Hepatocellular carcinoma: From diagnosis to treatment

World Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 7, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 1020-1029

  Waghray, Abhijeet ^a   Murali, Arvind R ^b   Menon, K V Narayanan ^c  

^a METROHEALTH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOWA HOSPITALS AND CLINICS   (United States)

^c LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver transplantation; Sorafenib; Tumor ablation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929728562     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19485182     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i8.1020     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Alazawi W, Cunningham M, Dearden J, Foster GR. Systematic review: outcome of compensated cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 344-355 [PMID: 20497143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04370.x]
2. American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures 2014. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2014. Available from: URL: http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2014/
3. World Health Organization IAfRoC. GLOBOCAN 2012. Available from: URL: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default.aspx
4. Rosenblatt KA, Weiss NS, Schwartz SM. Liver cancer in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Cancer Causes Control 1996; 7: 345-350 [PMID: 8734828]
5. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Cho H, Mariotto A, Eisner MP, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations), National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, based on November 2011 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2012. Available from: URL:http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/
6. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 2893-2917 [PMID: 21351269 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25516]
7. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. SEER - Stat database: incidence - SEER 9 Regs research data. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available from: URL: http://www. seer.cancer.gov/
8. Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Koida I, Arase Y, Tsubota A, Chayama K, Kumada H, Kawanishi M. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinogenesis: a prospective observation of 795 patients with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 18: 47-53 [PMID: 7686879]
9. El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2557-2576 [PMID: 17570226 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.061]
10. Sherman M. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnosis. Semin Liver Dis 2010; 30: 3-16 [PMID: 20175029 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1247128]
11. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Lu SN, Huang GT, Iloeje UH. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006; 295: 65-73 [PMID: 16391218 DOI: 10.1001/jama.295.1.65]
12. Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, You SL, Sun CA, Wang LY, Hsiao CK, Chen PJ, Chen DS, Chen CJ. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 168-174 [PMID: 12124405 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa013215]
13. Brechot C, Pourcel C, Louise A, Rain B, Tiollais P. Presence of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA sequences in cellular DNA of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature 1980; 286: 533-535 [PMID: 6250074]
14. Bréchot C. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV DNA status and its implications. J Hepatol 1987; 4: 269-279 [PMID: 3035005]
15. Rossner MT. Review: hepatitis B virus X-gene product: a promiscuous transcriptional activator. J Med Virol 1992; 36: 101-117 [PMID: 1583465]
16. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42: 1208-1236 [PMID: 16250051 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20933]
17. Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F, Tremolada F, Diodati G, Almasio P, Nevens F, Solinas A, Mura D, Brouwer JT, Thomas H, Njapoum C, Casarin C, Bonetti P, Fuschi P, Basho J, Tocco A, Bhalla A, Galassini R, Noventa F, Schalm SW, Realdi G. Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 463-472 [PMID: 9024300]
18. Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, Mano S, Orito E, Vargas V, Esteban JI, Yuen MF, Lai CL, Kramvis A, Kew MC, Smuts HE, Netesov SV, Alter HJ, Mizokami M. Molecular tracing of the global hepatitis C virus epidemic predicts regional patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma mortality. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 703-714 [PMID: 16530512 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.01.032]
19. Davis GL, Alter MJ, El-Serag H, Poynard T, Jennings LW. Aging of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons in the United States: a multiple cohort model of HCV prevalence and disease progression. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 513-521, 521.e1-6 [PMID: 19861128 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.067]
20. Parola M, Robino G. Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 297-306 [PMID: 11580156]
