The Superalloys fundamentals and applications

The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications

Volumn 9780521859042, Issue , 2006, Pages 1-372

  Reed, Roger C ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GAS TURBINES; SUPERALLOYS;

CHEMICAL DEGRADATION; COMPONENT ENGINEERING; ENGINEERING STANDPOINT; HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS; LIFETIME ESTIMATION; PHYSICAL METALLURGY; PROCESS DEVELOPMENT; UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES;

METALLURGY;

EID: 84929731513     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511541285     Document Type: Book

References (402)

1. W. Betteridge and S. W. S. Shaw, Development of superalloys, Materials Science and Technology, 3 (1987), 682-694.
2. C. T. Sims, N. S. Stoloff and W. C. Hagel, eds, Superalloys II: High-Temperature Materials for Aerospace and Industrial Power (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987).
3. K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds., Superalloys 2004, Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on the Superalloys (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004).
4. R. Schafrik and R. Sprague, The saga of gas turbine materials, Advanced Materials and Processes, 162 (2004), 3:33-36, 4:27-30, 5:29-33, 6:41-46.
5. J. Stringer, The role of the coating and superalloy system in enabling advanced land-based combustion turbine development. In P J. Maziasz, I. G. Wright, W. J. Brindley, J. Stringer and C. O’Brien, eds, Gas Turbine Materials Technology (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1999).
6. J. C. Williams and E. A. Starke, Progress in structural materials for aerospace systems, Acta Materialia, 51 (2003), 5775-5799.
7. G. Smith and L. Shoemaker, Advanced nickel alloys for coal-fired boiler tubing, Advanced Materials and Processes, 162 (2004), 23-26.
8. Rolls-Royce plc, The Jet Engine, 4th edn (Derby, UK: The Technical Publications Department, Rolls-Royce plc, 1992).
9. M. McLean, Directionally Solidified Materials for High Temperature Service (London: The Metals Society, 1983).
10. N. A. Cumpsty, Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamic and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
11. N. R. Blyth, Examination of a Failed CFM56-3C-1 Turbofan Engine - Boeing 737-476, VH-TJN, Technical Analysis Report 3/01 (Reference BE/200000023) (Canberra, Australia: The Australian Transport Safety Bureau, 2001).
12. D. A. Cooper and D. F. King, Report on the Accident to Boeing 737-23 7 Series 1 (G-BGJL) at Manchester International Airport on 22nd August 1985, Aircraft Accident Report 8/88 (London: United Kingdom Department of Transport, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1988).
13. D. Kondepudi and I. Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics — From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1998).
14. F. R. N. Nabarro and H. L. de Villiers, The Physics of Creep (London: Taylor and Francis, 1995).
15. O. D. Sherby and P M. Burke, Mechanical behaviour of crystalline solids at elevated temperatures, Progress in Materials Science, 13 (1967), 325-390.
16. H. J. Frost and M. F. Ashby, Deformation-Mechanism Maps: The Plasticity and Creep of Metals and Ceramics (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982).
17. A. M. Brown and M. F Ashby, Correlations for diffusion coefficients, Acta Metallurgica, 28 (1980), 1085-1101.
18. C. T. Sims, N. S. Stoloff and W. C. Hagel, eds, Superalloys II: High Temperature Materials for Aerospace and Industrial Power(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987).
19. M. Durand-Charre, The Microstructure of Superalloys(Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, 1997).
20. P. Nash, ed., Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys(Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1991).
21. A.T. Dinsdale, SGTE data for pure elements, Calphad,15 (1991), 317-425.
22. L. Kaufman and H. Bernstein, Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams(New York: Academic Press, 1970).
23. J. O. Andersson, T. Helander, L. Hoglund, P. F. Shi and B. Sundman, Thermo-Calc and DICTRA: computational tools for materials science, Calphad,26 (2001), 273-312.
24. N. Saunders, Phase diagram calculations for high-temperature materials, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A,351 (1995), 543-561.
25. K. J. Blobaum, D. Van Heerden, A. J. Gavens and T. P Weihs, Al/Ni formation reactions: characterisation of the metastable Al9Ni2 phase and analysis of its formation, Acta Materialia,51 (2003), 3871-3884.
26. S. Ochiai, Y. Oya and T. Suzuki, Alloying behaviour of Ni3Al, Acta Metallurgica, 32 (1984), 289-298.
27. K. Hono, Private communication, The National Institute of Materials Science, Tsukuba Science City, Japan (2003).
28. R. W. Cahn, P. A. Siemers and J. E. Geiger, The order-disorder transformation in Ni3Al and Ni3Al — Fe alloys: 1. Determination of the transition temperatures and their relation to ductility, Acta Metallurgica, 35 (1987), 2737-2751.
29. F. J. Bremer, M. Beyss and H. Wenzl, The order-disorder transition of the intermetallic phase Ni3Al, Physica Status Solidi,110A (1988), 77-82.
30. S. V Prikhodko and A. J. Ardell, Coarsening of gamma prime in Ni-Al alloys aged under uniaxial compression: III. Characterisation of the morphology, Acta Materialia,51 (2003), 5021-5036.
31. R. A. Ricks, A. J. Porter and R. C. Ecob, The growth of gamma prime precipitates in nickel-base superalloys, Acta Metallurgica,31 (1983), 43-53.
32. E. E. Brown and D. R. Muzyka, Nickel-iron alloys, in C. T. Sins, N. S. Stoloff and W. C. Hagel, eds, Superalloys II: High Temperature Materials for Aerospace and Industrial Power(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987), pp. 165-188.
33. J. W. Brooks and P. J. Bridges, Metallurgical stability of Inconel 718, in D. N. Duhl, Maurer, S. Antolovich, C. Lund and S. Reichman, eds, Superalloys 1988 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society, 1988), pp. 33-42.
34. R. Cozar and A. Pineau, Morphology of gamma prime and gamma double prime precipitates and thermal stability of Inconel 718 type alloys, Metallurgical Transactions,4 (1973), 47-59.
35. R. C. Reed, M. P Jackson and Y. S. Na, Characterisation and modelling of the precipitation of the sigma phase in Udimet 720 and Udimet 720Li, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,30A (1999), 521-533.
36. A. K. Sinha, Topologically close-packed structures of transition metal alloys, Progress in Materials Science,15 (1972), 79-185.
37. S. Tin, T. M. Pollock and W. T. King, Carbon additions and grain boundary formation in high refractory nickel-base single crystal superalloys, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 201-210.
38. Q. Z. Chen and D. M. Knowles, The microstructures of base/modified RR2072 SX superalloys and their effects on creep properties at elevated temperatures, Acta Materialia,50 (2002), 1095-1112.
39. A. Kelly, G. W. Groves and P. Kidd, Crystallography and Crystal Defects, revised edn (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2000).
40. F. A. Mohamed and T. G. Langdon, The transition from dislocation climb to viscous glide in creep of solid solution alloys, Acta Metallurgica,30 (1974), 779-788.
41. P. C. J. Gallagher, The influence of alloying, temperature and related effects on the stacking fault energy, Metallurgical Transactions,1 (1970), 2429-2461.
42. L. Delehouzee and A. Deruyttere, The stacking fault density in solid solutions based on copper, silver, nickel, aluminium and lead, Acta Metallurgica,15 (1967), 727-734.
43. W. Wycisk and M. Feller-Kniepmeier, Quenching experiments in high purity Ni, Journal of Nuclear Materials, 69/70(1978), 616-619.
44. R. O. Simmons and R. W. Balluffi, Measurements of equilibrium vacancy concentrations in aluminum, Physical Review,117 (1960), 52-61.
45. B. Jonsson, Assessment of the mobilities of Cr, Fe and Ni in binary FCC Cr-Fe and Cr-Ni alloys, Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy,24 (1995), 21-27.
46. M. S. A. Karunaratne, P. Carter and R. C. Reed, Interdiffusion in the FCC-A1 phase of the Ni-Re, Ni-Ta and Ni-W systems between 900 and 1300 deg C, Materials Science and Engineering, A281 (2000), 229-233.
47. M. S. A. Karunaratne and R. C. Reed, Interdiffusion of the platinum group metals in nickel at elevated temperatures, Acta Materialia, 51 (2003), 2905-2919.
48. C. L. Fu, R. C. Reed, A. Janotti and M. Krcmar, On the diffusion of alloying elements in the nickel-base superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada, et al., eds, Superalloys 2004(Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 867-876.
49. A. Janotti, M. Krcmar, C. L. Fu and R. C. Reed, Solute diffusion in metals: larger atoms can move faster, Physical Review Letters,92 (2004), 085901.
50. P. A. Flinn, Theory of deformation in superlattices, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society ofAIME,218 (1960), 145-154.
51. B. H. Kear, A. F. Giamei, J. M. Silcock and R. K. Ham, Slip and climb processes in gamma prime precipitation hardened nickel-base alloys, Scripta Metallurgica, 2, 287-294.
52. B. H. Kear, A. F. Giamei, G. R. Leverant and J. M. Oblak, On intrinsic/extrinsic stacking fault pairs in the L12 lattice, Scripta Metallurgica,3 (1969), 123-130.
53. D. P. Pope and S. S. Ezz, Mechanical properties of Ni3Al and nickel-base alloys with high volume fraction of Y’, International Metals Reviews,29 (1984), 136-167.
