Current trends and recent advances in diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of hepatocellular Carcinoma

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Volumn 16, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 3595-3604

  Wang, Chun Hsiang ^a   Wey, Keh Cherng ^a   Mo, Lein Ray ^a   Chang, Kuo Kwan ^a   Lin, Ruey Chang ^a   Kuo, Jen Juan ^a  

^a TAINAN MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Transarterial chemoembolization

Indexed keywords

CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; HUMAN; LIVER NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS;

CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 84930154302     PISSN: 15137368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.9.3595     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Andea L, Isgro G, Pleguezueli M et al (2009). Surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. World J Hepatol, 1, 48-61.
2. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA (1994). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology, 107, 1103-9.
3. Brechot C, Gozuacik D, Murakami Y, Paterlini-Brechot P (2000). Molecular basis for the development of the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Semin Cancer Biol, 10, 211-31.
4. Burrel M, Llovet JM, Ayuso C, et al (2003). MRI angiography is superior to helical CT for detection of HCC prior to liver transplantation: an explant correlation. Hepatol, 38, 1034-2.
5. Bravi F, Bosetti C, Tavani A, et al (2007). Coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta- analysis. Hepatol, 46, 430-5.
6. Bruix J, Sherman M (2011). American association for the study of liver diseases management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatol, 53, 1020-2.
7. Bruix J, Tak WY, Gasbarrini A, et al (2013). Regorafenib as second-line therapy for intermediate or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: multicentre, open-label, phase II safety study. Eur J Cancer, 49, 3412-9.
8. Chen HL, Chang MH, Ni YH, et al (1996). Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in children: ten years of mass vaccination in Taiwan. JAMA, 276, 906-8.
9. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, et al (1997). For the Taiwan childhood hepatoma study group. universal hepatitis b vaccination in taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Children. N Engl J Med, 336, 1855-9.
10. Caldwell SH, Oelsner DH, Iezzoni JC, et al (1999). Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatol, 29, 664-9.
11. Chang MH, Shau WY, Chen CJ, et al (2000). Hepatitis B vaccination and hepatocellular carcinoma rates in boys and girls. JAMA, 284, 3040-2.
12. Capurro M, Wanless IR, Sherman M, et al (2003). Glypican-3: a novel serum and histochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol, 125, 89-7.
13. Capurro M, Wanless IR, Sherman M, et al (2003). Glypican-3: a novel serum and histochemical marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol, 125, 89-97.
14. Chang MH, Chen TH, Hsu HM, (2005). Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus: the effect and problems. Clin Cancer Res, 11, 7953-7.
15. Cuadrado A, Orive A, Garcia-Suarez C, et al (2005). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Obes Surg, 15, 442-6.
16. Chen CL, Yang HI, Yang WS, et al (2008). Metabolic factors and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by chronic hepatitis B/C infection: a follow-up study in Taiwan. Gastroenterol, 135, 111-21.
17. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al (2009). Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 10, 25-34.
18. Chang MH, You SL, Chen CJ, et al (2009). Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccines: a 20- year follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 101, 1348-5.
19. Cohn A, Kelley RK, Yang TS, et al (2012). Activity of cabozantinib (XL184) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: results from a phase II randomized discontinuation trial (RDT), J Clin Oncol, 30, 4007.
20. Donato F, Tagger A, Gelatti U, et al (2002). Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: the effect of lifetime intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and women. Am J Epidemiol, 155, 323-1.
21. Di Bisceglie AM, Sterling, RK, Chung RT, et al (2005). Serum a-fetoprotein levels in patients with advanced hepatitis: results from the HALT-C Trial. J Hepatol, 43, 434-1.
22. Di Tommaso L, Franchi G, Park YN, et al (2007). Diagnostic value of HSP70, glypican 3, and glutamine synthetase in hepatocellular nodules in cirrhosis. Hepatol, 45, 725-4.
23. Dohmen K, Kawano A, Takahashi K, et al (2013). The incidence and risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma after peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterol, 60, 2034-8.