21. Wang P, Kang D, Cao W, Wang Y, Liu Z. Diabetes mellitus and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28: 109-122 [PMID: 21898753 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1291]
22. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Quraishi S, Zeuzem S, Davila JA, El-Serag HB, McGlynn KA. Population-attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 1314-1321 [PMID: 23752878 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.160]
23. Lagiou P, Kuper H, Stuver SO, Tzonou A, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO. Role of diabetes mellitus in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1096-1099 [PMID: 10880555]
24. Chen CL, Yang HI, Yang WS, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, You SL, Wang LY, Sun CA, Lu SN, Chen DS, Chen CJ. Metabolic factors and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by chronic hepatitis B/C infection: a follow-up study in Taiwan. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 111-121 [PMID: 18505690 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.073]
25. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1625-1638 [PMID: 12711737 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa021423]
26. Turati F, Talamini R, Pelucchi C, Polesel J, Franceschi S, Crispo A, Izzo F, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P, Montella M. Metabolic syndrome and hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 222-228 [PMID: 23169288 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.492]
27. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, Hsu HM, Wu TC, Kong MS, Liang DC, Shau WY, Chen DS. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1855-1859 [PMID: 9197213 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199706263362602]
28. Cammà C, Giunta M, Andreone P, Craxì A. Interferon and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in viral cirrhosis: an evidence-based approach. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 593-602 [PMID: 11394661]
29. Lai CL, Yuen MF. Prevention of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma with antiviral therapy. Hepatology 2013; 57: 399-408 [PMID: 22806323 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25937]
30. Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, Farrell G, Lee CZ, Yuen H, Tanwandee T, Tao QM, Shue K, Keene ON, Dixon JS, Gray DF, Sabbat J. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1521-1531 [PMID: 15470215 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa033364]
31. Yuen MF, Seto WK, Chow DH, Tsui K, Wong DK, Ngai VW, Wong BC, Fung J, Yuen JC, Lai CL. Long-term lamivudine therapy reduces the risk of long-term complications of chronic hepatitis B infection even in patients without advanced disease. Antivir Ther 2007; 12: 1295-1303 [PMID: 18240869]
32. Matsumoto A, Tanaka E, Rokuhara A, Kiyosawa K, Kumada H, Omata M, Okita K, Hayashi N, Okanoue T, Iino S, Tanikawa K. Efficacy of lamivudine for preventing hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: A multicenter retrospective study of 2795 patients. Hepatol Res 2005; 32: 173-184 [PMID: 16024289 DOI: 10.1016/j.hepres.2005.02.006]
33. Miyake Y, Iwasaki Y, Yamamoto K. Meta-analysis: reduced incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients not responding to interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis C. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 989-996 [PMID: 19957327 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25090]
34. Nishiguchi S, Kuroki T, Nakatani S, Morimoto H, Takeda T, Nakajima S, Shiomi S, Seki S, Kobayashi K, Otani S. Randomised trial of effects of interferon-alpha on incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic active hepatitis C with cirrhosis. Lancet 1995; 346: 1051-1055 [PMID: 7564784]
35. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1020-1022 [PMID: 21374666 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24199]
36. Sarasin FP, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost-effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996; 101: 422-434 [PMID: 8873514 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00197-0]
37. Bruix J, Llovet JM. Major achievements in hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2009; 373: 614-616 [PMID: 19231618 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60381-0]
38. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130: 417-422 [PMID: 15042359 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0552-0]
39. Alpert ME, Uriel J, de Nechaud B. Alpha-1 fetoglobulin in the diagnosis of human hepatoma. N Engl J Med 1968; 278: 984-986 [PMID: 4171303 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM196805022781804]
40. Sherman M, Peltekian KM, Lee C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population. Hepatology 1995; 22: 432-438 [PMID: 7543434]
41. Trevisani F, D'Intino PE, Morselli-Labate AM, Mazzella G, Accogli E, Caraceni P, Domenicali M, De Notariis S, Roda E, Bernardi M. Serum alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: influence of HBsAg and anti-HCV status. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 570-575 [PMID: 11394657]
