Transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Which technique is more effective? A systematic review of cohort and randomized studies

CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 6-25

  Marelli, Laura ^a   Stigliano, Rosa ^a   Triantos, Christos ^a   Senzolo, Marco ^a   Cholongitas, Evangelos ^a   Davies, Neil ^a   Tibballs, Jonathan ^a   Meyer, Tim ^a   Patch, David W ^a   Burroughs, Andrew K ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chemoembolization; Complication; Embolization; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Lipiodol; Transarterial therapy

Indexed keywords

ADJUVANT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CARBOPLATIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CISPLATIN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DOXIFLURIDINE; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; GELATIN SPONGE; IODINATED POPPYSEED OIL; MELATONIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MITOMYCIN; MITOMYCIN C; MITOXANTRONE; PIRARUBICIN; POLYVINYLCHLORIDE; PRAVASTATIN; STARCH; STEEL; TAMOXIFEN; TEGAFUR; THYMOSIN ALPHA1; URACIL; ZINOSTATIN; ZINOSTATIN MALEIC ACID STYRENE COPOLYMER;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ASCITES; BILE DUCT CYST; BILE DUCT DILATATION; BILE DUCT INJURY; BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION; BILOMA; BRAIN DISEASE; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURVIVAL; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DRUG MEGADOSE; FEVER; HUMAN; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER ABSCESS; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER ISCHEMIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SPLEEN ABSCESS; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING;

CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION, THERAPEUTIC; COHORT STUDIES; HUMANS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33845402644     PISSN: 01741551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00270-006-0062-3     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J (2003) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 362:1907-1917
2. Camma C, Schepis F, Orlando A, Albanese M, Shahied L, Trevisani F, Andreone P, Craxi A, Cottone M (2002) Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Radiology 224:47-54
3. Llovet JM, Bruix J (2003) Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 37:429-442
4. Llovet JM, Real MI, Montana X, Planas R, Coll S, Aponte J, Ayuso C, Sala M, Muchart J, Sola R, Rodes J, Bruix J (2002) Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359:1734-1739
5. Lo CM, Ngan H, Tso WK, Liu CL, Lam CM, Poon RT, Fan ST, Wong J (2002) Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 35:1164-1171
6. Chang JM, Tzeng WS, Pan HB, Yang CF, Lai KH (1994) Transcatheter arterial embolization with or without cisplatin treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized controlled study. Cancer 74:2449-2453
7. Kawai S, Okamura J, Ogawa M, Ohashi Y, Tani M, Inoue J, Kawarada Y, Kusano M, Kubo Y, Kuroda C (1992) Prospective and randomized clinical trial for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A comparison of lipiodol- transcatheter arterial embolization with and without adriamycin (first cooperative study). The Cooperative Study Group for Liver Cancer Treatment of Japan. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31[Suppl]:S1-S6
8. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS (1996) Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn't. Br Med J 312:71-72
9. Pincus T (2003) Guidelines for monitoring of methotrexate therapy: "Evidence-based medicine" outside of clinical trials. Arthritis Rheum 48:2706-2709
10. Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire (1995) A comparison of lipiodol chemoembolization and conservative treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 332:1256-1261
11. Bruix J, Llovet JM, Castells A, Montana X, Bru C, Ayuso MC, Vilana R, Rodes J (1998) Transarterial embolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a randomized, controlled trial in a single institution. Hepatology 27:1578-1583
12. Hatanaka Y, Yamashita Y, Takahashi M, Koga Y, Saito R, Nakashima K, Urata J, Miyao M (1995) Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Analysis of prognostic factors in transcatheter management. Radiology 195:747-752
13. Lladó L, Virgili J, Figueras J, Valls C, Dominguez J, Rafecas A, Torras J, Fabregat J, Guardiola J, Jaurrieta E (2000) A prognostic index of the survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cancer 88:50-57