54. F. R. N. Nabarro and H. L. de Villiers, The Physics of Creep(London: Taylor and Francis, 1995).
55. B. H. Kear and H. G. F. Wilsdorf, Dislocation configurations in plastically deformed Cu3Au alloys, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME,224 (1962), 382-386.
56. K. Aoki and O. Izumi, Defect structures and long-range order parameters in off-stoichiometric Ni3Al, Physica Status Solidi,32A (1975), 657-664.
57. H. Numakura, N. Kurita and M. Koiwa, On the origin of the anelastic relaxation effect in Ni3Al, Philosophical Magazine,79A (1999), 943-953.
58. A. J. Bradley and A. Taylor, An x-ray analysis of the nickel-aluminium system, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A159 (1937), 56-72.
59. A. Mourisco, N. Baluc, J. Bonneville and R. Schaller, Mechanical loss spectrum of Ni3(Al, Ta) single crystals, Materials Science and Engineering, A239-240(1997), 281-286.
60. B. Reppich, Some new aspects concerning particle hardening mechanisms in ᵧ’ precipitating Ni-Base alloys -1 Theoretical concept, Acta Metallurgica,30 (1982), 87-94.
61. B. Reppich, P. Schepp and G. Wehner, Some new aspects concerning particle hardening mechanisms in ᵧ’ precipitating Ni-Base alloys - II Experiments, Acta Metallurgica,30 (1982), 95-104.
62. E. Nembach, K. Suzuki, M. Ichihara and S. Takeuchi, In-situ deformation of the gamma prime hardened superalloy Nimonic PE16 in high-voltage electron microscopes, Philosophical Magazine,51A (1985), 607-618.
63. E. Nembach, Particle Strengthening of Metals and Alloys(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997).
64. T. Kruml, E. Conforto, B. Lo Piccolo, D. Caillard and J. L. Martin, From dislocation cores to strength and work hardening: a study of binary Ni3Al, Acta Materialia,50 (2002), 5091-5101.
65. A. J. Ardell, Precipitation hardening, Metallurgical Transactions,16A (1985), 2131-2165.
66. W. Huther and B. Reppich, Interaction of dislocations with coherent, stress-free, ordered precipitates, Zeitschrift für Metallkunde,69 (1978), 628-634.
67. D. Hull and D. J. Bacon, Introduction to Dislocations, 4th edn (Sevenoaks: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001).
68. M. P. Jackson and R. C. Reed, Heat treatment of Udimet 720Li: the effect of microstructure on properties, Materials Science and Engineering, A259 (1999), 85-97.
69. B. Reppich, Particle strengthening, in R. W. Cahn, P. Haasen and E. T. Kramer, eds, Materials Science and Technology, Volume 6: Plastic Deformation and Fracture (Weinham, Germany: VCH, 1993), pp. 311-357.
70. R. G. Davies and N. S. Stoloff, On the yield stress of aged Ni-Al alloys, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME,233 (1965), 714-719.
71. B. J. Piearcey, B. H. Kear and R. W. Smashey, Correlation of structure with properties in a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy, Transactions of the American Society for Metals,60 (1967), 634-643.
72. P. Beardmore, R. G. Davies and T. L. Johnston, On the temperature dependence of the flow stress of nickel-base alloys, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 245 (1969), 1537-1545.
73. M. H. Yoo, On the theory of anomalous yield behaviour of Ni3Al - effect of elastic anisotropy, Scripta Metallurgica,20 (1986), 915-920.
74. B. H. Kear and H. G. F. Wilsdorf, Dislocation configurations in plastically deformed polycrystalline Cu3 Au alloys, Transactions of the Metallallurgical Society of AIME, 224 (1962), 382-386.
75. A. E. Staton-Bevan and R. D. Rawlings, The deformation behaviour of single crystal Ni3(Al, Ti), Physica Status Solidi,29A (1975), 613-622.
76. P. Veyssiere, Yield stress anomalies in ordered alloys: a review of microstructural findings and related hypotheses, Materials Science and Engineering, A309-310 (2001), 44-48.
77. P. Veyssiere and G. Saada, Microscopy and plasticity of the L12 ᵧ’ phase, in F. R. N. Nabarro and M. S. Duesbery, eds, Dislocations in Solids, Volume 10: L12 Ordered Alloys(Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996), pp. 252-441.
78. R. A. Mulford and D. P Pope, The yield stress of Ni3(Al, W), Acta Metallurgica,21 (1973), 1375-1380.
79. P. H. Thornton, R. G. Davies and T. L. Johnston, The temperature dependence of the flow stress of the ᵧ’ phase based upon Ni3 Al, Metallurgical Transactions,1 (1970), 207-218.
80. S. S. Ezz, D. P. Pope and V Paidar, The tension compression flow-stress asymmetry in Ni3(Al, Nb) single crystals, Acta Metallurgica,30 (1982), 921-926.
81. D. P. Pope and S. S. Ezz, Mechanical properties of Ni3Al and nickel-base alloys with high volume fraction of Y’, International Metals Reviews,29 (1984), 136-167.
82. S. S. Ezz, D. P. Pope and V Vitek, Asymmetry of plastic-flow in Ni3Ga single crystals, Acta Metallurgica,35 (1987), 1879-1885.
83. D. C. Chrzan and M. J. Mills, Dynamics of dislocation motion in L12 compounds, in F. R. N. Nabarro and M. S. Duesbery, eds, Dislocations in Solids, Volume 10: L12 Ordered Alloys(Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996), pp. 187-252.
84. X. Shi, Doctoral Thesis, University Paris-Nord, France (1995).
85. P. B. Hirsch, A model of the anomalous yield stress for (111) slip in L12 alloys, Progress in Materials Science,36 (1992), 63-88.
86. W. D. Jenkins, T. G. Digges and C. R. Johnson, Creep of high purity nickel, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards,53 (1954), 329-352.
87. A. H. Clauer and B. A. Wilcox, Steady-state creep of dispersion-strengthened nickel, Metal Science, 1 (1967), 86-90.
88. H. J. Frost and M. F Ashby, Deformation-Mechanism Maps: The Plasticity and Creep of Metals and Ceramics(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982).
89. A. K. Mukherjee, J. E. Bird and J. E. Dorn, Experimental correlations for high-temperature creep, Transactions of the American Society for Metals,62, 155-179.
90. J. P. Poirier, Creep of Crystals: High Temperature Deformation Processes in Metals, Ceramics and Minerals(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
91. J. Weertman, Creep of indium, lead and some of their alloys, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME,218 (1960), 207-218.
92. J. Weertman and J. R. Weertman, Mechanical properties, strongly temperature dependent, in R. W. Cohn ed., Physical Metallurgy(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965), pp. 793-819.
93. G. S. Daehn, H. Brehm, H. Lee and B-S. Lim, A model for creep based on microstructural length scale evolution, Materials Science and Engineering,387 (2004), 576-584.
94. H. Brehm and G. S. Daehn, A framework for modeling creep in pure metals, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,32A (2001), 363-371.
95. J. J. Gilman, Micromechanics of Flow in Solids(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969).
96. J. W. Martin and R. D. Doherty, Stability ofMicrostructure in Metallic Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).
97. M. Winning, G. Gottstein and L. S. Shvindlerman, On the mechanisms of grain boundary migration, Acta Materialia,50 (2002), 353-363.
98. R. W. Evans and B. Wilshire, Creep of Metals and Alloys(London: The Institute of Metals, 1985).
99. J. P. Dennison, R. J. Llewellyn and B. Wilshire, The creep and fracture behaviour of some dilute nickel alloys at 500 and 600°C, Journal of the Institute of Metals,94, 130-134.
100. J. P. Dennison, R. J. Llewellyn and B. Wilshire, The creep and fracture properties of some nickel-chromium alloys at 600°C, Journal ofthe Institute of Metals, 95, 115-118.
101. O. D. Sherby and P. M. Burke, The mechanical behaviour of crystalline solids at elevated temperatures, Progress in Materials Science,13 (1967), 325-390.
102. C. M. Sellars and A. G. Quarrell, The high temperature creep of gold-nickel alloys, Journal of the Institute of Metals,90 (1962), 329-336.
103. W. R. Cannon and O. D. Sherby, High temperature creep behaviour of class I and class II solid solution alloys, Metallurgical Transactions, 1 (1970), 1030-1032.
104. F. A. Mohamed and T. G. Langdon, The transition from dislocation climb to viscous glide in creep of solid solution alloys, Acta Metallurgica,22 (1974), 779-788.
105. T. B. Gibbons and B. E. Hopkins, Creep behaviour and microstructure of Ni-Cr base alloys, Metal Science,18 (1984), 273-280.
106. M. McLean, Nickel-based alloys: recent developments for the aero-gas turbine, in M. Flower, ed., High Performance Materials for Aerospace(London: Chapman & Hall, 1995), pp. 135-154.
107. B. F. Dyson, M. S. Loveday and M. J. Rodgers, Grain boundary cavitation under various states of applied stress, Proceedings of the Royal Society A,349 (1976), 245-259.
108. J. F. Nye, Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957).
109. P. Caron, D. Cornu, T. Khan and J. M. de Monicault, Development of a hydrogen resistant superalloy for single crystal blade application in rocket engine turbopumps, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Daye, D. L. Anton etal., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1996), pp. 53-60.