42. Gambarin-Gelwan M, Wolf DC, Shapiro R, Schwartz ME, Min AD. Sensitivity of commonly available screening tests in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1535-1538 [PMID: 10894592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02091.x]
43. Tong MJ, Blatt LM, Kao VW. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic viral hepatitis in the United States of America. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 553-559 [PMID: 11350553]
44. Chen JG, Parkin DM, Chen QG, Lu JH, Shen QJ, Zhang BC, Zhu YR. Screening for liver cancer: results of a randomised controlled trial in Qidong, China. J Med Screen 2003; 10: 204-209 [PMID: 14738659 DOI: 10.1258/096914103771773320]
45. Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A, Salgia R, Higgins P, Rogers MA, Marrero JA. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 37-47 [PMID: 19392863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04014.x]
46. Zhang B, Yang B. Combined alpha fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography as a screening test for primary liver cancer. J Med Screen 1999; 6: 108-110 [PMID: 10444731]
47. Wu CS, Lee TY, Chou RH, Yen CJ, Huang WC, Wu CY, Yu YL. Development of a highly sensitive glycan microarray for quantifying AFP-L3 for early prediction of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9: e99959 [PMID: 24927126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099959]
48. Libbrecht L, Bielen D, Verslype C, Vanbeckevoort D, Pirenne J, Nevens F, Desmet V, Roskams T. Focal lesions in cirrhotic explant livers: pathological evaluation and accuracy of pretransplantation imaging examinations. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 749-761 [PMID: 12200773 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2002.34922]
49. Rode A, Bancel B, Douek P, Chevallier M, Vilgrain V, Picaud G, Henry L, Berger F, Bizollon T, Gaudin JL, Ducerf C. Small nodule detection in cirrhotic livers: evaluation with US, spiral CT, and MRI and correlation with pathologic examination of explanted liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001; 25: 327-336 [PMID: 11351179]
50. Yu NC, Chaudhari V, Raman SS, Lassman C, Tong MJ, Busuttil RW, Lu DS. CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 161-167 [PMID: 20920597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.09.017]
51. Trinchet JC, Chaffaut C, Bourcier V, Degos F, Henrion J, Fontaine H, Roulot D, Mallat A, Hillaire S, Cales P, Ollivier I, Vinel JP, Mathurin P, Bronowicki JP, Vilgrain V, N'Kontchou G, Beaugrand M, Chevret S. Ultrasonographic surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a randomized trial comparing 3- and 6-month periodicities. Hepatology 2011; 54: 1987-1997 [PMID: 22144108 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24545]
52. Santi V, Trevisani F, Gramenzi A, Grignaschi A, Mirici-Cappa F, Del Poggio P, Di Nolfo MA, Benvegnù L, Farinati F, Zoli M, Giannini EG, Borzio F, Caturelli E, Chiaramonte M, Bernardi M. Semiannual surveillance is superior to annual surveillance for the detection of early hepatocellular carcinoma and patient survival. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 291-297 [PMID: 20483497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.010]
53. Welch HG, Black WC. Overdiagnosis in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 605-613 [PMID: 20413742 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq099]
54. Forner A, Vilana R, Ayuso C, Bianchi L, Solé M, Ayuso JR, Boix L, Sala M, Varela M, Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2008; 47: 97-104 [PMID: 18069697 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21966]
55. Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 329-338 [PMID: 10518312 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1007122]
56. Schoenleber SJ, Kurtz DM, Talwalkar JA, Roberts LR, Gores GJ. Prognostic role of vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 1385-1392 [PMID: 19401698 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605017]
57. Schwartz M, Roayaie S, Konstadoulakis M. Strategies for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2007; 4: 424-432 [PMID: 17597707 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0844]
58. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Novel advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in 2008. J Hepatol 2008; 48 Suppl 1: S20-S37 [PMID: 18304676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.022]
59. Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Koike Y, Fujishima T, Yoshida H, Kawabe T, Omata M. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer 2005; 103: 1201-1209 [PMID: 15690326 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20892]
60. Wayne JD, Lauwers GY, Ikai I, Doherty DA, Belghiti J, Yamaoka Y, Regimbeau JM, Nagorney DM, Do KA, Ellis LM, Curley SA, Pollock RE, Vauthey JN. Preoperative predictors of survival after resection of small hepatocellular carcinomas. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 722-730; discussion 730-731 [PMID: 11981219]
61. Bismuth HMP. Hepatobiliary surgery. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 208-224 [DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80427-4]