14. Mondazzi L, Bottelli R, Brambilla G, Rampoldi A, Rezakovic I, Zavaglia C, Alberti A, Ideo G (1994) Transarterial oily chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. Hepatology 19:1115-1123
15. Poyanli A, Rozanes I, Acunas B, Sencer S (2001) Palliative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by chemoembolization. Acta Radiol 42:602-607
16. Tanaka K, Nakamura S, Numata K, Kondo M, Morita K, Kitamura T, Saito S, Kiba T, Okazaki H, Sekihara H (1998) The long term efficacy of combined transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Cancer 82:78-85
17. Vogl TJ, Trapp M, Schroeder H, Mack M, Schuster A, Schmitt J, Neuhaus P, Felix R (2000) Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Volumetric and morphologic CT criteria for assessment of prognosis and therapeutic success-results from a liver transplantation center. Radiology 214:349-357
18. Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, Beaugrand M, Lencioni R, Burroughs AK, Christensen E, Pagliaro L, Colombo M, Rodes J (2001) Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 35:421-430
19. Fan J, Wu ZQ, Tang ZY, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Ma ZC, Zhou XD, Ye SL (2001) Multimodality treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with tumor thrombi in portal vein. World J Gastroenterol 7:28-32
20. Gates J, Hartnell GG, Stuart KE, Clouse ME (1999) Chemoembolization of hepatic neoplasms: Safety, complications, and when to worry. Radiographics 19:399-414
21. Pentecost MJ, Daniels JR, Teitelbaum GP, Stanley P (1993) Hepatic chemoembolization: Safety with portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 4:347-351
22. Tazawa J, Maeda M (2001) [Radiation therapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma]. Nippon Rinsho 59[Suppl 6]:743-747
23. The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) Investigators (2000) Prospective validation of the CLIP score: A new prognostic system for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 31:840-845
24. Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J (1999) Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: The BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis19:329-338
25. Cooper GS, Bellamy P, Dawson NV, Desbiens N, Fulkerson WJ Jr., Goldman L, Quinn LM, Speroff T, Landefeld CS (1997) A prognostic model for patients with end-stage liver disease. Gastroenterology 113:1278-1288
26. Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Barrat A, Askari F, Conjeevaram HS, Su GL, Lok AS (2005) Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort. Hepatology 41:707-716
27. Abe S, Otsuki M (2002) Styrene maleic acid neocarzinostatin treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Med Chem Anti-Canc Agents 2:715-726
28. Kasugai H, Kojima J, Tatsuta M, Okuda S, Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Fujita M, Ishiguro S (1989) Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial embolization combined with intraarterial infusion of a mixture of cisplatin and ethiodized oil. Gastroenterology 97:965-971
29. Kawai S, Tani M, Okamura J, Ogawa M, Ohashi Y, Monden M, Hayashi S, Inoue J, Kawarada Y, Kusano M, Kubo Y, Kuroda C, Sakata Y, Shimamura Y, Jinno K, Takahashi A, Takayasu K, Tamura K, Nagasue N, Nakanishi Y, Makino M, Masuzawa M, Yumoto Y, Mori T, Oda T (1997) Prospective and randomized trial of lipiodol-transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A comparison of epirubicin and doxorubicin (second cooperative study). The Cooperative Study Group for Liver Cancer Treatment of Japan. Semin Oncol 24[2Suppl6]:S6
30. Watanabe S, Nishioka M, Ohta Y, Ogawa N, Ito S, Yamamoto Y (1994) Prospective and randomized controlled study of chemoembolization therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cooperative Study Group for Liver Cancer Treatment in Shikoku area. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 33[Suppl]:S93-S96
31. Ichida T, Kato M, Hayakawa A, Watanabe M, Igarashi K, Hata K, Doya Y, Miura M, Sato H, Asakura H (1992) Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with a CDDP-epirubicin-lipiodol suspension: a pilot clinico-pharmacological study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31[Suppl]:S51-S54
32. Ono Y, Yoshimasu T, Ashikaga R, Inoue M, Shindou H, Fuji K, Araki Y, Nishimura Y (2000) Long-term results of lipiodol-transcatheter arterial embolization with cisplatin or doxorubicin for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 23:564-568
33. Lu W, Li Y, He X, Chen Y (2003) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: Evaluation of two kinds of dosages of anticancer drugs and analysis of prognostic factors. Hepatogastroenterology 50:2079-2083