24. Dhayat SA, Mardin WA, Köhler G, et al (2014). The microRNA-200 family-A potential diagnostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma? J Surg Oncol, in press.
25. El-Serag HB (2012). Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology,142, 1264-3.
26. Franca AVC, junior, LE, Lima BLG, Martinelli ALC, Carrilho, FL (2004). Diagnosis, staging and treatment of hepatoceelualr carcinoma. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 37, 1689-705.
27. Franceschi S, Montella M, Polesel J, et al (2006). Hepatitis viruses, alcohol, and tobacco in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 683-9.
28. Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C, et al (2008). Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology, 47, 97-4.
29. Giannelli G, Marinosci F, Trerotoli P, et al (2005). SCCA antigen combined with a-fetoprotein as serologic markers of HCC. Int J Cancer, 117, 506-9.
30. Hsu HM, Chen DS, Chuang CH, et al (1988). Ef?cacy of a mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan. Studies on 3464 infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers. JAMA, 260, 2231-5.
31. Habu D, Shiomi S, Tamori A, et al (2004). Role of vitamin K2 in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in women with viral cirrhosis of the liver. JAMA, 292, 358-1.
32. Hsia CY, Huo TI, Chiang SY, et al (2007). Evaluation of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and human hepatocyte growth factor as tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol, 33, 208-2.
33. Hilgard P, Hamami M, Fouly AE, et al (2010). Radioembolization with yttrium-90 glass microspheres in hepatocellular carcinoma: European experience on safety and long-term survival. Hepatol, 52, 1741-9.
34. Hsu YC, Ho HJ, Wu MS, Lin JT, Wu CY (2013). Postoperative peg-interferon plus ribavirin is associated with reduced recurrence of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol, 58, 150-7.
35. Hosaka T, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, et al (2013). Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatol, 58, 98-7.
36. International Consensus Group for Hepatocellular Neoplasia (2009). Pathological diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of the international concensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia. Hepatol, 49, 658-4.
37. Ichikawa T, Sano K, Morisaka H (2014). Diagnosis of Pathologically Early HCC with EOB-MRI: Experiences and Current Consensus. Liver Cancer, 3, 97-107.
38. Joo I, Choi BI. (2012). New paradigm for management of hepatocellular carcinoma by imaging. Liver Cancer, 1, 94-9.
39. Koike Y, Shiratori Y, Sato S, et al (2001). Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin as a useful predisposing factor for the development of portal venous invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective analysis of 227 patients. Cancer, 91, 561-9.
40. Kudo M, Imanaka K, Chida N, et al (2011). Phase III study of sorafenib after transarterial chemoembolisation in Japanese and Korean patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 47, 2117-27.
41. Kudo M, Han G, Finn RS, et al (2014). Brivanib as adjuvant therapy to transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized phase 3 trial. Hepatol, 60, 1697-7.
42. Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J (1999). Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classi?cation. Semin Liver Dis, 19, 329-8.
43. Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J (1999). Intention-to-treat analysis of surgical treatment for early hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus transplantation. Hepatol, 30, 1434-40.
44. Lim SG, Mohammed R, Yuen MF, Kao JH (2009). Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 24, 1352-7.
45. Llovet JM, Bruix J (2003). Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatol, 37, 429-42.
46. Li X, Feng GS, Zheng CS, Zhuo CK, Liu X (2004). Expression of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor level. World J Gastroenterol, 10, 2878-2.
47. Llovet JM, Chen Y, Wurmbach E, et al (2006). A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis. Gastroenterol, 31, 1758-7.
48. Larsson SC, Wolk A (2007). Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 132, 1740-5.
49. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al (2008). SHARP Investigators Study Group Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 359, 378-90.
50. Lok AS, Sterling RK, Everhart JE, et al (2010). Des-gammacarboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein as biomarkers for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol, 138, 493-2.
51. Lencioni R, Zou J, Leberre M, et al (2010). Sorafenib (SOR) or placebo (PL) in combination with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (SPACE). J Clin Oncol, 28, 15.