62. Ng IO, Guan XY, Poon RT, Fan ST, Lee JM. Determination of the molecular relationship between multiple tumour nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma differentiates multicentric origin from intrahepatic metastasis. J Pathol 2003; 199: 345-353 [PMID: 12579536 DOI: 10.1002/path.1287]
63. Bargellini I, Sacco R, Bozzi E, Bertini M, Ginanni B, Romano A, Cicorelli A, Tumino E, Federici G, Cioni R, Metrangolo S, Bertoni M, Bresci G, Parisi G, Altomare E, Capria A, Bartolozzi C. Transarterial chemoembolization in very early and earlystage hepatocellular carcinoma patients excluded from curative treatment: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 1173-1178 [PMID: 21466931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.046]
64. Varela M, Real MI, Burrel M, Forner A, Sala M, Brunet M, Ayuso C, Castells L, Montañá X, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: efficacy and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 474-481 [PMID: 17239480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.10.020]
65. Pawlik TM, Delman KA, Vauthey JN, Nagorney DM, Ng IO, Ikai I, Yamaoka Y, Belghiti J, Lauwers GY, Poon RT, Abdalla EK. Tumor size predicts vascular invasion and histologic grade: Implications for selection of surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1086-1092 [PMID: 16123959 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20472]
66. Teh SH, Christein J, Donohue J, Que F, Kendrick M, Farnell M, Cha S, Kamath P, Kim R, Nagorney DM. Hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score predicts perioperative mortality. J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9: 1207-1215; discussion 1215 [PMID: 16332475 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2005.09.008]
67. Llovet JM, Schwartz M, Mazzaferro V. Resection and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2005; 25: 181-200 [PMID: 15918147 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-871198]
68. Marín-Hargreaves G, Azoulay D, Bismuth H. Hepatocellular carcinoma: surgical indications and results. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003; 47: 13-27 [PMID: 12853096]
69. Chen WT, Chau GY, Lui WY, Tsay SH, King KL, Loong CC, Wu CW. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection: prognostic factors and long-term outcome. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004; 30: 414-420 [PMID: 15063895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2004.01.013]
70. Kianmanesh R, Regimbeau JM, Belghiti J. Selective approach to major hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2003; 12: 51-63 [PMID: 12735129]
71. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693-699 [PMID: 8594428 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199603143341104]
72. Dutkowski P, De Rougemont O, Müllhaupt B, Clavien PA. Current and future trends in liver transplantation in Europe. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 802-9.e1-802-9.e4 [PMID: 20096694 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.030]
73. Pelletier SJ, Fu S, Thyagarajan V, Romero-Marrero C, Batheja MJ, Punch JD, Magee JC, Lok AS, Fontana RJ, Marrero JA. An intention-to-treat analysis of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma using organ procurement transplant network data. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 859-868 [PMID: 19642139 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21778]
74. Leung JY, Zhu AX, Gordon FD, Pratt DS, Mithoefer A, Garrigan K, Terella A, Hertl M, Cosimi AB, Chung RT. Liver transplantation outcomes for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a multicenter study. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1343-1354 [PMID: 15497158 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20311]
75. Fernández JA, Robles R, Marin C, Sánchez-Bueno F, Ramirez P, Pons JA, Garre MC, Pérez D, Parrilla A, Navalón JC, Parrilla P. Can we expand the indications for liver transplantation among hepatocellular carcinoma patients with increased tumor size? Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 1818-1820 [PMID: 12962807]
76. Brunello F, Veltri A, Carucci P, Pagano E, Ciccone G, Moretto P, Sacchetto P, Gandini G, Rizzetto M. Radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 727-735 [PMID: 18569991 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701885481]
77. Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, Sato S, Tateishi R, Fujishima T, Ishikawa T, Koike Y, Yoshida H, Kawabe T, Omata M. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 122-130 [PMID: 16012942]
78. Shen A, Zhang H, Tang C, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang C, Wu Z. Systematic review of radiofrequency ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma up to 3 cm. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28: 793-800 [PMID: 23432154 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12162]
79. Cho YK, Kim JK, Kim MY, Rhim H, Han JK. Systematic review of randomized trials for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ablation therapies. Hepatology 2009; 49: 453-459 [PMID: 19065676 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22648]
