaj, S. & Tellioglu, S. MR spectroscopy of cervical spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology 46, 764-769 (2004).
    • (2004) Neuroradiology , vol.46 , pp. 764-769
    • Kendi, A.T.1    Tan, F.U.2    Kendi, M.3    Huvaj, S.4    Tellioglu, S.5
  • 106
    • 0033663894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients
    • Bjartmar, C., Kidd, G., Mörk, S., Rudick, R. & Trapp, B. D. Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients. Ann. Neurol. 48, 893-901 (2000).
    • (2000) Ann. Neurol , vol.48 , pp. 893-901
    • Bjartmar, C.1    Kidd, G.2    Mörk, S.3    Rudick, R.4    Trapp, B.D.5
  • 107
    • 35948938070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage in the spinal cord of multiple sclerosis patients detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Blamire, A. M., Cader, S., Lee, M., Palace, J. & Matthews, P. M. Axonal damage in the spinal cord of multiple sclerosis patients detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 58, 880-885 (2007).
    • (2007) Magn. Reson. Med , vol.58 , pp. 880-885
    • Blamire, A.M.1    Cader, S.2    Lee, M.3    Palace, J.4    Matthews, P.M.5
  • 108
    • 34547777428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord spectroscopy and diffusion-based tractography to assess acute disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Ciccarelli, O. et al. Spinal cord spectroscopy and diffusion-based tractography to assess acute disability in multiple sclerosis. Brain 130, 2220-2231 (2007).
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 2220-2231
    • Ciccarelli, O.1
  • 109
    • 77649252108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord repair in MS: Does mitochondrial metabolism play a role
    • Ciccarelli, O. et al. Spinal cord repair in MS: does mitochondrial metabolism play a role Neurology 74, 721-727 (2010).
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 721-727
    • Ciccarelli, O.1
  • 110
    • 84890570397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in diffuse and focal cervical cord lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • Bellenberg, B. et al. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in diffuse and focal cervical cord lesions in multiple sclerosis. Eur. Radiol. 23, 3379-3392 (2013).
    • (2013) Eur. Radiol , vol.23 , pp. 3379-3392
    • Bellenberg, B.1
  • 111
    • 84884909846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low myo-inositol indicating astrocytic damage in case series of neuromyelitis optica
    • Ciccarelli, O. et al. Low myo-inositol indicating astrocytic damage in case series of neuromyelitis optica. Ann. Neurol. 74, 301-305 (2013).
    • (2013) Ann. Neurol , vol.74 , pp. 301-305
    • Ciccarelli, O.1
  • 112
    • 0029767436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of N-acetylaspartate production: Implications for 1H MRS studies in vivo
    • Bates, S. E. et al. Inhibition of N-acetylaspartate production: implications for 1H MRS studies in vivo. Neuroreport 7, 1397-1400 (1996).
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 1397-1400
    • Bates, S.E.1
  • 113
    • 84873985719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of combined glutamate-glutamine in healthy upper cervical cord at 3 T
    • Solanky, B. S. et al. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of combined glutamate-glutamine in healthy upper cervical cord at 3 T. NMR Biomed. 26, 357-366 (2013).
    • (2013) NMR Biomed , vol.26 , pp. 357-366
    • Solanky, B.S.1
  • 114
    • 84907897517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age related changes in metabolite concentrations in the normal spinal cord
    • Abdel-Aziz, K. et al. Age related changes in metabolite concentrations in the normal spinal cord. PLoS ONE 9, e105774 (2014).
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9 , pp. e105774
    • Abdel-Aziz, K.1
  • 115
    • 84938704530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for early neurodegeneration in the cervical cord of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Abdel-Aziz, K. et al. Evidence for early neurodegeneration in the cervical cord of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv086.
    • Brain
    • Abdel-Aziz, K.1
  • 116
    • 0033775878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of myo-inositol levels and grading of cerebral astrocytomas
    • Castillo, M., Smith, J. K. & Kwock, L. Correlation of myo-inositol levels and grading of cerebral astrocytomas. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 21, 1645-1649 (2000).