52. Lok AS, Everhart JE, Wright EC, et al (2011). Maintenance peginterferon therapy and other factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced hepatitis C. Gastroenterol, 140, 840-9.
53. Lok AS, Gardiner DF, Lawitz E. et al (2012). Preliminary study of two antiviral agents for hepatitis C genotype 1. N Engl J Med, 366, 216-4.
54. Lee JM, Yoon JH, Joo I, Woo HS (2012). Recent advances in CT and MR imaging for evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer, 1, 22-40.
55. Lin IY, Yen CH, Liao YJ, et al (2013). Identification of FKBP11 as a biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res, 33, 2763-9.
56. Llovet JM, Decaens T, Raoul JL, et al (2013). Brivanib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who were intolerant to sorafenib or for whom sorafenib failed: results from the randomized phase III BRISK-PS study. J Clin Oncol, 31, 3509-6.
57. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al (1996). Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med, 334, 693-9.
58. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, et al (1999). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterol, 116, 1413-9.
59. Marrero JA, Su GL, Wei W, et al (2003). Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin can differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant chronic liver disease in american patients. Hepatol, 37, 1114-1.
60. Marrero JA, Romano PR, Nikolaeva O, et al (2005). GP73, a resident Golgi glycoprotein, is a novel serum marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 43, 1007-2.
61. Mazzaferro V, Romito R, Schiavo M, et al (2006). HCC Italian task force. prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence with alpha-interferon after liver resection in HCV cirrhosis. Hepatol, 44, 1543-54.
62. Masuzaki R, Yoshida H, Omata M (2010). Does chemotherapy prevent HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma? Pros Dig Liver Dis, 42, 281-6.
63. Malagari K, Pomoni M, Kelekis A, et al (2010). Prospective randomized comparison of chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting beads and bland embolization with BeadBlock for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 33, 541-51.
64. Morgan RL, Baack B, Smith BD, et al (2013). Eradication of hepatitis C virus infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med, 158, 329-7.
65. Matsubara T, Kanto T, Kuroda S, et al (2013). TIE2-expressing monocytes as a diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with angiogenesis. Hepatol, 57, 1416-5.
66. Michelotti GA, Machado MV, Diehl AM (2013). NAFLD, NASH and liver cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 10, 656-5.
67. Murakami T, Tsurusaki M (2014). Hypervascular benign and malignant liver tumors that require differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma: key points of imaging diagnosis. Liver Cancer, 3, 85-96.
68. Ng KK, Vauthey JN, Pawlik TM, et al (2005). Is hepatic resection for large or multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma justi?ed? Results from a multi-institutional database. Ann Surg Oncol, 12, 364-3.
69. NCCN Clinical Practical Guidances in Hepatobiliary Cancers, 2013. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_ guidelines.asp Accessed
70. Nakazawa T, Hidaka H, Shibuya A, et al (2014). Overall survival in response to sorafenib versus radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: propensity score analysis. BMC Gastroenterol, 14, 84-90.
71. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005). Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin, 55, 74-108.
72. Pawlik TM, Poon RT, Abdalla EK, et al (2005). Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal or hepatic vein invasion: results of a multicenter study. Surgery, 137, 403-10.
73. Papatheodoridis GV, Lampertico P, Manolakopoulos S, Lok A (2010). Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving nucleos (t)ide therapy: a systematic review. J Hepatol, 53, 348-6.
74. Park MJ, Kim YK, Lee MW, et al (2012). Small hepatocellular carcinomas: improved sensitivity by combining gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging patterns. Radiol, 264, 761-70.
75. Park JW, Koh YH, Kim HB, et al (2012). Phase II study of concurrent transarterial chemoembolization and sorafenib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol, 56, 1336-2.
76. Qi J, Wang J, Katayama H, Sen S, Liu SM (2013). Circulating microRNAs (cmiRNAs) as novel potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Neoplasma, 60, 135-2.
77. Roskams T, Kojiro M (2010). Pathology of early hepatocellular carcinoma: conventional and molecular diagnosis. Semin Liver Dis, 30, 17-25.
