Colorectal Cancer in Young Adults

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

Volumn 60, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 722-733

  Inra, Jennifer A ^a,b   Syngal, Sapna ^a,b,c  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Colorectal cancer; Colorectal cancer screening; Review; Young adults

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CARCINOMA; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MASS SCREENING; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; CARCINOMA; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MASS SCREENING; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROGNOSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84930172610     PISSN: 01632116     EISSN: 15732568     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3464-0     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:9–29.
2. Preventive US. Services task force. Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:627–637.
3. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63:11–30.
4. Austin H, Jane Henley S, King J, Richardson LC, Eheman C. Changes in colorectal cancer incidence rates in young and older adults in the United States: what does it tell us about screening. Cancer Causes Control. 2014;25:191–201.
5. Siegel RL, Jemal A, Ward EM. Increase in incidence of colorectal cancer among young men and women in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:1695–1698.
6. O’Connell JB, Maggard MA, Liu JH, Etzioni DA, Livingston EH, Ko CY. Rates of colon and rectal cancers are increasing in young adults. Am Surg. 2003;69:866–872.
7. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the american cancer society, the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer, and the american college of radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:130–160.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: colorectal cancer screening, incidence, and mortality—United States, 2002–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:884–889.
9. Edwards BK, Ward E, Kohler BA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates. Cancer. 2010;116:544–573.
10. Ahnen DJ, Wade SW, Jones WF, et al. The increasing incidence of young-onset colorectal cancer: a call to action. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:216–224.
11. Bailey CE, Hu CY, You YN, et al. Increasing disparities in the age-related incidences of colon and rectal cancers in the United States, 1975–2010. JAMA Surg. 2014. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2014.1756.
12. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer. 2006;119:2657–2664.
13. Wolin KY, Yan Y, Colditz GA, Lee IM. Physical activity and colon cancer prevention: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:611–616.
14. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Obesity and colon and rectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:556–565.
15. Guthrie JF, Lin BH, Frazao E. Role of food prepared away from home in the american diet, 1977–78 versus 1994–96: changes and consequences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002;34:140–150.
16. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1679–1687.
17. Chang LC, Wu MS, Tu CH, Lee YC, Shun CT, Chiu HM. Metabolic syndrome and smoking may justify earlier colorectal cancer screening in men. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79:961–969.
18. Hong SN, Kim JH, Choe WH, et al. Prevalence and risk of colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic, average-risk screenees 40 to 49 years of age. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72:480–489.
19. Nottage K, McFarlane J, Krasin MJ, et al. Secondary colorectal carcinoma after childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2552–2558.
20. Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin’s disease: report from the late effects study group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4386–4394.
21. Tukenova M, Diallo I, Anderson H, et al. Second malignant neoplasms in digestive organs after childhood cancer: a cohort-nested case-control study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82:e383–e390.
22. Kastrinos F, Syngal S. Inherited colorectal cancer syndromes. Cancer J. 2011;17:405–415.
23. Vasen HF, Wijnen JT, Menko FH, et al. Cancer risk in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer diagnosed by mutation analysis. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1020–1027.
24. Aaltonen LA, Salovaara R, Kristo P, et al. Incidence of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and the feasibility of molecular screening for the disease. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1481–1487.
25. Samowitz WS, Curtin K, Lin HH, et al. The colon cancer burden of genetically defined hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2001;121:830–838.
26. Limburg PJ, Harmsen WS, Chen HH, et al. Prevalence of alterations in DNA mismatch repair genes in patients with young-onset colorectal cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:497–502.
27. Giraldez MD, Balaguer F, Bujanda L, et al. MSH6 and MUTYH deficiency is a frequent event in early-onset colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:5402–5413.
28. Lynch HT, de la Chapelle A. Hereditary colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:919–932.
29. Wang L, Baudhuin LM, Boardman LA, et al. MYH mutations in patients with attenuated and classic polyposis and with young-onset colorectal cancer without polyps. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:9–16.