110. J. M. Oblak, D. F. Paulonis and D. S. Duvall, Coherency strengthening in Ni-base alloys hardened by do 22y” precipitates, Metallurgical Transactions,5 (1974), 143-153.
111. D. C. Wright and D. J. Smith, Forging of blades for gas turbines, Materials Science and Technology,2 (1986), 742-747.
112. G. A. Whittaker, Precision casting of aero gas turbine components, Materials Science and Technology, 2 (1986), 436-441.
113. M. McLean, Directionally Solidified Materials for High Temperature Service (London: The Metals Society, 1983).
114. P R. Beeley and R. F. Smart, eds, Investment Casting (London: The Institute of Materials, 1995).
115. F. L. Versnyder and R. W. Guard, Directional grain structures for high temperature strength, Transactions of the American Society for Metals,52 (1960), 485-493.
116. M. J. Goulette, P D. Spilling and R. P Arthey, Cost-effective single crystals, in R. H. Bricknell, W. B. Kent, M. Gell, C. S. Kortovich and J. F. Radavich, eds, Superalloys 1984 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1984), pp. 167-176.
117. A. J. Elliott, S. Tin, W. T. King, S. C. Huang, M. F. X. Gigliotti and T. M. Pollock, Directional solidification of large superalloy castings with radiation and liquid metal cooling (LMC): a comparative assessment, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,35A (2004), 3221-3231.
118. B. H. Kear and B. J. Piearcey, Tensile and creep properties of single crystals of the nickel-base superalloy Mar-M200, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 239 (1967), 1209-1218.
119. P Carter, D. C. Cox, Ch.-A. Gandin and R. C. Reed, Process modelling of grain selection during solidification of superalloy single crystal castings, Materials Science and Engineering, A280 (2000), 233-246.
120. H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaegar, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959).
121. J. D. Livingston, H. E. Cline, E. F. Koch and R. R. Russell, High speed solidification of several eutectic alloys, Acta Metallurgica,18 (1970), 399-404.
122. A. F. Giamei and J. G. Tschinkel, Liquid metal cooling: a new solidification technique, Metallurgical Transactions,7A (1976), 1427-1434.
123. A. Lohmuller, W. Esser, J. Grossman, M. Hordler, J. Preuhs and R.F. Singer, Improved quality and economics of investment castings by liquid metal cooling, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, etals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 181-188.
124. M. Konter, E. Kats and N. Hofmann, A novel casting process for single crystal turbine components, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 189-200.
125. D. C. Cox, B. Roebuck, C. M. F. Rae and R. C. Reed, Recrystallisation of single crystal superalloy CMSX-4, Materials Science and Technology, 44(2003), 440-446.
126. P. Aubertin, S. L. Cockcroft and A. Mitchell, Liquid density inversions during solidification of superalloys and their relationship to freckle formation in castings, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton etal., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1996), pp. 443-450.
127. S. Tin and T M. Pollock, Stabilization of thermosolutal convective instabilities in Ni-based single-crystal superalloys: carbide precipitation and Rayleigh numbers, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,34A (2003), 1953-1967.
128. T. M. Pollock, W. H. Murphy, E. H. Goldman, D. L. Uram and J. S. Tu, Grain defect formation during directional solidification of nickel base single crystals, in S. D. Antolovich, R. W. Stusrud R. A. MacKay, et al., eds, Superalloys 1992 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1992), pp. 125-134.
129. M. S. A. Karunaratne, C. M. F Rae and R. C. Reed, On the microstructural instability of an experimental nickel-base superalloy, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,32A (2001), 2409-2421.
130. C. Beckermann, J. P. Gu and W. J. Boettinger, Development of a freckle predictor via Rayleigh number method for single-crystal nickel-base superalloy castings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,31 (2000), 2545-2557.
131. K. C. Mills, Recommended Values of Thermophysical Properties for Selected Commercial Alloys (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 2001).
132. W. Kurz and D. J. Fisher, Fundamentals of Solidification (Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications, 1986).
133. H. S. Whitesell, L. Li and R. A. Overfelt, Influence of solidification variables on the dendrite arm spacings of Ni-based superalloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,31B (2000), 546-551.
134. D. A. Ford and R. P. Arthey, Development of single crystal alloys for specific engine applications, in R. H. Bricknell, W. B. Kent, M. Gell, C. S. Kortovich and J. F. Radavich, eds, Superalloys 1984 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1984), pp. 115-124.
135. K. Harris, G. L. Erickson, S. L. Sikkenga, W. D. Brentnall, J. M. Aurrecoechea and K. G. Kubarych, Development of the rhenium-containing superalloys CMSX-4 and CM 186 LC for single crystal blade and directionally solidified vane applications in advanced turbine engines, in S. D. Antolovich, R. W. Stusrud, R. A. MacKay et al., eds, Superalloys 1992 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1992), pp. 297-306.
136. T. M. Pollock and A. S. Argon, Creep resistance of CMSX-3 nickel base superalloy single crystals, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,40 (1992), 1-30.
137. T. Murakumo, T. Kobayashi, Y. Koizumi and H. Harada, Creep behaviour of Ni-base single-crystal superalloys with various ᵧ’ volume fractions, Acta Materialia,52 (2004), 3737-3744.
138. P Caron, High ᵧ’ solvus new generation nickel-based superalloys for single crystal turbine blade applications, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 737-746.
139. H. Harada and H. Murakami, Design of Ni-base superalloys, in T. Saito, ed., Computational Materials Design (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999), pp. 39-70.
140. G. Bruno and H. C. Pinto, The kinetics of the ᵧ’ phase and its strain in the nickel-base superalloy SC16 studied by in-situ neutron and synchrotron radiation diffraction, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 837-848.
141. H. A. Kuhn, H. Biermann, T. Ungar and H. Mughrabi, X-ray study of creep deformation induced changes of the lattice misfit in the gamma prime hardened monocrystalline nickel-base superalloy SRR99, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,11 (1991), 2783-2794.
142. Y. Murata, S. Miyazaki, M. Morinaga and R. Hashizume, Hot corrosion resistant and high strength nickel-based single crystal and directionally-solidified superalloys developed by the d-electrons concept, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1996), pp. 61-70.
143. A. C. Yeh, C. M. F. Rae and S. Tin, High temperature creep behaviours of Ru-bearing Ni-based single crystal superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 677-686.
144. S. Walston, A. Cetel, R. Mackay, K. O’Hara, D. Duhl and R. Dreshfield, Joint development of a fourth generation single crystal superalloy, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 15-24.
145. A. P. Ofori, C. J. Humphreys, S. Tin and C. N. Jones, A TEM study of the effect of platinum group metals in advanced single crystal nickel-base superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 787-794.
146. A. D. Cetel and D. N. Duhl, Second generation nickel-base single crystal superalloy, in S. Reichman, D. N. Duhl, G. Maurer, S. Antolovich and C. Lund, eds, Superalloys 1988 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society, 1988), pp. 235-244.
147. C. Sarioglu, C. Stinner, J. R. Blachere et al., The control of sulphur content in nickel-base single crystal superalloys and its effects on cyclic oxidation resistance, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1996), pp. 71-80.
148. K. Harris and J. B. Wahl, Improved single crystal superalloys, CMSX-4 (SLS) [La+Y] and CMSX-486, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 45-52.
149. A. Akhtar, M. S. Hook and R. C. Reed, On the oxidation of the third generation superalloy CMSX-10, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,36A (2005), 3001-3017.
150. F. S. Pettit and C. S. Giggins, Hot corrosion, in C. T. Sims, N. S. Stoloff and W. C. Hagel, eds, Superalloys II (New York: John Wiley, 1987), pp. 327-358.
151. N. Birks, G. H. Meier and F. S. Pettit, High temperature corrosion, in J. K. Tien and T. Caulfield, eds, Superalloys, Supercomposites and Superceramics (San Diego: Academic Press Inc., 1989), pp. 439-489.
152. T. I. Barry and A. T. Dinsdale, Thermodynamics of metal gas liquid reactions, Materials Science and Technology,3 (1987), 501-511.
153. S. Mrowec, T. Werber and M. Zastawnik, The mechanism of high temperature sulphur corrosion of nickel-chromium alloys, Corrosion Science, 6 (1966), 47-68.
154. R. C. Reed, N. Matan, D. C. Cox, M. A. Rist and C. M. F. Rae, Creep of CMSX-4 superalloy single crystals: effects of rafting at high temperature, Acta Materialia,47 (1999), 3367-3381.
155. N. Matan, Rationalisation of the Creep Performance of the CMSX-4 Single Crystal Superalloy. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge (1999).
156. N. Matan, D. C. Cox, P. Carter, M. A. Rist, C. M. F. Rae and R. C. Reed, Creep of CMSX-4 superalloy single crystals: effects of misorientation and temperature, Acta Materialia, 47 (1999), 1549-1563.
157. V. Sass, U. Glatzel and M. Feller-Kniepmeier, Creep anisotropy in the monocrystalline nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1996), pp. 283-290.
158. F. R. N. Nabarro and H. L. de Villiers, The Physics of Creep (London: Taylor and Francis, 1995).
159. T. M. Pollock and R. D. Field, Dislocations and high temperature plastic deformation of superalloy single crystals, in F. R. N. Nabarro and M.S. Duesbery, eds, Dislocations in Solids, vol. 11, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002), pp. 593-595.