34. Bhattacharya S, Novell JR, Winslet MC, Hobbs KE (1994) Iodized oil in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 81:1563-1571
35. Kobayashi S, Narimatsu Y, Ogawa K, Hashimoto S, Nakatsuka S, Miura H, Ohzono H, Ka WJ, Ido K, Hiramatsu K (1992) Transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization using epirubicin-lipiodol: Experimental and pharmacological evaluation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31[Suppl]:S45-S50
36. Johnson PJ, Kalayci C, Dobbs N, Raby N, Metivier EM, Summers L, Harper P, Williams R (1991) Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intraarterial adriamycin for hepatocellular carcinoma: Effect of coadministration of lipiodol. J Hepatol 13:120-127
37. Dodds HM, Walpole ET, Rivory LP, Strong RW, Pond SM (1996) Disposition of epirubicin after intraarterial administration in Lipiodol to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ther Drug Monit 18:537-543
38. Favoulet P, Cercueil JP, Faure P, Osmak L, Isambert N, Beltramo JL, Cognet F, Krause D, Bedenne L, Chauffert B (2001) Increased cytotoxicity and stability of Lipiodol-pirarubicin emulsion compared to classical doxorubicin-Lipiodol: Potential advantage for chemoembolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 12:801-806
39. Fujiyama S, Shibata J, Maeda S, Tanaka M, Noumaru S, Sato K, Tomita K (2003) Phase I clinical study of a novel lipophilic platinum complex (SM-11355) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma refractory to cisplatin/lipiodol. Br J Cancer 89:1614-1619
40. Chen MS, Li JQ, Zhang YQ, Lu LX, Zhang WZ, Yuan YF, Guo YP, Lin XJ, Li GH (2002) High-dose iodized oil transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 8:74-78
41. Matsuo N, Uchida H, Sakaguchi H, Nishimine K, Nishimura Y, Hirohashi S, Ohishi H (1997) Optimal lipiodol volume in transcatheter arterial chemoembolotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Study based on lipiodol accumulation patterns and histopathologic findings. Semin Oncol 24[Suppl 6]:S6
42. Nakashima T, Kojiro M (1986) Pathologic characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 6:259-266
43. Coldwell DM, Stokes KR, Yakes WF (1994) Embolotherapy: Agents, clinical applications, and techniques. Radiographics 14:623-643
44. Chung JW (1998) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 45[Suppl 3]:1236-1241
45. Doppman JL, Dunnick NR, Girton M, Fauci AS, Popovsky MA (1979) Bile duct cysts secondary to liver infarcts: Report of a case and experimental production by small vessel hepatic artery occlusion. Radiology 130:1-5
46. Makuuchi M, Sukigara M, Mori T, Kobayashi J, Yamazaki S, Hasegawa H, Moriyama N, Takayasu K, Hirohashi S (1985) Bile duct necrosis: Complication of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization. Radiology 156:331-334
47. Nakamura H, Tanaka T, Hori S, Yoshioka H, Kuroda C, Okamura J, Sakurai M (1983) Transcatheter embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: Assessment of efficacy in cases of resection following embolization. Radiology 147:401-405
48. Forsberg JO (1978) Transient blood flow reduction induced by intraarterial injection of degradable starch microspheres. Experiments on rats. Acta Chir Scand 144:275-281
49. Lindell B, Aronsen KF, Rothman U (1977) Repeated arterial embolization of rat livers by degradable microspheres. Eur Surg Res 9:347-356
50. Sigurdson ER, Ridge JA, Daly JM (1986) Intra-arterial infusion of doxorubicin with degradable starch microspheres: Improvement of hepatic tumor drug uptake. Arch Surg 121:1277-1281
51. Dakhil S, Ensminger W, Cho K, Niederhuber J, Doan K, Wheeler R (1982) Improved regional selectivity of hepatic arterial BCNU with degradable microspheres. Cancer 50:631-635
52. Gunji T, Kawauchi N, Ohnishi S, Ishikawa T, Nakagama H, Kaneko T, Moriyama T, Matsuhashi N, Yazaki Y, Imawari M (1992) Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with advanced cirrhosis by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization using autologous blood clot: A preliminary report. Hepatology 15:252-257
53. Gunji T, Kawauchi N, Akahane M, Watanabe K, Kanamori H, Ohnishi S (2002) Long-term outcomes of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with autologous blood clot for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 21:427-432
54. Kwok PC, Lam TW, Chan SC, Chung CP, Wong WK, Chan MK, Lo HY, Lam WM (2000) A randomized clinical trial comparing autologous blood clot and gelfoam in transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 32:955-964