78. Sakai I, Hashimoto S, Yoda M, et al (1994). Novel role of vitamin K2: a potent inducer of differentiation of various human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 205, 1305-10.
79. Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, et al (2005). A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol, 129, 122-30.
80. Sterling RK, Jeffers L, Gordon F, et al (2007). Clinical utility of AFP-L3% measurement in North American patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol, 102, 2196-5.
81. Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A, Salgia R, Higgins P, et al (2009). Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 30, 37-47.
82. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Mulcahy MF, et al (2010). Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using Yttrium-90 micro- spheres: a comprehensive report of longterm outcomes. Gastroenterology, 138, 52-64.
83. Sano K, Ichikawa T, Motosugi U, et al (2011). Imaging study of early hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology, 261, 834-4.
84. Tsai SL, Huang GT, Yang PM, et al (1990). Plasma des-gammacarboxyprothrombin in the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol, 11, 481-8.
85. Trevisani F, D'Intino PE, Morselli-Labate AM, et al (2001). Serum alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: in?uence of HBsAg and anti-HCV status. J Hepatol, 34, 570-5.
86. Tateishi R, Yoshida H, Matsuyama Y, et al (2008). Diagnostic accuracy of tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Hepatol Int, 2, 17-30.
87. Triolo M, Corte CD, Colombo M (2014). Impact of HBV therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int, 34, 139-5.
88. Villanueva A, Minguez B, Forner A, et al (2010). Hepatocellular carcinoma: novel molecular approaches for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Annu Rev Med, 61, 317-28.
89. Wogan GN (1992). A?atoxins as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. Cancer Res, 52, 2114-8.
90. Wang RT, Koretz RL, Yee HF Jr (2003). Is weight reduction an effective therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver? A systematic review. Am J Med, 115, 554-9.
91. Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, et al (2004). BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res, 64, 7099-109.
92. Wurmbach E, Chen YB, Khitrov G, et al (2007). Genomewide molecular pro?les of HCV-induced dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol, 45, 938-7.
93. Wong VW, Chan SL, Mo F, et al (2010). Clinical scoring system to predict hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B carriers. J Clin Oncol, 28, 1660-5.
94. Wang CH, Chang KH (2012). Long-term assessment of hepaticellular carcinoma riask in chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained viral response to antiviral treatment. Gastroenterol, 142, 1060.
95. Wu CY, Chen YJ, Ho HJ, et al (2012). Association between nucleoside analogues and risk of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following liver resection. JAMA, 308, 1906-4.
96. Wong GLH, Wong VWS (2013). Risk prediction of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of antiviral therapy. World J Gastroenterol, 19, 6515-2.
97. Xie H, Ma H, Zhou D (2013). Plasma HULC as a Promising Novel Biomarker for the Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 136106.
98. Yoshizawa H (2002). Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepa- titis C virus infection in Japan: projection to other countries in the foreseeable future. Oncol, 62, 8-17.
99. Yoshizawa H, Tanaka J, Miyakawa Y (2006). National prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan based on epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population. Intervirology, 49, 7-17.
100. Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Fong DY, et al (2009). Independent risk factors and predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol, 50, 80-8.
101. Yang HI, Yuen MF, Chan HL, et al (2011). Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (REACH-B): development and validation of a predictive score. Lancet Oncol, 12, 568-4.
102. Yu NC, Chaudhari V, Raman SS, et al (2011). CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9, 161-7.
103. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Mulcahy M, et al (2013). A phase II and biomarker study of ramucirumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the VEGF receptor-2, as first-line monotherapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 19, 6614-3.
104. Zoutendijk R, Reijnders JG, Zoulim F, et al (2013). Virological response to entecavir is associated with a better clinical outcome in chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis. Gut, 62, 760-5.
105. Zhu AX, Kudo M, Assenat E, et al (2014). EVOLVE-1 Phase 3 study of everolimus for advanced HCC that progressed during or after sorafenib. J Clin Oncol, in press.