80. Wong SN, Lin CJ, Lin CC, Chen WT, Cua IH, Lin SM. Combined percutaneous radiofrequency ablation and ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk locations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190: W187-W195 [PMID: 18287411 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.07.2537]
81. Curley SA. Radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors. Oncologist 2001; 6: 14-23 [PMID: 11161225]
82. Koda M283 patients. 346 treated nodules in 13, Murawaki Y, Hirooka Y, Kitamoto M, Ono M, Sakaeda H, Joko K, Sato S, Tamaki K, Yamasaki T, Shibata H, Shimoe T, Matsuda T, Toshikuni N, Fujioka S, Ohmoto K, Nakamura S, Kariyama K, Aikata H, Kobayashi Y, Tsutsui A. Complications of radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in a multicenter study: An analysis of 16 Hepatol Res 2012; 42: 1058-1064 [PMID: 22583706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2012.01025.x]
83. Iannitti DA, Dupuy DE, Mayo-Smith WW, Murphy B. Hepatic radiofrequency ablation. Arch Surg 2002; 137: 422-426; discussion 427 [PMID: 11926946]
84. Lu DS, Yu NC, Raman SS, Limanond P, Lassman C, Murray K, Tong MJ, Amado RG, Busuttil RW. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment success as defined by histologic examination of the explanted liver. Radiology 2005; 234: 954-960 [PMID: 15681691 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2343040153]
85. Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li B, Xu D, Yin Z, Xie F, Yang J. Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 78 [PMID: 20618937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-10-78]
86. Imai K, Beppu T, Chikamoto A, Doi K, Okabe H, Hayashi H, Nitta H, Ishiko T, Takamori H, Baba H. Comparison between hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation as first-line treatment for solitary small-sized hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less. Hepatol Res 2013; 43: 853-864 [PMID: 23281579 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12035]
87. Fontana RJ, Hamidullah H, Nghiem H, Greenson JK, Hussain H, Marrero J, Rudich S, McClure LA, Arenas J. Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a safe and effective bridge to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002; 8: 1165-1174 [PMID: 12474157 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2002.36394]
88. Pompili M, Mirante VG, Rondinara G, Fassati LR, Piscaglia F, Agnes S, Covino M, Ravaioli M, Fagiuoli S, Gasbarrini G, Rapaccini GL. Percutaneous ablation procedures in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to liver transplantation: Assessment of efficacy at explant analysis and of safety for tumor recurrence. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1117-1126 [PMID: 16123960 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20469]
89. Lu DS, Yu NC, Raman SS, Lassman C, Tong MJ, Britten C, Durazo F, Saab S, Han S, Finn R, Hiatt JR, Busuttil RW. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1130-1137 [PMID: 15841454 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20688]
90. DuBay DA, Sandroussi C, Kachura JR, Ho CS, Beecroft JR, Vollmer CM, Ghanekar A, Guba M, Cattral MS, McGilvray ID, Grant DR, Greig PD. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma as a bridge to liver transplantation. HPB (Oxford) 2011; 13: 24-32 [PMID: 21159100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00228.x]
91. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montaña X, Planas R, Coll S, Aponte J, Ayuso C, Sala M, Muchart J, Solà R, Rodés J, Bruix J. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1734-1739 [PMID: 12049862 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08649-X]
92. Bruix J, Llovet JM, Castells A, Montañá X, Brú C, Ayuso MC, Vilana R, Rodés J. Transarterial embolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized, controlled trial in a single institution. Hepatology 1998; 27: 1578-1583 [PMID: 9620330 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270617]
93. Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 2003; 37: 429-442 [PMID: 12540794 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50047]
94. Marelli L, Stigliano R, Triantos C, Senzolo M, Cholongitas E, Davies N, Tibballs J, Meyer T, Patch DW, Burroughs AK. Transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: which technique is more effective? A systematic review of cohort and randomized studies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30: 6-25 [PMID: 17103105 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-006-0062-3]
95. Majno PE, Adam R, Bismuth H, Castaing D, Ariche A, Krissat J, Perrin H, Azoulay D. Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 688-701; discussion 701-703 [PMID: 9409568]
96. Chapman WC, Majella Doyle MB, Stuart JE, Vachharajani N, Crippin JS, Anderson CD, Lowell JA, Shenoy S, Darcy MD, Brown DB. Outcomes of neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization to downstage hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 617-625 [PMID: 18936575 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818a07d4]
97. Yao FY, Kerlan RK, Hirose R, Davern TJ, Bass NM, Feng S, Peters M, Terrault N, Freise CE, Ascher NL, Roberts JP. Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: an intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 2008; 48: 819-827 [PMID: 18688876 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22412]