55. Zheng C, Feng G, Liang H (1998) Bletilla striata as a vascular embolizing agent in interventional treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl ) 111:1060-1063
56. Brown DB, Pilgram TK, Darcy MD, Fundakowski CE, Lisker-Melman M, Chapman WC, Crippin JS (2005) Hepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of survival rates with different embolic agents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:1661-1666
57. Varela M, Real MI, Brunet M, Sala M, Burrel M, Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J (2005) Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads reduces the systemic availability of doxorubicin: A pharmacokinetic assessment. Hepatology 42[Suppl 1]abstract
58. Rand T, Loewe C, Schoder M, Schmook MT, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Kettenbach J, Wolf F, Schneider B, Lammer J (2005) Arterial embolization of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with use of microspheres, lipiodol, and cyanoacrylate. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 28:313-318
59. Georgiades CS, Hong K, D'Angelo M, Geschwind JF (2005) Safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:1653-1659
60. Horiguchi Y, Itoh M, Takagawa H, Imai H, Kamei A, Sekoguchi B, Nagamura Y (1992) Assessment of chemoembolization therapy for primary liver cancer using a stabilized adriamycin-lipiodol suspension. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31[Suppl]:S60-S64
61. Geschwind JF, Ramsey DE, van der Wal BC, Kobeiter H, Juluru K, Hartnell GG, Choti MA (2003) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of liver tumors: Effects of embolization protocol on injectable volume of chemotherapy and subsequent arterial patency. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 26:111-117
62. Takayasu K, Shima Y, Muramatsu Y, Moriyama N, Yamada T, Makuuchi M, Hasegawa H, Hirohashi S (1987) Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with intraarterial iodized oil with and without chemotherapeutic agents. Radiology 163:345-351
63. Ernst O, Sergent G, Mizrahi D, Delemazure O, Paris JC, L'Hermine C (1999) Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: Comparison of planned periodic chemoembolization and chemoembolization based on tumor response. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:59-64
64. Matsui O, Kadoya M, Yoshikawa J, Gabata T, Takashima T, Demachi H (1994) Subsegmental transcatheter arterial embolization for small hepatocellular carcinomas: Local therapeutic effect and 5-year survival rate. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 33[Suppl]:S84-S88
65. Nishimine K, Uchida H, Matsuo N, Sakaguchi H, Hirohashi S, Nishimura Y, Guo Q, Ohishi H, Nagano N, Yoshioka T (1994) Segmental transarterial chemoembolization with Lipiodol mixed with anticancer drugs for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Follow-up CT and therapeutic results. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 33[Suppl]:S60-S68
66. Jaeger HJ, Mehring UM, Castaneda F, Hasse F, Blumhardt G, Loehlein D, Mathias KD (1996) Sequential transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 19:388-396
67. Lin DY, Liaw YF, Lee TY, Lai CM (1988) Hepatic arterial embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 94:453-456
68. Monna T, Kanno T, Marumo T, Harihara S, Kuroki T, Yamamoto S, Kobayashi N, Sato M, Nakamura K, Nakatsuka H, Onoyama Y, Yamada R (1982) A comparison of transcatheter arterial embolization with one shot therapy for the patients with hepatic cell carcinoma. Gastroenterol Jpn 17:542-549
69. Yamashita Y, Torashima M, Oguni T, Yamamoto A, Harada M, Miyazaki T, Takahashi M (1993) Liver parenchymal changes after transcatheter arterial embolization therapy for hepatoma: CT evaluation. Abdom Imaging 18:352-356
70. Bismuth H, Morino M, Sherlock D, Castaing D, Miglietta C, Cauquil P, Roche A (1992) Primary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by arterial chemoembolization. Am J Surg 163:387-394
71. Liem MS, Poon RT, Lo CM, Tso WK, Fan ST (2005) Outcome of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for radiofrequency ablation. World J Gastroenterol 11:4465-4471
72. Yang CF, Ho YJ (1992) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31[Suppl]: S86-S88
73. Plentz RR, Lankisch TO, Basturk M, Muller CC, Kirchhoff T, Gebel M, Bleck JS, Kubicka S, Manns MP, Meier PN, Rudolph KL (2005) Prospective analysis of German patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with or without prophylactic antibiotic therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20:1134-1136
74. Ramsey DE, Kernagis LY, Soulen MC, Geschwind JF (2002) Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 13:S211-S221
