The economics of education: Human capital, family background and inequality

The Economics of Education: Human Capital, Family Background and Inequality

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-278

  Checchi, Daniele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929718244     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511492280     Document Type: Book

References (316)

1. Aaberge, R., A. Björklund, M. Jäntti, M. Palme, P. Pedersen, N. Smith and T. Wennemo 2002. Income inequality and income mobility in the Scandinavian countries compared to the United States. Review of Income and Wealth 48 (4), 443-70.
2. Acemoglu, D. 1999. Changes in unemployment and wage inequality: an alternative theory and some evidence. American Economic Review 89, 1259-78.
3. Acemoglu, D. 2003. Cross-country inequality trends. Economic Journal 113, F121-F149.
4. Acemoglu, D., and J. Pischke 1999. Beyond Becker: training in imperfect labor markets. Economic journal 109, F112-F142.
5. Acemoglu, D., and J. Pischke 2000. Certification of training and training outcomes. European Economic Review 44, 917-27.
6. Aghion, P., and P. Howitt 1998. Endogenous Growth Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Alesina, A. 1998. The political economy of macroeconomic stabilization and income inequality: myths and reality. in V. Tanzi and K. Chu (eds.). Income Distribution and High-Quality Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 299-326.
8. Alesina, A., and R. Perotti 1996. Income distribution, political instability and growth. European Economic Review 40 (6), 1203-28.
9. Alesina, A., and D. Rodrik, 1994. Redistributive politics and economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 109, 465-90.
10. Altonji, J., and T. Dunn 1996. The effects of family characteristics on the returns to schooling. Review of Economics and Statistics 78 (4), 692-704.
11. Angrist, J., and A. Krueger 1999. Empirical strategies in labor economics. in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.). Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. III. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1277-1366.
12. Appleton, S. 2001. User fees, expenditure restructuring, and voucher systems in education. in G. Mwabu, C. Ugaz and G. White (eds.). Social Provision in Low-Income Countries: New Patterns and Emerging Trends, WIDER Studies in Development Economics. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 157-85.
13. Appleton, S., J. Hoddinott and J. Knight 1996. Primary education as an input into post-primary education: a neglected benefit. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 58 (1), 211-19.
14. Amove, R., S. Franz, K. Morse and C. Torres 1997. Education and development. in R. Hillman (ed.). Understanding Contemporary Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
15. Arrow, K. 1962. The economic implications of learning by doing. Review of Economic Studies 29, 155-73.
16. Arrow, K. 1993. Excellence and equity in higher education. Education Economics 1 (1), 5-12.
17. Arrow, K., S. Bowles and S. Durlauf (eds.) 2000. Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
18. Ashenfelter, O., and C. Rouse 1998. Income, schooling and ability: evidence from a new sample of identical twins. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113, 253-84
19. Ashenfelter, O., and C. Rouse 2000. Schooling, intelligence and income in America. in K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf (eds.). Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 89-117.
20. Atkinson, A. B. 1981. On intergenerational income mobility in Britain. Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics 3, 194-218.
21. Atkinson, A. B. 1999. is Rising Income Inequality Inevitable? A Critique of the Transatlantic Consensus. WIDER Annual Lecture no. 3.
22. Banerjee, A. 2004. Educational policy and the economics of the family. Journal of Development Economics 74 (1), 3-32.
23. Banerjee, A., and A. Newman 1993. Occupational choice and the process of development. Journal of Political Economy 101 (2), 274-98.
24. Barr, N. 1993. Alternative funding resources for higher education. Economic Journal 103, 718-24.
25. Barro, R. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth - A Cross-Empirical Study, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
26. Barro, R. 2000. Inequality and growth in a panel of countries. Journal of Economic Growth 5, 5-32.
27. Barro, R., and J. W. Lee 1993. International comparisons of educational attainment. Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (3), 363-94.
28. Barro, R., and J. W. Lee 1994. Data Set for a Panel of 138 Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank.
29. Barro, R., and J. W. Lee 1996. International measures of schooling years and schooling quality. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 86 (2), 218-23.