160. R. N. Ghosh, R. V Curtis and M. McLean, Creep deformation of single crystal superalloys - modelling the crystallographic anisotropy, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,38 (1990), 1977-1992.
161. M. McLean, Nickel-base superalloys: current status and potential, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A,351 (1995), 419-433.
162. T. M. Pollock and A. S. Argon, Directional coarsening in nickel base superalloy single crystals with high volume fractions of coherent precipitates, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,42 (1994), 1859-1874.
163. D. M. Shah, S. Vega, S. Woodard and A. D. Cetel, Primary creep in nickel-base superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 197-206.
164. G. R. Leverant and B. H. Kear, The mechanism of creep in gamma prime precipitation hardened nickel-base alloys at intermediate temperatures, Metallurgical Transactions, 1 (1973), 491-498.
165. G. L. Drew, R. C. Reed, K. Kakehi and C. M. F. Rae, Single crystal superalloys: the transition from primary to secondary creep, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 127-136.
166. R. A. MacKay and R. D. Maier, The influence of orientation on the stress rupture properties of nickel-base superalloy single crystals, Metallurgical Transactions, 13A (1982), 1747-1754.
167. C. M. F Rae, N. Matan and R. C. Reed, On the role of stacking fault shear during the primary creep of CMSX-4 superalloy single crystals, Materials Science and Engineering,300 (2001), 127-135.
168. H. Murakami, T. Yamagata, H. Harada and M. Yamazaki, The influence of Co on creep deformation anisotropy in Ni-base single crystal superalloys at intermediate temperatures, Materials Science and Engineering, A223 (1997), 54-58.
169. T. P Gabb, S. L. Draper, D. R. Hull, R. A. MacKay and M. V Nathal, The role of interfacial dislocation networks in high temperature creep of superalloys, Materials Science and Engineering, A118 (1989), 59-69.
170. J. Y. Buffiere and M. Ignat, A dislocation based criterion for the raft formation in nickel-based superalloy single crystals, Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,43 (1995), 1791-1797.
171. M. Veron, Y. Brechet and F Louchet, Strain induced directional coarsening in Ni-base superalloys, Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia,34 (1996), 1883-1886.
172. N. Matan, D. C. Cox, C. M. F. Rae and R. C. Reed, On the kinetics of rafting in CMSX-4 superalloy single crystals, Acta Materialia,47 (1999), 2031-2045.
173. R. D. Field, T. M. Pollock and W. H. Murphy, The development of y/y’ interfacial dislocation networks during creep in Ni-base superalloys, in S. D. Antolovich, R. W. Stusrud, R. A. MacKay et al., eds, Superalloys 1992 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1992), pp. 557-566.
174. Y Koizumi, T. Kobayashi, T. Yokokawa et al., Development of next-generation Ni-base single crystal superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 35-43.
175. J. X. Zhang, T. Murakumo, H. Harada, Y. Koizumi and T. Kobayashi, Creep deformation mechanisms in some modern single-crystal superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 189-195.
176. R. C. Reed, N. Matan, D. C. Cox, M. A. Rist and C. M. F Rae, Creep of CMSX-4 superalloy single crystals: effects of rafting at high temperature, Acta Materialia, 47 (1999), 3367-3381.
177. J. Lecomte-Beckers, Relation between chemistry, solidification behaviour, microstructure and microporosity in nickel-base superalloys, in S. Reichman, D. N. Duhl, G. Maurer, S. Antolovich and C. Lund, eds, Superalloys 1988 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society, 1988), pp. 713-721.
178. S. Suresh, Fatigue of Materials, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
179. P. Lukas and L. Kunz, Cyclic slip localisation and fatigue crack initiation in FCC single crystals, Materials Science and Engineering, A314 (2001), 75-80.
180. V Brien and B. Decamps, Low cycle fatigue of a nickel-based superalloy at high temperature: deformation microstructures, Materials Science and Engineering, A316 (2001), 18-31.
181. R. P. Dalal, C. R. Thomas and L. E. Dardi, The effect of crystallographic orientation on the physical and mechanical properties of an investment cast single crystal nickel-base superalloy, in R. H. Bricknell, W. B. Kent, M. Gell, C. S. Kortovich and J. F. Radavich, eds, Superalloys 1984 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1984), pp. 185-197.
182. T. P. Gabb and G. Welsch, The high temperature deformation in cyclic loading of a single crystal nickel-base superalloy, Acta Metallurgica,37 (1989), 2507-2516.
183. T. P. Gabb, J. Gayda and R. V. Miner, Orientation and temperature dependence of some mechanical properties of the single crystal nickel-base superalloy Rene N4. Part II: Low cycle fatigue behaviour, Metallurgical Transactions,17A (1986), 497-505.
184. H. Mughrabi, S. Kraft and M. Ott, Specific aspects of isothermal and anisothermal fatigue of the monocrystalline nickel-base superalloy CMSX-6, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1996), pp. 335-344.
185. D. W. Maclachlan and D. M. Knowles, Fatigue behaviour and lifing of two single crystal superalloys, Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 24 (2001), 503-521.
186. P. K. Wright, M. Jain and D. Cameron, High cycle fatigue in a single crystal superalloy: time dependence at elevated temperature, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 657-666.
187. N. A. Cumpsty, Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamic and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
188. A. G. Dodd, Mechanical design of gas turbine blading in cast superalloys, Materials Science and Technology,2 (1986), 476-485.
189. Rolls-Royce, The Jet Engine, 4th edn (Derby, UK: The Technical Publications Department, Rolls-Royce plc, 1992).
190. A. Choudhury, Vacuum Metallurgy (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1990).
191. G. E. Maurer, Primary and secondary melt processing - superalloys, in J. K. Tien and T. Caulfield, eds, Superalloys, Supercomposites and Superceramics (San Diego: Academic Press, 1989), pp. 49-97.
192. M. G. Benz, Preparation of clean superalloys, in C. L. Briant, ed., Impurities in Engineering Materials: Impact, Reliability and Control (New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1999), pp. 31-47.
193. P. P. Turillon, Evaporation of elements from 80/20 nickel-chromium during vacuum induction melting, in Transactions of the Sixth International Vacuum Metallurgy Conference (New York: American Vacuum Society, 1963), pp. 88-102.
194. J. W. Pridgeon, F. N. Darmara, J. S. Huntington and W. H. Sutton, Principles and practices of vacuum induction melting and vacuum arc remelting, in M. J. Donachie Jr, ed., Superalloys: Source Book (Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals, 1984), pp. 205-214.
195. A. D. Patel, R. S. Minisandrum and D. G. Evans, Modeling of vacuum arc remelting of alloy 718 ingots, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 917-924.
196. E. Samuelsson, J. A. Domingue and G. E. Maurer, Characterising solute-lean defects in superalloys, Journal of Metals, 40 (1990), 27-30.
197. L. A. Jackman, G. A. Maurer and S. Widge, New knowledge about white spots in superalloys, Journal of Metals, 43 (1993), 18-25.
198. W. Zhang, P. D. Lee, M. McLean and R. J. Siddell, Simulation of intrinsic inclusion motion and dissolution during the vacuum arc remelting of nickel-based superalloys, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman etal., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 29-37.
199. D. G. Evans and M. G. Fahrmann, A study of the effect of electro-slag remelting parameters on the structural integrity of large diameter Alloy 718 ESR Ingot, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 507-516.
200. P. Aubertin, T. Wang, S. L. Cockcroft and A. Mitchell, Freckle formation and freckle criterion in superalloy castings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 31B (2000), 801-811.
201. J. C. Borofka, J. K. Tien and R. D. Kissinger, Powder metallurgy and oxide dispersion processing of superalloys, in J. K. Tien and T. Caulfield, eds, Superalloys, Supercomposites and Superceramics (San Diego: Academic Press, 1989), pp. 237-284.
202. B. L. Ferguson, Aerospace applications, in ASM Handbook Volume 7: Powder Metallurgy, 6th Edn (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1997), pp. 646-656.
203. A. Banik, B. Lindsley, D. P Mourer and W. H. Zimmer, Alternative processing for the production of powder metal superalloy billet, in G. E. Fuchs, A. W. James, T. Gabb, M. McLean and H. Harada, eds, Advanced Materials and Processes for Gas Turbines (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2003), pp. 227-236.
204. D. R. Chang, D. D. Krueger and R. A. Sprague, Superalloy powder processing, properties and turbine disc applications, in R. H. Bricknell, W. B. Kent, M. Gell, S. Kortovich and J. F. Radavich, eds, Superalloys 1984 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1984), pp. 245-273.
205. D. Furrer and H. Fecht, Ni-based superalloys for turbine discs, Journal of Metals, 51 (1999), 14-17.
206. J. Jones and D. J. C. Mackay, Neural network modelling of the mechanical properties of nickel base superalloys, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1996), pp. 417-424.
207. D. Raynor and J. M. Silcock, Strengthening mechanisms in ᵧ precipitating alloys, Metal Science, 4 (1970), 121-129.
208. M. P. Jackson and R. C. Reed, Heat treatment of Udimet 720Li: the effect of microstructure on properties, Materials Science and Engineering, A259 (1999), 85-97.
209. J. Telesman, P. Kantzos, J. Gayle, P. J. Bonacuse and A. Prescenzi, Microstructural variables controlling time-dependent crack growth in a P/M superalloy, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 215-224.