30. Terdiman JP. MYH-associated disease: attenuated adenomatous polyposis of the colon is only part of the story. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1883–1886.
31. Jenkins MA, Croitoru ME, Monga N, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in monoallelic and biallelic carriers of MYH mutations: a population-based case-family study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:312–314.
32. Genetic/Familial high-risk assessment: colorectal version 2.2014. NCCN website. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/genetics_colon.pdf. Updated 2014. Accessed 11.06.2014.
33. Children’s oncology group long-term follow-up guidelines for survivors of childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer. Children’s Oncology Group Web site. http://www.survivorshipguidelines.org/pdf/LTFUGuidelines.pdf. Updated 2013. Accessed 18.06.2014.
34. Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz–Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010;59:975–986.
35. Grover S, Kastrinos F, Steyerberg EW, et al. Prevalence and phenotypes of APC and MUTYH mutations in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas. JAMA. 2012;308:485–492.
36. O’Connell JB, Maggard MA, Livingston EH, Yo CK. Colorectal cancer in the young. Am J Surg. 2004;187:343–348.
37. Bleyer A, Budd T, Montello M. Adolescents and young adults with cancer: the scope of the problem and criticality of clinical trials. Cancer. 2006;107:1645–1655.
38. Chiang JM, Chen MC, Changchien CR, et al. Favorable influence of age on tumor characteristics of sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma: patients 30 years of age or younger may be a distinct patient group. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46:904–910.
39. Gryfe R, Kim H, Hsieh ET, et al. Tumor microsatellite instability and clinical outcome in young patients with colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:69–77.
40. Liu B, Farrington SM, Petersen GM, et al. Genetic instability occurs in the majority of young patients with colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 1995;1:348–352.
41. Lukish JR, Muro K, DeNobile J, et al. Prognostic significance of DNA replication errors in young patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 1998;227:51–56.
42. Chan TL, Yuen ST, Chung LP, et al. Frequent microsatellite instability and mismatch repair gene mutations in young chinese patients with colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:1221–1226.
43. Benson AB III, Bekaii-Saab T, Chan E, et al. Localized colon cancer, version 3.2013: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2013;11:519–528.
44. Colon cancer. NCCN web site. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/colon.pdf. Updated 2014. Accessed 11.06.2014.
45. Rectal cancer. NCCN web site. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/rectal.pdf. Updated 2014. Accessed 11.06.2014.
46. American Gastroenterology Association. AGA institute guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: clinical decision tool. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:1413–1414.
47. Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the american cancer society and the US multi-society task force on colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1865–1871.
48. Andre T, Boni C, Navarro M, et al. Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3109–3116.
49. Haller DG, Tabernero J, Maroun J, et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and folinic acid as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1465–1471.
50. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. International multicentre pooled analysis of B2 colon cancer trials (IMPACT B2) investigators. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1356–1363.
51. Schrag D, Rifas-Shiman S, Saltz L, Bach PB, Begg CB. Adjuvant chemotherapy use for medicare beneficiaries with stage II colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3999–4005.
52. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, et al. Intergroup study of fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant therapy for stage II/Dukes’ B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2936–2943.
53. O’Connor ES, Greenblatt DY, LoConte NK, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer with poor prognostic features. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:3381–3388.
54. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. International multicentre pooled analysis of colon cancer trials (IMPACT) investigators. Lancet. 1995;345:939–944.
55. Quah HM, Joseph R, Schrag D, et al. Young age influences treatment but not outcome of colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:2759–2765.
56. Weeks JC, Catalano PJ, Cronin A, et al. Patients’ expectations about effects of chemotherapy for advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1616–1625.
57. Lee SJ, Schover LR, Partridge AH, et al. American society of clinical oncology recommendations on fertility preservation in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2917–2931.
58. Marhhom E, Cohen I. Fertility preservation options for women with malignancies. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2007;62:58–72.
59. O’Connell JB, Maggard MA, Liu JH, Etzioni DA, Livingston EH, Ko CY. Do young colon cancer patients have worse outcomes? World J Surg. 2004;28:558–562.