98. Lewandowski RJ, Kulik LM, Riaz A, Senthilnathan S, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, Ibrahim SM, Sato KT, Baker T, Miller FH, Omary R, Abecassis M, Salem R. A comparative analysis of transarterial downstaging for hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization versus radioembolization. Am J Transplant 2009; 9: 1920-1928 [PMID: 19552767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02695.x]
99. Otto G, Herber S, Heise M, Lohse AW, Mönch C, Bittinger F, Hoppe-Lotichius M, Schuchmann M, Victor A, Pitton M. Response to transarterial chemoembolization as a biological selection criterion for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 1260-1267 [PMID: 16826556 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20837]
100. Roayaie S, Frischer JS, Emre SH, Fishbein TM, Sheiner PA, Sung M, Miller CM, Schwartz ME. Long-term results with multimodal adjuvant therapy and liver transplantation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 centimeters. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 533-539 [PMID: 11923610]
101. De Luna W, Sze DY, Ahmed A, Ha BY, Ayoub W, Keeffe EB, Cooper A, Esquivel C, Nguyen MH. Transarterial chemoinfusion for hepatocellular carcinoma as downstaging therapy and a bridge toward liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2009; 9: 1158-1168 [PMID: 19344435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02576.x]
102. Andreana L, Isgrò G, Marelli L, Davies N, Yu D, Navalkissoor S, Burroughs AK. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by intra-arterial infusion of radio-emitter compounds: trans-arterial radio-embolisation of HCC. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38: 641-649 [PMID: 22169503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.11.004]
103. Moreno-Luna LE, Yang JD, Sanchez W, Paz-Fumagalli R, Harnois DM, Mettler TA, Gansen DN, de Groen PC, Lazaridis KN, Narayanan Menon KV, Larusso NF, Alberts SR, Gores GJ, Fleming CJ, Slettedahl SW, Harmsen WS, Therneau TM, Wiseman GA, Andrews JC, Roberts LR. Efficacy and safety of transarterial radioembolization versus chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 36: 714-723 [PMID: 23093355 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-012-0481-2]
104. Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik L, Wang E, Riaz A, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Gupta R, Nikolaidis P, Miller FH, Yaghmai V, Ibrahim SM, Senthilnathan S, Baker T, Gates VL, Atassi B, Newman S, Memon K, Chen R, Vogelzang RL, Nemcek AA, Resnick SA, Chrisman HB, Carr J, Omary RA, Abecassis M, Benson AB, Mulcahy MF. Radioembolization results in longer time-to-progression and reduced toxicity compared with chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 497-507.e2 [PMID: 21044630 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.049]
105. Vogl TJ, Lammer J, Lencioni R, Malagari K, Watkinson A, Pilleul F, Denys A, Lee C. Liver, gastrointestinal, and cardiac toxicity in intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma treated with PRECISION TACE with drug-eluting beads: results from the PRECISION V randomized trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197: W562-W570 [PMID: 21940527 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.4379]
106. Nicolini A, Martinetti L, Crespi S, Maggioni M, Sangiovanni A. Transarterial chemoembolization with epirubicin-eluting beads versus transarterial embolization before liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21: 327-332 [PMID: 20097098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.10.038]
107. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, Tsao CJ, Qin S, Kim JS, Luo R, Feng J, Ye S, Yang TS, Xu J, Sun Y, Liang H, Liu J, Wang J, Tak WY, Pan H, Burock K, Zou J, Voliotis D, Guan Z. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 25-34 [PMID: 19095497 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70285-7]
108. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, de Oliveira AC, Santoro A, Raoul JL, Forner A, Schwartz M, Porta C, Zeuzem S, Bolondi L, Greten TF, Galle PR, Seitz JF, Borbath I, Häussinger D, Giannaris T, Shan M, Moscovici M, Voliotis D, Bruix J. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 378-390 [PMID: 18650514 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0708857]
109. Lencioni R, Kudo M, Ye SL, Bronowicki JP, Chen XP, Dagher L, Furuse J, Geschwind JF, de Guevara LL, Papandreou C, Takayama T, Yoon SK, Nakajima K, Lehr R, Heldner S, Sanyal AJ. GIDEON (Global Investigation of therapeutic DEcisions in hepatocellular carcinoma and Of its treatment with sorafeNib): second interim analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2014; 68: 609-617 [PMID: 24283303 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12352]
110. Takada Y, Ueda M, Ito T, Sakamoto S, Haga H, Maetani Y, Ogawa K, Kasahara M, Oike F, Egawa H, Tanaka K. Living donor liver transplantation as a second-line therapeutic strategy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 912-919 [PMID: 16489583 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20642]