30. Barro, R., and J. W. Lee 1997. Schooling Quality in a Cross-Section of Countries. Working Paper no. 6198, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
31. Barro, R., and J. W. Lee 2001. Schooling quality in a cross-section of countries. Economica 68, 465-88.
32. Barro, R., and X. Sala-i-Martin 1992. Convergence. Journal of Political Economy 100 (2), 223-51.
33. Bassanini, A., and G. Brunello 2003. is Training More Frequent when Wage Compression is Higher? Evidence from the European Community Household Panel. Discussion Paper no. 839, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
34. Bearse, P., G. Glomm and B. Ravikumar 2000. On the political economy of means-tested education vouchers. European Economic Review 44, 904-15.
35. Becker, G. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [1st ed., 1964].
36. Becker, G., and K. Murphy 2000. Social Economics: Market Behavior in a Social Environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
37. Becker, G., and N. Tomes 1979. An eqilibrium theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility, journal of Political Economy 87 (6), 1153-89.
38. Becker, G., and N. Tomes 1986. Human capital and the rise and fall of families, journal of Labor Economics 4, S1-S39.
39. Becker, S., and A. Ichino 2002. Estimation of average treatment effects based on propensity scores. Stata journal 2 (4), 358-77.
40. Bedard, K. 2001. Human capital versus signaling models: university access and high school dropouts, journal of Political Economy 109 (4), 749-75.
41. Belzil, C., and J. Hansen 2002. Unobserved ability and the return to schooling. Econometrica 70 (5), 2075-91.
42. Benabou, R. 1993. Workings of a city: location, education and production. Quarterly journal of Economics 108 (3), 619-52.
43. Benabou, R. 1994. Human capital, inequality and growth: a local perspective. European Economic Review 38, 817-26.
44. Benabou, R. 1996a. Equity and efficiency in human capital investment: the local connection. Review of Economic Studies 63, 237-64.
45. Benabou, R. 1996b. Heterogeneity, stratification and growth: macroeconomic implications of the community structure and school finance. American Economic Review 86 (3), 584-609.
46. Benabou, R. 1996c. Inequality and growth. in B. Bernanke and J. Rotemberg (eds.). NBER Macroeconomic Annual 1996. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 11-74.
47. Benabou, R. 2000. Meritocracy, redistribution and the size of the pie. in K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf (eds.). Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 317-40.
48. Ben-Porath, Y. 1967. The production of human capital and the life-cycle of earnings. Journal of Political Economy 75/4 (1), 352-65.
49. Bertola, G. 1993. Factor shares and savings in endogenous growth. American Economic Review 83 (5), 1184-98.
50. Bertola, G., and D. Checchi 2001. Sorting and private education in Italy. Lavoro e Relazioni Industriali 2, 87-124.
51. Bertola, G., and D. Coen Pirani 1998. Market failures, education and macroeconomics. in G. Barba Navaretti, P. Dasgupta, K.-G. Mäler and D. Siniscalco (eds.). Creation and Transfer of Knowledge: Institutions and Incentives. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 179-207.
52. Betts, J., and J. Shkolnik 2000. The effects of ability grouping on student achievement and resource allocation in secondary schools. Economics of Education Review 19, 1-15.
53. Bils, M., and P. Klenow 2000. Does schooling cause growth? American Economic Review 90 (5), 1160-83.
54. Birdsall, N., and E. James 1993. Efficiency and equity in social spending: how and why governments misbehave. in M. Lipton and J. Van Der Gaag (eds.). Including the Poor. Washington, DC: World Bank.
55. Blanden, J., A. Goodman, P. Gregg and S. Machin 2004. Changes in intergenerational mobility in Britain. in M. Corak (ed.). Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 122-46.
56. Blau, F. D. 1996. Symposium on primary and secondary education. Journal of Economic Perspectives 10 (4), 3-8.
57. Blöndal, S., S. Field and N. Girouard 2002. Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education. OECD Economic Studies 34, 41-89.