    • (2000) AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol , vol.21 , pp. 1645-1649
    • Castillo, M.1    Smith, J.K.2    Kwock, L.3
  • 117
    • 78149476901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing neuronal metabolism in vivo by modeling imaging measures
    • Ciccarelli, O. et al. Assessing neuronal metabolism in vivo by modeling imaging measures. J. Neurosci. 30, 15030-15033 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Neurosci , vol.30 , pp. 15030-15033
    • Ciccarelli, O.1
  • 118
    • 38749113352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tactile-associated recruitment of the cervical cord is altered in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Agosta, F., Valsasina, P., Caputo, D., Stroman, P. W. & Filippi, M. Tactile-associated recruitment of the cervical cord is altered in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 39, 1542-1548 (2008).
    • (2008) Neuroimage , vol.39 , pp. 1542-1548
    • Agosta, F.1    Valsasina, P.2    Caputo, D.3    Stroman, P.W.4    Filippi, M.5
  • 119
    • 42549163350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for enhanced functional activity of cervical cord in relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Agosta, F. et al. Evidence for enhanced functional activity of cervical cord in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Magn. Reson. Med. 59, 1035-1042 (2008).
    • (2008) Magn. Reson. Med , vol.59 , pp. 1035-1042
    • Agosta, F.1
  • 120
    • 70350520069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Tactile-associated functional MR activity in the cervical spinal cord
    • Agosta, F. et al. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: tactile-associated functional MR activity in the cervical spinal cord. Radiology 253, 209-215 (2009).
    • (2009) Radiology , vol.253 , pp. 209-215
    • Agosta, F.1
  • 121
    • 77950597745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical cord functional MRI changes in relapse-onset MS patients
    • Valsasina, P. et al. Cervical cord functional MRI changes in relapse-onset MS patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 81, 405-408 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.81 , pp. 405-408
    • Valsasina, P.1
  • 122
    • 84864930768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical cord FMRI abnormalities differ between the progressive forms of multiple sclerosis
    • Valsasina, P. et al. Cervical cord FMRI abnormalities differ between the progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 2072-2080 (2012).
    • (2012) Hum. Brain Mapp , vol.33 , pp. 2072-2080
    • Valsasina, P.1
  • 123
    • 84868025899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal cervical cord function contributes to fatigue in multiple sclerosis
    • Rocca, M. A. et al. Abnormal cervical cord function contributes to fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 18, 1552-1559 (2012).
    • (2012) Mult. Scler , vol.18 , pp. 1552-1559
    • Rocca, M.A.1
  • 124
    • 33947113428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion tensor imaging of post mortem multiple sclerosis brain
    • Schmierer, K. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of post mortem multiple sclerosis brain. Neuroimage. 35, 467-477 (2007).
    • (2007) Neuroimage , vol.35 , pp. 467-477
    • Schmierer, K.1
  • 125
    • 48349129527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal injury detected by in vivo diffusion tensor imaging correlates with neurological disability in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
    • Budde, M. D. et al. Axonal injury detected by in vivo diffusion tensor imaging correlates with neurological disability in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. NMR Biomed. 21, 589-597 (2008).
    • (2008) NMR Biomed , vol.21 , pp. 589-597
    • Budde, M.D.1
  • 126
    • 0037372093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain based on signal enhancement by extravascular protons (SEEP fMRI).
    • Stroman, P. W., Tomanek, B., Krause, V., Frankenstein, U. N. & Malisza, K. L. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain based on signal enhancement by extravascular protons (SEEP fMRI). Magn. Reson. Med. 49, 433-439 (2003).
    • (2003) Magn. Reson. Med , vol.49 , pp. 433-439
    • Stroman, P.W.1    Tomanek, B.2    Krause, V.3    Frankenstein, U.N.4    Malisza, K.L.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.