75. Kobayashi N, Ishii M, Ueno Y, Kisara N, Chida N, Iwasaki T, Toyota T (1999) Co-expression of Bcl-2 protein and vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinomas treated by chemoembolization. Liver 19:25-31
76. Liou TC, Shih SC, Kao CR, Chou SY, Lin SC, Wang HY (1995) Pulmonary metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with transarterial chemoembolization. J Hepatol 23:563-568
77. Louha M, Poussin K, Ganne N, Zylberberg H, Nalpas B, Nicolet J, Capron F, Soubrane O, Vons C, Pol S, Beaugrand M, Berthelot P, Franco D, Trinchet JC, Brechot C, Paterlini P (1997) Spontaneous and iatrogenic spreading of liver-derived cells into peripheral blood of patients with primary liver cancer. Hepatology 26:998-1005
78. Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Koida I, Tsubota A, Arase Y, Chayama K, Kumada H (1995) A prospective randomized evaluation of a compound of tegafur and uracil as an adjuvant chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Am J Clin Oncol 18:204-210
79. Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Suzuki Y, Koida I, Tsubota A, Kobayashi M, Arase Y, Chayama K, Murashima N, Kumada H (1997) A prospective randomized administration of 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine as adjuvant chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Am J Clin Oncol 20:202-208
80. Kawata S, Yamasaki E, Nagase T, Inui Y, Ito N, Matsuda Y, Inada M, Tamura S, Noda S, Imai Y, Matsuzawa Y (2001) Effect of pravastatin on survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized controlled trial. Br J Cancer 84:886-891
81. Yan JJ, Shen F, Wang K, Wu MC (2002) Patients with advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma treated by melatonin and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: A prospective study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 1:183-186
82. Stefanini GF, Foschi FG, Castelli E, Marsigli L, Biselli M, Mucci F, Bernardi M, Van Thiel DH, Gasbarrini G (1998) Alpha-1-thymosin and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: A preliminary experience. Hepatogastroenterology 45:209-215
83. Poon RT, Yu WC, Fan ST, Wong J (2004) Long-term oral branched chain amino acids in patients undergoing chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19:779-788
84. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wanders J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, Van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom AT, Christian MC, Gwyther SG (2000) New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:205-216
85. Miller AB, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A (1981) Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 47:207-214
86. Yang WT, Johnson PJ (1999) Monitoring response to treatment in liver tumours. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 13:637-654
87. Filmus J, Capurro M (2004) Glypican-3 and alphafetoprotein as diagnostic tests for hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Diagn 8:207-212
88. Hosoki T, Yosioka Y, Matsubara T, Minamitani K, Higashi M, Ohtani M, Choi S, Mitomo M, Tono T (1999) Power Doppler sonography of hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: Assessment of the therapeutic effect. Acta Radiol 40:639-643
89. Ito K, Honjo K, Fujita T, Matsui M, Awaya H, Matsumoto T, Matsunaga N, Nakanishi T (1995) Therapeutic efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: MRI and pathology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19:198-203
90. Yamashita Y, Yoshimatsu S, Sumi M, Harada M, Takahashi M (1993) Dynamic MR imaging of hepatoma treated by transcatheter arterial embolization therapy: Assessment of treatment effect. Acta Radiol 34:303-308
91. Pelletier G, Ducreux M, Gay F, Luboinski M, Hagege H, Dao T, Van Steenbergen W, Buffet C, Rougier P, Adler M, Pignon JP, Roche A (1998) Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with lipiodol chemoembolization: A multicenter randomized trial. Groupe CHC. J Hepatol 29:129-134
92. Pelletier G, Roche A, Ink O, Anciaux ML, Derhy S, Rougier P, Lenoir C, Attali P, Etienne JP (1990) A randomized trial of hepatic arterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 11:181-184
93. Madden MV, Krige JE, Bailey S, Beningfield SJ, Geddes C, Werner ID, Terblanche J (1993) Randomised trial of targeted chemotherapy with lipiodol and 5-epidoxorubicin compared with symptomatic treatment for hepatoma. Gut 34:1598-1600
94. Yoshikawa M, Saisho H, Ebara M, Iijima T, Iwama S, Endo F, Kimura M, Shimamura Y, Suzuki Y, Nakano T (1994) A randomized trial of intrahepatic arterial infusion of 4′-epidoxorubicin with Lipiodol versus 4′-epidoxorubicin alone in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 33[Suppl]:S149-S152