210. J. C. Williams and E. A. Starke, Progress in structural materials for aerospace systems, Acta Materialia, 51 (2003), 5775-5799.
211. K. R. Bain, M. L. Gambone, J. M. Hyzak and M. C. Thomas, Development of damage tolerant microstructures in Udimet 720, in S. Reichman, D. N. Duhl, G. Maurer, S. Antolovich and C. Lund, eds, Superalloys 1988 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society, 1988), pp. 13-22.
212. R. V Miner, Fatigue, in C. T. Sims, N. S. Stoloff and W. C. Hagel, eds, Superalloys II (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987), pp. 263-289.
213. R. V. Miner, J. Gayda and R. D. Maier, Fatigue and creep-fatigue deformation of several nickel-base superalloys at 650°C, Metallurgical Transactions, 13A (1982), 1755-1765.
214. D. Locq, P Caron, S. Raujol, F Pettinari-Sturmel, A. Coujou and N. Clement, On the role of tertiary gamma prime precipitates in the creep behaviour at 700 °C of a powder metallurgy disk superalloy, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 179-188.
215. N. J. Hide, M. B. Henderson and P. A. S. Reed, Effects of grain and precipitate size variation on creep-fatigue behaviour of Udimet 720Li in both air and vacuum, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 495-503.
216. K. Li, N. E. Ashbaugh and A. H. Rosenberger, Crystallographic initiation of nickel-base superalloy IN100 at RT and 538 deg C under low cycle fatigue conditions, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 251-258.
217. A. H. Rosenberger, The effect of partial vacuum on the fatigue crack growth of nickel-base superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 233-240.
218. C. W. Brown, J. E. King and M. A. Hicks, Effects of microstructure on long and small crack growth in nickel-base superalloys, Metal Science, 18 (1984), 374-380.
219. A. H. Rosenberger, E. Andrieu and H. Ghonem, Influence of high temperature elastic-plastic small crack growth behaviour in a nickel-base superalloy on the life prediction of structural components, in S. D. Antolovich, R. W. Stusrud, R. A. MacKay et al., eds, Superalloys 1992 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1992), pp. 737-746.
220. H. T. Pang and P. A. S. Reed, Fatigue crack initiation and short crack growth in nickel-base turbine disc alloys - the effects of microstructure and operating parameters, International Journal of Fatigue, 25 (2003), 1089-1099.
221. D. P. Mourer and J. L. Williams, Dual heat treatment process development for advanced disk applications, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 401-408.
222. T. J. Garosshen, T. D. Tillman and G. P. McCarthy, Effects of B, C and Zr on the structure and properties of a P/M nickel-base superalloy, Metallurgical Transactions, 18A (1987), 69-77.
223. L. Xiao, D. L. Chen and M. C. Chaturvedi, Effect of boron concentrations on fatigue crack propagation resistance and low-cycle fatigue properties of Inconel 718, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 275-282.
224. S. K. Jain, B. A. Ewing and C. A. Yin, The development of improved performance P/M Udimet 720 turbine disks, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 785-794.
225. D. Lemarchand, E. Cadel, S. Chambreland and D. Blavette, Investigation of grain-boundary structure-segregation relationship in N18 nickel-based superalloy, Philosophical Magazine, 82A (2002), 1651-1669.
226. D. Blavette, P Duval, L. Letellier and M. Guttman, Atomic-scale APFIM and TEM investigation of grain boundary microchemistry in Astroloy nickel-base superalloys, Acta Materialia, 44 (1996), 4995-5005.
227. C. Ducrocq, A. Lasalmonie and Y. Honnorat, N18: a new damage tolerant P/M superalloy for high temperature turbine discs, in S. Reichman, D. N. Duhl, Maurer, S. Antolovich and C. Lund, eds, Superalloys 1988 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society, 1988), pp. 63-72.
228. D. D. Krueger, R. D. Kissinger and R. G. Menzies, Development and introduction of a damage tolerant high temperature nickel-base disk alloy Rene 88DT, in S. D. Antolovich, R. W. Stusrud, R. A. MacKay et al., eds, Superalloys 1992 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 1992), pp. 277-286.
229. E. S. Huron, K. R. Bain, D. P. Mourer, J. J. Schirra, P. L. Reynolds and E. E. Montero, The influence of grain boundary elements and microstructures of P/M nickel-base superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 73-82.
230. M. C. Hardy, B. Zirbel, G. Shen and R. Shankar, Developing damage tolerance and creep resistance in a high strength nickel alloy for disc applications, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 83-90.
231. R. C. Reed, M. P Jackson and Y. S. Na, Characterisation and modelling of the precipitation of the sigma phase in Udimet 720 and Udimet 720Li, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 30A (1999), 521-533.
232. S. P Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd edn (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970).
233. E. Volterra and J. H. Gaines, Advanced Strength of Materials (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971).
234. T. K. Goswami and G. F. Harrison, Gas turbine disk lifing philosophies: a review, International Journal of Turbo and Jet Engines, 12 (1995), 59-77.
235. A. C. Pickard, Component lifing, Materials Science and Technology, 3 (1987), 743-751.
236. G. F. Harrison and M. B. Henderson, Lifing strategies for high temperature critical components, in R. Townsend et al., eds, Life Assessment of Hot Section Gas Turbine Components (London: The Institute of Materials, 2000), pp. 11-33.
237. J. F. Knott, The durability of rotating components in gas turbines, in A. Strang et al., eds, Parsons 2000: Advanced Materials for 21st Century Turbines and Power Plant(London: The Institute of Materials, 2000), pp. 950-960.
238. A. K. Koul, P. Au, N. Bellinger, R. Thamburaj, W. Wallace and J. P. Immarigeon, Development of a damage tolerant microstructure for IN718 turbine disc material, in D. N. Duhl, G. Maurer, S. Antolovich, C. Lund and S. Reichman, eds, Superalloys 1988 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society, 1988), pp. 3-12.
239. A. Pineau, Superalloy discs: durability and damage tolerance in relation to inclusions, in E. Bachelet et al., eds, High Temperature Materials for Power Engineering 1990 (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990), pp. 913-934.
240. C. E. Shamblen and D. R. Chang, Effect of inclusions on LCF life of HIP plus heat-treated powder metallurgy Rene 95, Metallurgical Transactions, 16B (1985), 775-784.
241. T. P. Gabb, J. Telesman, P. T. Kantzos, P. J. Bonacuse and R. L. Barrie, Initial assessment of the effects of non-metallic inclusions on fatigue life of powder-metallurgy processed Udimet 720, in G. Fuchs, A. James, T. Gabb, M. McLean and H. Harada, eds, Advanced Materials and Processes for Gas Turbines (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2003), pp. 237-244.
242. M. McLean, Nickel-based alloys: recent developments for the aero-gas turbine, in M. Flower, ed., High Performance Materials in Aerospace (London: Chapman & Hall, 1995), pp. 135-154.
243. Y. Bar-Cohen and A. K. Mal, Ultrasonic inspection, in ASM Handbook Volume 17: Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1992), pp. 231-277.
244. A. Banik and K. A. Green, The mechanical property response of turbine discs using advanced powder metallurgy processing techniques, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1996), pp. 69-78.
245. G. E. Maurer and W. Castledine, Development of consolidated powder metallurgy superalloys for conventional forging to gas turbine components, in R. D. Kissinger, J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1996), pp. 645-652.
246. W. Hoeffelner, Fatigue crack growth in high temperature alloys, in R. H. Bricknell, W. B. Kent, M. Gell, C. S. Kortovich and J. F. Radavich, Superalloys 1984 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1984), pp. 167-176.
247. Y. Tamarin, Protective Coatings for Turbine Blades (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 2002).
248. J. H. Wood and E. Goldman, Protective coatings, in C. T. Sims, N. S. Stoloff and W. C. Hagel, eds, Superalloys II (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987), pp. 359-384.
249. J. R. Nicholls, Advances in coating design for high performance gas turbines, MRS Bulletin, 28 (2003), 659-670.
250. G. W Goward and D. H. Boone, Mechanisms of formation of diffusion aluminide coatings on nickel-base superalloys, Oxidation of Metals, 3 (1971), 475-495.
251. H. W Tawancy, N. M. Abbas and T. N. Rhys-Jones, The role of platinum in aluminide coatings, Surface Coatings Technology, 49 (1991), 1-7.
252. J. R. Davis, ed., Handbook of Thermal Spray Technology (Materials Park, OH: The ASM Thermal Spray Society, 2004).
253. D. H. Boone, Physical vapour deposition processes, Materials Science and Technology, 2 (1986), 220-224.
254. A. R. Nicholl, H. Gruner, G. Wuest and S. Keller, Future developments in plasma spray coating, Materials Science and Technology, 2 (1986), 214-219.
255. A. R. Nicholl and G. Wahl, Oxidation and high temperature corrosion behaviour of modified MCrAlY cast materials, in R. H. Bricknell, W. B. Kent, M. Gell, C. S. Kortovich and J. F. Radavich, eds, Superalloys 1984 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1984), pp. 805-814.
256. N. P. Padture, M. Gell and E. H. Jordan, Thermal barrier coatings for gas-turbine applications, Science, 296 (2002), 280-284.
257. D. R. Clarke, Materials selection guidelines for low thermal conductivity thermal barrier coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 163-164 (2003), 67-74.
