Where Broken Windows Should Be Fixed: Toward Identification of Areas at the Tipping Point

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 511-533

  Steenbeek, Wouter ^a   Kreis, Christian ^b  

^a NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF CRIME AND LAW ENFORCEMENT   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

communities and crime; criminological theory; policing; quantitative research; research methods

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930521055     PISSN: 00224278     EISSN: 1552731X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022427815580166     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Anselin Luc.Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA.Geographical Analysis. 1995;27:93-115
2. Braga Anthony A.,Bond Brenda J.Policing Crime and Disorder Hot Spots: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Criminology. 2008;46:577-607
3. Braga Anthony A.,Weisburd David L.,Waring Elin J.,Mazerolle Lorraine Green,Spelman William,Gajewski Francis.Problem-oriented Policing in Violent Crime Places: A Randomized Controlled Experiment.Criminology. 1999;37:541-80
4. Bryk A. S.,Raudenbush Stephen W.Hierarchical Linear Models in Social and Behavioral Research: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1992:
5. Davies David L.,Bouldin Donald W.A Cluster Separation Measure.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 1979;1:224-27
6. Duque Juan Carlos,Ramos Raúl,Suriñach Jordi.Supervised Regionalization Methods: A Survey.International Regional Science Review. 2007;30:195-220
7. Fotheringham A. S.,Wong D. W. S.The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem in Multivariate Statistical Analysis.Environment and Planning A. 1991;23:1025-44
8. Gau Jacinta M.,Pratt Travis C.Revisiting Broken Windows Theory: Examining the Sources of the Discriminant Validity of Perceived Disorder and Crime.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2010;38:758-66
9. Gau J. M.,Pratt T. C.Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Bruinsma GerbenWeisburd David, ed. New York: Springer; 2014:1093-103.
10. Getis Arthur,Ord J. K.The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics.Geographical Analysis. 1992;24:189-206
11. Greiling Dunrie A.,Jacquez Geoffrey M.,Kaufmann Andrew M.,Rommel Robert G.Space-time Visualization and Analysis in the Cancer Atlas Viewer.Journal of Geographical Systems. 2005;7:67-84
12. Guo Diansheng.Regionalization with Dynamically Constrained Agglomerative Clustering and Partitioning (REDCAP).International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 2008;22:801-23
13. Hinkle J. C.Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Bruinsma GerbenWeisburd David, ed. New York: Springer; 2014:213-23.
14. Hipp John R.Block, Tract, and Levels of Aggregation: Neighborhood Structure and Crime and Disorder as a Case in Point.American Sociological Review. 2007;72:659-80
15. Jacquez Geoffrey M.The Handbook of Geographic Information Science. Wilson John P.Stewart Fotheringham A., ed. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing; 2008:395-416.
16. Keizer Kees,Lindenberg Siegwart,Steg Linda.The Spreading of Disorder.Science. 2008;322:1681-85
17. Legendre Pierre,Fortin Marie Josée.Spatial Pattern and Ecological Analysis.Vegetatio. 1989;80:107-38
18. Monti Stefano,Tamayo Pablo,Mesirov Jill,Golub Todd.Consensus Clustering: A Resampling-based Method for Class Discovery and Visualization of Gene Expression Microarray Data.Machine Learning. 2003;52:91-118
19. Moran P. A. P.Notes on Continuous Stochastic Phenomena.Biometrika. 1950;37:17-23
20. Oberwittler Dietrich,Wikström Per-OlofPutting Crime in its Place: Units of Analysis in Geographic Criminology. Weisburd DavidBernasco WimBruinsma Gerben J. N., ed. New York: Springer; 2009:35-59.
21. Openshaw StanThe Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. Norwich, UK: Geo Books; 1984:
22. Ouimet Marc.Aggregation Bias in Ecological Research: How Social Disorganization and Criminal Opportunities Shape the Spatial Distribution of Juvenile Delinquency in Montreal.Canadian Journal of Criminology. 2000;42:135
23. Patil G. P.,Modarres R.,Myers W. L.,Patankar P.Spatially Constrained Clustering and Upper Level Set Scan Hotspot Detection in Surveillance Geoinformatics.Environmental and Ecological Statistics. 2006;13:365-77
24. Perkins Douglas,Taylor Ralph.Ecological Assessments of Community Disorder: Their Relationship to Fear of Crime and Theoretical Implications.American Journal of Community Psychology. 1996;24:63-107
25. Ratcliffe Jerry H.,Taniguchi Travis,Groff Elizabeth R.,Wood Jennifer D.The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Police Patrol Effectiveness in Violent Crime Hotspots.Criminology. 2011;49:795-831
26. Raudenbush Stephen W.,Sampson Robert J.Ecometrics: Toward a Science of Assessing Ecological Settings, with Application to the Systematic Social Observation of Neighborhoods.Sociological Methodology. 1999;29:1-41
27. Reiss Albert J.Systematic Observation of Natural Social Phenomena.Sociological Methodology. 1971;3:3-33
28. Robinson Jennifer B.,Lawton Brian A.,Taylor Ralph B.,Perkins Douglas D.Multilevel Longitudinal Impacts of Incivilities: Fear of Crime, Expected Safety, and Block Satisfaction.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2003;19:237-74
29. Sampson Robert J.,Raudenbush Stephen W.Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods.American Journal of Sociology. 1999;105:603-51
30. Sherman Lawrence W.,Weisburd David.General Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol in Crime Hot Spots: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Justice Quarterly. 1995;12:625-48
31. Simes R. J.An Improved Bonferroni Procedure for Multiple Tests of Significance.Biometrika. 1986;73:751-54
32. Skogan Wesley G.Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods. New York: The Free Press; 1990:
33. Skogan Wesley G.Measuring What Matters: Proceedings from the Policing Research Institute Meetings. Langworthy Robert H., ed. Washington, DC: US Deptartment; 1999:37-53.
34. Sousa W.,Kelling G.Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Bruinsma GerbenWeisburd David, ed. New York: Springer; 2014:3349-3358.
35. Taylor Ralph B.,Gottfredson Stephen D.,Brower Sidney.Block Crime and Fear: Defensible Space, Local Social Ties, and Territorial Functioning.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1984;21:303-31
36. Vesanto J.,Alhoniemi E.Clustering of the Self-organizing Map.Neural Networks, IEEE Transactions on. 2000;11:586-600
37. Wilcox Pamela,Quisenberry Neil,Cabrera Debra T.,Jones Shayne.Busy Places and Broken Windows? Toward Defining the Role of Physical Structure and Process in Community Crime Models.Sociological Quarterly. 2004;45:185-207
38. Wilson James Q.,Kelling George L.Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.The Atlantic Monthly. 1982;249:29-38
39. Wooldredge John.Examining the (Ir)relevance of Aggregation Bias for Multilevel Studies of Neighborhoods and Crime with an Example Comparing Census Tracts to Official Neighborhoods in Cincinnati.Criminology. 2002;40:681-710
40. Xu Yili,Fiedler Mora L.,Flaming Karl. H.Discovering the Impact of Community Policing: The Broken Windows Thesis, Collective Efficacy, and Citizens’ Judgment.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2005;42:147-86
41. Yang Sue-Ming.Assessing the Spatial–temporal Relationship between Disorder and Violence.Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 2010;26:139-63
42. Yang S. M.Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Bruinsma GerbenWeisburd David, ed. New York: Springer; 2014:4922-4932.
43. Zorbaugh Harvey W.The Urban Community. Burgess Ernest W., ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1926:219-29.