58. Bourguignon, F. 1981. Pareto superiority of unegalitarian equilibria in Stiglitz’ model of wealth distribution with convex saving functions. Econometrica, 49 (6), 1469-75.
59. Bourguignon, F. 1993. Croissance, distribution et ressources humaines: comparaison internationale et specificités régionales. Revue d’Economie du Développement 1(4), 3-35.
60. Bourguignon, F., and T. Verdier 2000. Oligarchy, democracy, inequality and growth. Journal of Development Economics 62 (2), 285-313.
61. Bowles, S. 1985. The production process in a competitive economy: Walrasian, Neo-Hobbesian, and Marxian models. American Economic Review 75 (1), 16-36.
62. Bowles, S., and H. Gintis 1975. The problem with human capital theory - a Marxian critique. American Economic Review 65 (2), 74-82.
63. Bowles, S., and H. Gintis 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
64. Bowles, S., and H. Gintis 2000. Does schooling raise earnings by making people smarter? in K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf (eds.). Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 118-36.
65. Bowles, S., and H. Gintis 2002. The inheritance of inequality, journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (3), 3-30.
66. Bowles, S., H. Gintis and B. Gustafsson (eds.) 1993. Markets and Democracy: Participation, Accountability and Efficiency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Bowles, S., H. Gintis and M. Osborne 2001a. The determinants of earnings: a behavioural approach, journal of Economic Literature 39, 1137-76.
68. Bowles, S., H. Gintis and M. Osborne 2001b. Incentive - enhancing preferences: personality, behavior and earnings. American Economic Review 91 (2): 155-8.
69. Bowles, S., and V. Nelson. 1974. The ‘inheritance of IQ’ and the intergenerational reproduction of economic inequality, Review of Economics and Statistics 56 (1), 39-51.
70. Brandolini, A., and N. Rossi 1998. Income distribution and growth in industrial countries. in V. Tanzi and K. Chu (eds.). Income Distribution and High-Quality Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 69-105.
71. Brown, C. and C. Belfield, 2001. The Relationship between Private Schooling and Earnings: A Review of the Evidence for the US and the UK. Occasional Paper no. 27 National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York (http://www.tc.columbia.edu/ncspe).
72. Brown, S., and J. Sessions 1999. Education and economic status: a test of the strong screening hypothesis in Italy. Economics of Education Review 18, 397-404.
73. Brunello, G. 2003. On the complementarity between education and training in Europe. in D. Checchi and C. Lucifora (eds.). Education, Training and Labour Market Outcomes in Europe. London: Palgrave, 188-210.
74. Brunello, G., and S. Comi 2004. Education and earnings growth: evidence from 11 European countries. Economics of Education Review 23 (1), 75-83.
75. Brunello, G., S. Comi and C. Lucifora 2001. The returns to education in Italy: a new look at the evidence. in C. Harmon, I. Walker and N. W. Nielsen (eds.). The Returns to Education in Europe. Londan Edward Elgar.
76. Brunello, G., and M. Giannini 2004. Stratified or comprehensive? The economic efficiency of school design. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 51 (2), 173-93.
77. Burtless, G. (ed.) 1996. Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
78. Cameron, S., and J. Heckman 2001. The dynamics of educational attainment for black, Hispanic, and white males. Journal of Political Economy 109 (3), 455-99.
79. Canton, E., and E. Dejong 2002. The Demand for Higher Education in the Netherlands, 1950-1999. Discussion Paper no. 12, Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB), The Hague.
80. Card, D. 1995. Earnings, schooling and ability revisited. in S. W. Polachek (ed.). Research in Labor Economics Vol. XIV. Greenwich, CT, and London: JAI Press, 23-48.
81. Card, D. 1999. The causal effect of education on earnings. in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.). Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. III. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1801-63.
82. Card, D. 2001. Estimating the return to schooling: progress on some persistent econometric problem. Econometrica 69 (5), 1127-60.