258. B. A. Pint, I. G. Wright, W. Y. Lee, Y. Zhang, K. Prussner and K. B. Alexander, Substrate and bond coat compositions: factors affecting alumina scale adhesion, Materials Science and Engineering, A245 (1998), 201-211.
259. J. S. Wang and A. G. Evans, Effects of strain cycling on buckling, cracking and spalling of a thermally grown alumina on a nickel-based bond coat, Acta Materialia, 47 (1999), 699-710.
260. A. G. Evans, D. R. Mumm, J. W. Hutchinson, G. H. Meier and F. S. Pettit, Mechanisms controlling the durability of thermal barrier coatings, Progress in Materials Science, 46 (2001), 505-553.
261. D. E. Wolfe, J. Singh, R. A. Miller, J. I. Eldridge and D. M. Zhu, Tailored microstructure of EB-PVD 8YSZ thermal barrier coatings with low thermal conductivity and high thermal reflectivity for turbine applications, Surface and Coatings Technology, 190 (2004), 132-149.
262. K. Wada, N. Yamaguchi and H. Matsubara, Crystallographic texture evolution in ZrO2-Y2O3 layers produced by electron beam physical vapour deposition, Surface and Coatings Technology, 184 (2004), 55-62.
263. D. H. Boone, T. E. Strangman and L. W. Wilson, Some effects of structure and composition on the properties of electron beam vapor deposited coatings for gas turbine applications, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 11 (1974), 641-646.
264. C. C. Berndt and H. Herman, Failure during thermal cycling of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Thin Solid Films, 108 (1983), 427-437.
265. C. C. Berndt and R. A. Miller, Failure analysis of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Thin Solid Films, 119 (1984), 173-184.
266. B. J. Gill and R. C. Tucker, Plasma spray coating processes, Materials Science and Technology, 2 (1986), 207-213.
267. H. Gruner, Vacuum plasma spray quality control, Thin Solid Films, 118 (1984), 409-420.
268. National Materials Advisory Board, Coatings for High-Temperature Structural Materials: Trends and Opportunities (Washington D. C.: Academy Press, 1996).
269. H. B. Guo, R. Vassen and D. Stover, Atmospheric plasma sprayed thick thermal barrier coatings with high segmentation crack density, Surface and Coatings Technology, 186 (2004), 353-363.
270. H. B. Guo, H. Murakami and S. Kuroda, Effects of heat treatment on microstructures and physical properties of segmented thermal barrier coatings, Materials Transactions, 46 (2005), 1775-1778.
271. R. Mevrel, C. Duret and R. Pichoir, Pack cementation processes, Materials Science and Technology, 2 (1986), 201-206.
272. R. Bianco, R. A. Rapp and N. S. Jacobson, Volatile species in halide-activated diffusion coating packs, Oxidation of Metals, 38 (1992), 33-43.
273. R. Bianco and R. A. Rapp, Pack cementation aluminide coatings on superalloys: codeposition of Cr and reactive elements, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 140 (1993), 1181-1190.
274. S. C. Kung and R. A. Rapp, Analyses of the gaseous species in halide-activated cementation coating packs, Oxidation of Metals, 32 (1989), 89-109.
275. G. Fisher, P. K. Data, J. S. Burnell-Gray, W. Y. Chan and R. Wing, An investigation of the oxidation resistance of platinum aluminide coatings produced by either high or low activity processes, in J. Nicholls and D. Rickerby, eds, High Temperature Surface Engineering (London: The Institute of Materials, 2000), pp. 1-12.
276. K. Bungardt, G. Lehnert and H. W. Meinhardt, Protective diffusion layer on nickel and/or cobalt-based alloys, United States Patent 3819338 (1974).
277. R. G. Wing and I. R. McGill, The protection of gas turbine blades: a platinum aluminide diffusion coating, Platinum Metals Review, 25 (1981), 94-105.
278. M. R. Jackson and J. R. Rairden, The aluminisation of platinum and platinum-coated IN-738, Metallurgical Transactions, 8A (1977), 1697-1707.
279. A. L. Purvis and B. W Warnes, The effects of platinum concentration on the oxidation resistance of superalloys coated with single-phase platinum aluminide, Surface and Coatings Technology, 146-147 (2001), 1-6.
280. G. R. Krishna, D. K. Das, V Singh and S. V Joshi, The role of Pt content in the microstructural development and oxidation performance of Pt-aluminide coatings produced using a high activity aluminizing process, Materials Science and Engineering, 251A (1998), 40-47.
281. Y. Zhang, J. A. Haynes, W Y. Lee et al., Effect of Pt incorporation on the isothermal oxidation behaviour of chemical vapour deposition aluminide coatings, Metallurgical Transactions, 32A (2001), 1727-1741.
282. A. Squillace, R. Bonetti, N. J. Archer and J. A. Yeatman, The control of the composition and structure of aluminide layers formed by vapour aluminising, Surface and Coatings Technology, 120-121 (1999), 118-123.
283. A. B. Smith, A. Kempster and J. Smith, Vapour aluminide coating of internal cooling channels in turbine blades and vanes, Surface and Coatings Technology, 121 (1999), 112-117.
284. B. M. Warnes and D. C. Punola, Clean diffusion coatings by chemical vapour deposition, Surface Coatings Technology, 94-95 (1997), 1-6.
285. B. M. Warnes, Reactive element modified chemical vapour deposition low activity platinum aluminide coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 146-147 (2001), 7-12.
286. W. D. Kingery, Thermal conductivity: temperature dependence of conductivity for single-phase ceramics, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 38 (1955), 251-255.
287. D. R. Clarke and C. G. Levi, Materials design for the next generation of thermal barrier coatings, Annual Review of Materials Research, 33 (2003), 383-417.
288. S. Stecura, Advanced thermal barrier system bond coatings for use on nickel-, cobalt- and iron-base alloy substrates, Thin Solid Films, 136 (1986), 241-256.
289. S. Alperine and L. Lelait, Microstructural investigations of plasma-sprayed yttria partially stabilised zirconia TBC, Transactions ASME: Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Flows, 116 (1994), 258-265.
290. R. A. Miller, J. L. Smialek and R. G. Garlik, Phase stability in plasma-sprayed partially stabilised zirconia-yttria, in A. H. Heuer and L. W. Hobbs, eds, Science and Technology of Zirconia, Advances in Ceramics: Volume 3 (Columbus, OH: American Ceramic Society, 1981), 241-253.
291. J. A. Thompson and T. W. Clyne, The effect of heat treatment on the stiffness of zirconia top coats in plasma-sprayed TBCs, Acta Materialia, 49 (2001), 1565-1575.
292. J. R. Brandon and R. Taylor, The phase stability of zirconia-based thermal barrier coatings: 1. Zirconia-yttria alloys, Surface Coatings Technology, 46 (1991), 75-90.
293. R. L. Jones and D. Mess, Improved tetragonal phase stability at 1400 °C with scandia, yttria-stabilised zirconia, Surface and Coatings Technology, 86-87 (1996), 94-101.
294. M. Leoni, R. L. Jones and P. Scardi, Phase stability of scandia-yttria-stabilised zirconia TBCs, Surface and Coatings Technology 108-109 (1998), 107-113.
295. K. Matsumoto, Y. Itoh and T. Kameda, EB-PVD process and thermal properties of hafnia-based thermal barrier coating, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 4 (2003), 153-158.
296. R. Vassen, X. Q. Cao, F. Tietz, D. Basu and D. Stover, Zirconates as new materials for thermal barrier coatings, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 83 (2000), 2023-2028.
297. B. Saruhan, P. Francois, K. Kritscher and U. Schulz, EB-PVD processing of pyrochlore-structured La2Zr2O7-based TBCs, Surface and Coatings Technology, 182 (2004), 175-183.
298. J. Wu et al., Low thermal conductivity rare-earth zirconate for potential thermal-barrier coating applications, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 85, 3031-3035.
299. R. Gadow and M. Lischka, Lanthanum hexaaluminate - novel thermal barrier coatings for gas turbine applications - materials and process development, Surface and Coatings Technology, 151-152 (2002), 392-399.
300. C. G. Levi, Emerging materials and processes for thermal barrier systems, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 8 (2004), 77-91.
301. J. M. Ziman, Principles of the Theory of Solids (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
302. J. R. Nicholls, K. J. Lawson, A. Johnstone and D. S. Rickerby, Methods to reduce the thermal conductivity of EB-PVD TBCs, Surface and Coatings Technology, 151-152 (2002), 383-391.
303. I. O. Golosnoy, S. A. Tsipas and T. W Clyne, An analytical model for simulation of heat flow in plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 14 (2005), 205-214.
304. U. Schulz, K. Fritscher and C. Leyens, Two-source jumping beam evaporation for advanced EB-PVD TBC Systems, Surface and Coatings Technology, 133-134 (2000), 40-48.
305. M. F. J. Koolloos and G. Marijnissen, Burner rig testing of herringbone EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings, Proceedings of TurboMat: International Symposium on Thermal Barrier Coatings and Titanium Aluminides (Cologne: German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, 2002), pp. 18-21.
306. D. D. Hass, A. J. Slifka and H. N. G. Wadley, Low thermal conductivity vapor-deposited zirconia microstructures, Acta Materialia, 49 (2001), 973-983.