95. Castells A, Bruix J, Ayuso C, Bru C, Montanya X, Boix L, Rodes J (1995) Transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: Antibiotic prophylaxis and clinical meaning of postembolization fever. J Hepatol 22:410-415
96. Hwang TL, Chen MF, Lee TY, Chen TJ, Lin DY, Liaw YF (1987) Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial embolization: Reevaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of preoperative embolization. Arch Surg 122:756-759
97. Takenaka K, Yoshida K, Nishizaki T, Korenaga D, Hiroshige K, Ikeda T, Sugimachi K (1995) Postoperative prophylactic lipiodolization reduces the intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg 169:400-404
98. Paye F, Farges O, Dahmane M, Vilgrain V, Flejou JF, Belghiti J (1999) Cytolysis following chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 86:176-180
99. Wigmore SJ, Redhead DN, Thomson BN, Currie EJ, Parks RW, Madhavan KK, Garden OJ (2003) Postchemoembolisation syndrome: tumour necrosis or hepatocyte injury?. Br J Cancer 89:1423-1427
100. Chan AO, Yuen MF, Hui CK, Tso WK, Lai CL (2002) A prospective study regarding the complications of transcatheter intraarterial lipiodol chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 94:1747-1752
101. Chung JW, Park JH, Han JK, Choi BI, Han MC, Lee HS, Kim CY (1996) Hepatic tumors: Predisposing factors for complications of transcatheter oily chemoembolization. Radiology 198:33-40
102. Tarazov PG, Polysalov VN, Prozorovskij KV, Grishchenkova IV, Rozengauz EV (2000) Ischemic complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in liver malignancies. Acta Radiol 41: 156-160
103. Chen C, Chen PJ, Yang PM, Huang GT, Lai MY, Tsang YM, Chen DS (1997) Clinical and microbiological features of liver abscess after transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 92:2257-2259
104. Cohen SE, Safadi R, Verstandig A, Eid A, Sasson T, Symmer L, Shouval D (1997) Liver-spleen infarcts following transcatheter chemoembolization: A case report and review of the literature on adverse effects. Dig Dis Sci 42:938-943
105. Song SY, Chung JW, Han JK, Lim HG, Koh YH, Park JH, Lee HS, Kim CY (2001) Liver abscess after transcatheter oily chemoembolization for hepatic tumors: Incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol 12:313-320
106. Kim HK, Chung YH, Song BC, Yang SH, Yoon HK, Yu E, Sung KB, Lee YS, Lee SG, Suh DJ (2001) Ischemic bile duct injury as a serious complication after transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 32:423-427
107. Wang MQ, Shao RH, Ye HY, Wang ZQ, Wang ZP, Liu FY (2005) [Investigation of bile duct injury after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 27:609-612
108. Leung TK, Lee CM, Chen HC (2005) Anatomic and technical skill factor of gastroduodenal complication in post-transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study of 280 cases. World J Gastroenterol 11:1554-1557
109. Morante A, Romano M, Cuomo A, de S, I, Cozzolino A, Mucherino C, Salerno R, Blanco C, V, Romano M (2006) Massive gastric ulceration after transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 63:718-720
110. Huo TI, Wu JC, Lee PC, Chang FY, Lee SD (2004) Incidence and risk factors for acute renal failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization: A prospective study. Liver Int 24:210-215
111. Guevara M, Fernandez-Esparrach G, Alessandria C, Torre A, Terra C, Montana X, Piera C, Alvarez ML, Jimenez W, Gines P, Arroyo V (2004) Effects of contrast media on renal function in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective study. Hepatology 40:646-651
112. Burroughs A, Hochhauser D, Meyer T (2004) Systemic treatment and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Two ends of the therapeutic spectrum. Lancet Oncol 5:409-418
113. Nakamura H, Murakami T, Tomoda K, Nakanishi K, Hori S, Oi H, Tsukaguchi I, Watanabe H, Masuike M, Inoue Y (1994) Doses of epirubicin used in oily chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 21(3):2218-2221
114. Higashi S, Shimizu M, Nakashima T, Iwata K, Uchiyama F, Tateno S, Tamura S, Setoguchi T (1995) Arterial-injection chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma using monodispersed poppy-seed oil microdroplets containing fine aqueous vesicles of epirubicin. Initial medical application of a membrane-emulsification technique. Cancer 75(6):1245-1254
115. Lu CD, Qi YG, Peng SY (1994) Lipiodolization with or without gelatin sponge in hepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 107(3):209-1S