307. D. K. Gupta and D. S. Duvall, A silicon and hafnium modified plasma sprayed MCrAlY coating for single crystal superalloys, in R. H. Bricknell, W. B. Kent, M. Gell, C. S. Kortovich and J. F. Radavich, eds, Superalloys 1984 (Warrendale, PA: The Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1984), pp. 711-720.
308. T. A. Taylor and D. F. Bettridge, Development of alloyed and dispersion-strengthened MCrAlY Coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 86-87 (1996), 9-14.
309. N. Czech and W. Stamm, Optimisation of MCrAlY-type coatings for single crystal and conventional cast gas turbine blades, in J. Nicholls and D. Rickerby, eds, High Temperature Surface Engineering (London: The Institute of Materials, 2000), pp. 61-65.
310. G. W. Goward, Progress in coatings for gas turbine aerofoils, Surface and Coatings Technology, 108-109 (1998), 73-79.
311. D. R. G. Archer, R. Munoz-Arroyo, L. Singheiser and W. J. Quadakkers, Modelling of phase equilibria in MCrAlY coating systems, Surface and Coatings Technology, 187 (2004), 272-283.
312. F. S. Pettit, Oxidation mechanisms of nickel-aluminium alloys at temperatures between 900 °C and 1300 °C, Transactions AIME, 239 (1967), 1297-1305.
313. C. S. Giggins and F. S. Pettit, Oxidation of Ni-Cr-Al alloys between 1000 °C and 1200 °C, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 118 (1971), 1782-1790.
314. D. P. Whittle and J. Stringer, Improvements in high-temperature oxidation resistance by additions of reactive elements or oxide dispersions, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 295A (1980), 309-329.
315. J. L. Smialek, Maintaining adhesion of protective Al2O3 scales, Journal of Metals, 52 (2000), 22-25.
316. I. M. Allam, D. P. Whittle and J. Stringer, The oxidation behaviour of CoCrAl systems containing active element additions, Oxidation of Metals, 12 (1978), 35-66.
317. A. S. Khan, C. E. Lowell and C. A. Barrett, The effect of zirconium on the isothermal oxidation of nominal Ni-14Cr-24Al alloys, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 127 (1980), 670-679.
318. C. A. Barrett, A. S. Khan and C. E. Lowell, The effect of zirconium on the cyclic oxidation of NiCrAl alloys, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 128 (1981), 25-32.
319. B. A. Pint, Experimental observations in support of the dynamic-segregation theory to explain the reactive-element effect, Oxidation of Metals, 45 (1996), 1-38.
320. J. K. Tien and F. S. Pettit, Mechanism of oxide adherence on Fe-25Cr-4Al (Y or Sc) alloys, Metallurgical Transactions, 3 (1972), 1587-1599.
321. J. E. Antill and K. A. Peakall, Influence of an alloy addition of yttrium on the oxidation behaviour of an austenitic and a ferritic stainless steel in carbon dioxide, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 205 (1967), 1136-1142.
322. J. E. McDonald and J. G. Eberhart, Adhesion in aluminum oxide-metal systems, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 233 (1965), 512-517.
323. P. Y. Hou, Beyond the sulphur effect, Oxidation of Metals, 52 (1999), 337-351.
324. R. A. Mulford, Grain boundary segregation in Ni and binary Ni alloys doped with sulphur, Metallurgical Transactions, 14A (1983), 865-870.
325. D. McLean, Grain Boundaries in Metals (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957).
326. J. G. Smeggil, A. W. Funkenbusch and N. S. Bornstein, A relationship between indigenous impurity elements and protective oxide scale adherence characteristics, Metallurgical Transactions, 17A (1986), 923-932.
327. T. N. Rhys-Jones and T. P. Cunningham, The influence of surface coatings on the fatigue behaviour of aeroengine materials, Surface and Coatings Technology, 42 (1990), 13-19.
328. T. C. Totemeier and J. E. King, Isothermal fatigue of an aluminide-coated single-crystal superalloy: part I, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 27A, 353-361.
329. G. W Meetham, Use of protective coatings in aero gas turbine engines, Materials Science and Technology, 2 (1986), 290-294.
330. Y. A. Tamarin, V. G. Sundyrin and N. G. Bychkov, Thermo-mechanical fatigue tests of coatings for turbine blades, in J. Nicholls and D. Rickerby, eds, High Temperature Surface Engineering (London: The Institute of Materials, 2000), pp. 157-169.
331. M. I. Wood, D. Raynor and R. M. Cotgrove, Thermomechanical fatigue of coated superalloys, in R. Townsend et al., eds, Life Assessment of Hot Section Gas Turbine Components (London: The Institute of Materials, 2000), pp. 193-207.
332. W J. Brindley and R. A. Miller, Thermal barrier coating life and isothermal oxidation of low-pressure plasma-sprayed bond coat alloys, Surface and Coatings Technology, 43/44 (1990), 446-457.
333. S. Stecura, Effects of yttrium, aluminum and chromium concentrations in bond coatings on the performance of zirconia-yttria thermal barriers, Thin Solid Films, 73 (1980), 481-489.
334. S. Stecura, Two-layer thermal barrier coatings i: Effects of composition and temperature on oxidation behaviour and failure, Thin Solid Films, 182 (1989), 121-139.
335. M. W Chen, K. J. T. Livi, P. K. Wright and K. J. Hemker, Microstructural characterisation of a platinum-modified diffusion bond coat for thermal barrier coatings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 34A (2003), 2289-2299.
336. J. Angenete, K. Stiller and E. Bakchinova, Microstructural and microchemical development of simple and Pt-modified aluminide diffusion coatings during long term oxidation at 1050 °C, Surface and Coatings Technology, 176 (2004), 272-283.
337. W. S. Walston, J. C. Schaeffer and W. H. Murphy, A new type of microstructural instability in superalloys - SRZ, in R. D. Kissinger, D. J. Deye, D. L. Anton et al., eds, Superalloys 1996 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1996), pp. 9-18.
338. O. Lavigne, C. Ramusat, S. Drawin, P. Caron, D. Boivin and J.-L. Pouchou, Relationships between microstructural instabilities and mechanical behaviour in new generation nickel-based single crystal superalloys, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 667-675.
339. J. Doychak, J. H. Westbrook and R. L. Fleischer, eds, Intermetallic Compounds: Principles and Practices, Volume 1 (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994), pp. 977-1016.
340. M. P. Brady, B. A. Pint, P. F. Tortorelli, I. G. Wright and R. J. Hanrahan, High temperature oxidation and corrosion of intermetallics, in M. Schutze, ed., Materials Science and Technology: A Comprehensive Treatment, Vol. II: Corrosion and Environmental Degradation (Weinham, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2000), pp. 229-325.
341. B. A. Pint, J. R. Martin and L. W. Hobbs, The oxidation mechanism of ɵ-Al2O3 scales, Solid State Ionics, 78 (1995), 99-107.
342. J. C. Yang, E. Schumann, I. Levin and M. Ruhle, Transient oxidation of NiAl, Acta Materialia, 46 (1998), 2195-2201.
343. G. C. Rybicki and J. L. Smialek, Effect of theta-alpha Al2O3 transformation on the oxidation behaviour of ᵦ-NiAl+Zr, Oxidation of Metals, 31 (1989), 275-304.
344. B. A. Pint, M. Treska and L. W. Hobbs, The effect of various oxide dispersions on the phase composition and morphology of Al2O3 scales grown on ᵦ-NiAl, Oxidation of Metals, 47 (1997), 1-20.
345. J. A. Haynes, B. A. Pint, K. L. More, Y. Zhang and I. G. Wright, Influence of sulphur, platinum and hafnium on the oxidation behaviour of CVD NiAl bond coatings, Oxidation of Metals, 58 (2002), 513-544.
346. R. Prescott, D. F. Mitchell, M. J. Graham and J. Doychak, Oxidation mechanisms of ᵦ-NiAl + Zr determined by SIMS, Corrosion Science, 37 (1995), 1341-1364.
347. C. S. Giggins, B. H. Kear, F. S. Pettit and J. K. Tien, Factors affecting adhesion of oxide scales on alloys, Metallurgical Transactions, 5 (1974), 1685-1688.
348. J. L. Smialek, Oxide morphology and spalling model for NiAl, Metallurgical Transactions, 9A (1978), 309-320.
349. B. A. Pint, On the formation of interfacial and internal voids in α-Al2O3 scales, Oxidation of Metals, 48 (1997), 303-328.
350. B. A. Pint, J. A. Haynes, K. L. More, I. G. Wright and C. Leyens, Compositional effects on aluminide oxidation performance: objectives for improved bond coats, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 629-638.
351. B. A. Pint, J. A. Haynes, K. L. More and I. G. Wright, The use of model alloys to understand and improve the performance of Pt-modified aluminide coatings in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 597-606.
352. B. A. Pint, K. L. More and I. G. Wright, The use of two reactive elements to optimise oxidation performance of alumina-forming alloys, Materials at High Temperatures, 20 (2003), 375-386.
353. S. Hayashi, W. Wang, D. J. Sordelet and B. Gleeson, Interdiffusion behaviour of Pt-modified ᵧ-Ni and ᵧ -Ni3Al alloys coupled to Ni-Al-based alloys, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 36A (2005), 1769-1775.
354. Y. Zhang, W. Y. Lee, J. A. Haynes et al., Synthesis and cyclic oxidation behaviour of a (Ni, Pt)Al coating on a desulfurised Ni-base superalloy, Metallurgical Transactions, 30A (1999), 2679-2687.