116. Takayasu K, Shima Y, Muramatsu Y, Moriyama N, Yamada T, Makuuchi M, Hasegawa H, Hirohashi S (1987) Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with intraarterial iodized oil with and without chemotherapeutic agents. Radiology 163(2):345-351
117. Li CR, Jiang WH, Feng XM, Guo YJ, Shi ZH, Zhou CW (2005) Value of mixed embolus transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 27(9):557-560
118. Ikeda M, Maeda S, Shibata J, Muta R, Ashihara H, Tanaka M, Fujiyama S, Tomita K (2004) Transcatheter arterial chemotherapy with and without embolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 66(1):24-31
119. Aoyama K, Tsukishiro T, Okada K, Tsuchida T, Aiba N, Nambu S, Miyabayashi C, Yasuyama T, Higuchi K, Watanabe A (1992) Evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization with epirubicin-lipiodol emulsion for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31(Suppl):S55-S59
120. Nakao N, Uchida H, Kamino K, Nishimura Y, Ohishi H, Takayasu Y, Nakamura H, Kuroda C, Fujita M, Yoshioka H (1992) Effectiveness of Lipiodol in transcatheter arterial embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 31(Suppl):S72-S76
121. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, Liu CL, Ngan H, Ng IO, Wong J (1999) Hepatocellular carcinoma in the elderly: results of surgical and nonsurgical management. Am J Gtistroenterol 94(9):2460-2466
122. Shah SR, Riordan SM, Karani J, Williams R (1998) Tumour ablation and hepatic decompensation rates in multi-agent chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. QJM 91(12):821-828
123. Sacchori S, Lovaria A, Sangiovanni A, Nicolini A, De Fazio C, Ronchi G, Fasani P, Del Ninno E, Colombo M (2002) Segmental transcatheter arterial chemoembolization treatment in patients with cirrhosis and inoperable hepatocellular carcinomas. J Vase Interv Radiol 13(10):995-999
124. Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Kasugai H, Fujita M, Kawamoto S, Ishiguro S, Kojima J, Ishikawa O, Ohigashi H, Furukawa H (1987) A new approach to chemoembolization therapy for hepatoma using ethiodized oil, cisplatin, and gelatin sponge. Cancer 60(6):1194-1203
125. Inoue H, Miyazono N, Kanetsuki I, Hori A, Tanaka D, Fukukura Y, Matsumoto Y, Nishida H, Ueno K, Nakajo M (1993) [Anticancer and side effect of arterial subsegmental chemoembolization using cisplatinum/pirarubicin lipiodol suspension (CTLS) for hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 20(13):1973-1976
126. Venook AP, Stagg RJ, Lewis BJ, Chase JL, Ring EJ, Maroncy TP, Hohn DC (1990) Chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 8(6):1108-1114
127. Marchiori L, Mansuoto GC, Nifosi F, Bortolasi L, Dal DI, Facci E, Perus G, Nicoli N (1994) The treatment, of hepatocellular carcinoma by chemoembolization. Chir Ital 46(l):17-22
128. Colleoni M, Liessi G, Mastrapasqua G, Nelli P, Vicario G, Sgarbossa G, Pancheri F, Manente P (1997) Intra-arterial chemotherapy followed by chemo-embolisation in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 33(l):56-60
129. Brown KT, Nevins AB, Getrajdman GI, Brody LA, Kurtz RC, Fong Y, Blumgart LH (1998) Particle embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vase Interv Radiol 9(5):822-888
130. Solomon B, Soulen MC, Baum RA, Haskal ZJ, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Cope C (1999) Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with cisplatin, doxorubicin, mitomycin-C, ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol: prospective evaluation of response and survival in a U.S. population. J Vasc Interv Radiol 10(6):793-798
131. Hsieh CB, Chang HM, Chen TW, Chen CJ, Chan DC, Yu JC, Liu YC, Chang TM, Shen KL (2004) Comparison of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation, and conservative treatment for decompensated cirrhotic patients with hepalocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 10(4):505-508
132. Ohnishi K, Sugita S, Nomura F, lida S, Tanabe Y (1987) Arterial chemoembolization with mitomycin C microcapsules followed by transcatheter hepatic artery embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 82(9):876-879
133. Raoul JL, Guyader D, Bretagne JF, Heautot JF, Duvauferrier R, Bourguet P, Bekhechi D, Deugnier YM, Gosselin M (1997) Prospective randomized trial of chemoembolization versus intra-arterial injection of 1311-labeled-iodized oil in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 26(5):1156-1161
134. Bhattacharya S, Novell JR, Dusheiko GM, Hilson AJ, Dick R, Hobbs KE (1995) Epirubicin-Lipiodol chemotherapy versus 131iodine-Lipiodol radiotherapy in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 76(11):2202-2210