355. V K. Tolpygo and D. R. Clarke, Surface rumpling of a (Ni, Pt)Al bond coat induced by cyclic oxidation, Acta Materialia, 40 (2000), 3283-3293.
356. V K. Tolpygo and D. R. Clarke, Morphological evolution of thermal barrier coatings induced by cyclic oxidation, Surface and Coatings Technology, 163-164, 81-86.
357. M. Y. He, A. G. Evans and J. W. Hutchinson, The ratcheting of compressed thermally grown thin films on ductile substrates, Acta Materialia, 48 (2000), 2593-2601.
358. M. Y. He, J. W. Hutchinson and A. G. Evans, Large deformation simulations of cyclic displacement instabilities in thermal barrier systems, Acta Materialia, 50, 1063-1073.
359. M. W. Chen, M. L. Glynn, R. T. Ott, T. C. Hufnagel and K. J. Hemker, Characterisation and modeling of a martensitic transformation in a platinum modified diffusion aluminide bond coat for thermal barrier coatings, Acta Materialia, 51 (2003), 4279-4294.
360. V K. Tolpygo and D. R. Clarke, On the rumpling mechanism in nickel-aluminide coatings, part I: An experimental assessment, Acta Materialia, 52 (2004), 5115-5127.
361. V K. Tolpygo and D. R. Clarke, On the rumpling mechanism in nickel-aluminide coatings, part II: Characterisation of surface undulations and bond coat swelling, Acta Materialia, 52 (2004), 5129-5141.
362. S. Darzens, D. R. Mumm, D. R. Clarke and A. G. Evans, Observations and analysis of the influence of phase transformations on the instability of the thermally grown oxide in a thermal barrier system, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 34A, 511-522.
363. S. Darzens and A. M. Karlsson, On the microstructural development in platinum-modified nickel-aluminide bond coats, Surface and Coatings Technology, 177-178 (2004), 108-112.
364. R. T. Wu, M. Osawa, Y. Koizumi, T. Yokokawa, H. Harada and R. C. Reed, Degradation mechanisms of an advanced jet engine service-retired TBC component, submitted to Acta Materialia.
365. P. K. Wright and A. G. Evans, Mechanisms governing the performance of thermal barrier coatings, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 4 (1999), 255-265.
366. D. R. Mumm, A. G. Evans and I. T. Spitsberg, Characterisation of a cyclic displacement instability for a thermally grown oxide in a thermal barrier coating system, Acta Materialia, 49 (2001), 2329-2340.
367. U. Schulz, M. Menzebach, C. Leyens and Y Q. Yang, Influence of substrate material on oxidation behaviour and cyclic lifetime of EB-PVD TBC systems, Surface and Coatings Technology, 146-147 (2001), 117-123.
368. P. K. Wright, Influence of cyclic strain on life of a PVD TBC, Materials Science and Engineering, A245 (1998), 191-200.
369. B. A. Pint, The role of chemical composition on the oxidation performance of aluminide coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 188-189 (2004), 71-78.
370. B. Baufeld, M. Bartsch, P. Broz and M. Schmucker, Microstructural changes as postmortem temperature indicator in Ni-Co-Cr-Al-Y oxidation protection coatings, Materials Science and Engineering, 384 (2004), 162-171.
371. J. A. Nychka and D. R. Clarke, Damage quantification in TBCs by photo-stimulated luminescence spectroscopy, Surface and Coatings Technology, 146-147 (2001), 110-116.
372. D. R. Mumm and A. G. Evans, On the role of imperfections in the failure of a thermal barrier coating made by electron beam deposition, Acta Materialia, 48, 1815-1827.
373. M. Gell, K. Vaidyanathan, B. Barber, J. Cheng and E. Jordan, Mechanism of spallation in platinum aluminide/electron beam physical vapor-deposited thermal barrier coatings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 30A (1999), 427-435.
374. A. Rabiei and A. G. Evans, Failure mechanisms associated with the thermally grown oxide in plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Acta Materialia, 48, 3963-3976.
375. A. G. Evans, M. Y He and J. W. Hutchinson, Mechanics-based scaling laws for the durability of thermal barrier coatings, Progress in Materials Science, 46 (2001), 249-271.
376. J. S. Wang and A. G. Evans, Measurement and analysis of buckling and buckle propagation in compressed oxide layers on superalloy substrates, Acta Materialia, (1998), 4993-5005.
377. A. G. Evans, J. W. Hutchinson and M. Y. He, Micromechanics model for the detachment of residually compressed brittle films and coatings, Acta Materialia, (1999), 1513-1522.
378. M. Gell, E. Jordan, K. Vaidyanathan et al., Bond strength, bond stress and spallation mechanisms of thermal barrier coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 120-121 (1999), 53-60.
379. X. Chen, R. Wang, N. Yao, A. G. Evans, J. W. Hutchinson and R.W. Bruce, Foreign object damage in a thermal barrier system: mechanisms and simulations, Materials Science and Engineering, A352 (2003), 221-231.
380. W. S. Walston, Coating and surface technologies for turbine aerofoils, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 579-588.
381. D. R. Mumm, M. Watanabe, A. G. Evans and J. A. Pfaendtner, The influence of test method on failure mechanisms and durability of a thermal barrier system, Acta Materialia, 52 (2004), 1123-1131.
382. R. A. Miller, Oxidation-based model for thermal barrier coating life, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 67 (1984), 517-521.
383. S. R. Choi, J. W. Hutchinson and A. G. Evans, Delamination of multilayer thermal barrier coatings, Mechanics of Materials, 31 (1999), 431-447.
384. M. Y. He, D. R. Mumm and A. G. Evans, Criteria for the delamination of thermal barrier coatings: with application to thermal gradients, Surface and Coatings Technology, 185 (2004), 184-193.
385. M. R. Begley, D. R. Mumm, A. G. Evans and J. W. Hutchinson, Analysis of a wedge impression test for measuring the interface toughness between films/coatings and ductile substrates, Acta Materialia, 48 (2000), 3211-3220.
386. A. Vasinonta and J. L. Beuth, Measurement of interfacial toughness in thermal barrier coating systems by indentation, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 68, 843-860.
387. C. A. Johnson, J. A. Rund, R. Bruce and D. Wortman, Relationships between residual stress, microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam-physical vapor deposition thermal barrier coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 108-109 (1998), 80-85.
388. J. W Holmes and F. A. McLintock, The chemical and mechanical processes of thermal fatigue degradation of an aluminide coating, Metallurgical Transactions, 21A (1990), 1209-1222.
389. R. C. Pennefather and D. H. Boone, Mechanical degradation of coating systems in high-temperature cyclic oxidation, Surface and Coatings Technology, 76 (1995), 47-52.
390. Y. H. Zhang, P. J. Withers, M. D. Fox and D. M. Knowles, Damage mechanisms of coated systems under thermomechanical fatigue, Materials Science and Technology, 15 (1999), 1031-1036.
391. V K. Tolpygo, D. R. Clarke and K. S. Murphy, Oxidation-induced failure of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology, 146-147, 124-131.
392. K. Vaidyanathan, M. Gell and E. Jordan, Mechanisms of spallation of electron beam physical vapour deposited thermal barrier coatings with and without platinum aluminide bond coat ridges, Surface and Coatings Technology, 133-134 (2000), 28-34.
393. D. S. Rickerby, S. R. Bell and R. G. Wing, Method of applying a thermal barrier coating to a superalloy article and a thermal barrier coating. US Patent 5,667,663 (1997).
394. Y. Zhang, J. A. Haynes, W. Y. Lee et al., Effects of Pt incorporation on the isothermal behaviour of chemical vapour deposition aluminide coatings, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 32A (2001), 1727-1741.
395. M. Watanabe, D. R. Mumm, S. Chiras and A. G. Evans, Measurement of the residual stress in a Pt-aluminide bond coat, Scripta Materialia, 46 (2002), 67-70.
396. R. Schafrik and R. Sprague, The saga of gas turbine materials, Parts I, II, III Advanced Materials and Processes, 162, 3, 4, 5 (2004), pp. 33-36, 27-30, 29-33.
397. B. B. Seth, Superalloys: the utility gas turbine perspective, in T. M. Pollock, R. D. Kissinger, R. R. Bowman, et al., eds, Superalloys 2000 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2000), pp. 3-16.
398. F. Carchedi, Industrial gas turbines: challenges for the future, in A. Strang et al., eds, Parsons 2003: Engineering Issues in Turbine Machinery, Power Plant and Renewables (London: Maney, for the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 2003), pp. 3-23.
399. J. Gayda and T. Gabb, The effect of dual microstructure heat treatment on an advanced nickel-base disk alloy’, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 323-329.
400. A. Banik, K. A. Green, M. C. Hardy, D. P. Mourer and T. Reay, Low cost powder metal turbine components, in K. A. Green, T. M. Pollock, H. Harada et al., eds, Superalloys 2004 (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), 2004), pp. 571-576.
401. D. U. Furrer, G. Groppi and G. Bunge, Forging the future: parts I and II, Advanced Materials and Processes, 163, 5, 6 (2005), pp. 35-37, 43-45.
402. D. U. Furrer, R. Shankar and C. White, Optimising the heat treatment of Ni-based superalloy turbine discs, Journal of Metals,55 (2003), 32-34.