83. Card, D., and A. Krueger 1992. Does school quality matter? Returns to education and the characteristics of public schools in the United States. Journal of Political Economy 100 (1), 1-39.
84. Card, D., and A. Krueger 1996a. School resources and student outcomes: an overview of the literature and new evidence from North and South Carolina. Journal of Economic Perspectives 10 (4), 31-50.
85. Card, D., and A. Krueger 1996b. Labor market effects of school quality: theory and evidence. in G. Burtless (ed.). Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resousces on Student Achievement and Adult Success. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 97-140.
86. Card, D., and A. Payne 2002. School finance reform, the distribution of school spending and the distribution of SAT scores. Journal of Public Economics 83 (1), 49-82.
87. Chapman, B. 1997. Conceptual issues and the Australian experience with income contingent charges for higher education. Economic Journal 107, 738-51.
88. Charles, K., and E. Hurst 2003. The correlation of wealth across generations. Journal of Political Economy 111 (6), 1155-82.
89. Checchi, D. 1997. Education and intergenerational mobility in occupations. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 56 (3), 331-52.
90. Checchi, D. 2000. University education in Italy. International Journal of Manpower 21 (3-4), 160-205.
91. Checchi, D. 2003a. The Italian Educational System: Family Background and Social Stratification. Working Paper 2003-01, Deparment of Economics, University of Milan.
92. Checchi, D. 2003b. Inequality in incomes and access to education: a cross-country analysis (1960-95). Labour 17 (2), 153-201.
93. Checchi, D. 2004. Does educational achievement help to explain income inequality? in G. A. Cornia (ed.). Inequality, Growth and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, chap. 4.
94. Checchi, D., and V. Dardanoni 2002. Mobility comparisons: does using different measures matter? Research on Inequality 9, 113-45.
95. Checchi, D., A. Ichino and A. Rustichini 1999. More equal but less mobile? Intergenerational mobility and inequality in Italy and in the US. Journal of Public Economics 74, 351-93.
96. Checchi, D. and T. Jappelli 2004. School Choice and Quality. Discussion Paper no. 4748, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
97. Chevalier, A., C. Harmon, I. Walker and Y. Zhu 2003. Does Education Raise Productivity or Just Reflect It? Discussion Paper no. 3993, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
98. Chiu, W. 1998. Income inequality, human capital accumulation and economic performance. Economic journal 108, 44-59.
99. Christou, C. and M. Haliassos 1994. How do Students Finance Human Capital Accumulation? The Choice between Borrowing and Work, Mimeo, Deparment of Economics, University of Cyprus.
100. Clapp, J., and S. Ross 2002. Schools and Housing Markets: An Examination of School Segregation and Performance in Connecticut. Working Paper no. 2002-08, Department of Economics, University of Connecticut.
101. Cobalti, A., and A. Schizzerotto 1994. La mobilitä sociale in Italia. Bologna: II. Mulino.
102. Cooper, S., S. Durlauf and P. Johnson 1994. On the evolution of economic status across generations. American Statistical Association, Business and Economics Section, Papers and Proceedings, May, 50-8.
103. Cornia, G. A. (ed.) 2004. Inequality, Growth and Poverty in an Era of Liberalization and Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
104. Couch, K., and D. Lillard 2004. Nonlinear patterns of intergenerational mobility in Germany and the United States. in M. Corak (ed.). Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 190-206.
105. Cowell, F. 1995. Measuring Inequality. London: Prentice Hall.
106. Dardanoni, V. 1993. Measuring social mobility. Journal of Economic Theory 61, 372-94.
107. De Fraja, G. 2001. Education policies: equity, efficiency and voting equilibria. Economic journal 111, C104-C119.
108. De Fraja, G. 2002. The design of optimal educational policies. Review of Economic Studies 69, 437-66.
109. De Fraja, G. 2005. Affirmative action and efficiency in education. Forthcoming in International Economic Review
110. De Nardi, C. 2004. Wealth inequalities and intergenerational links. Review of Economic Studies 71, 743-68.
111. Dearden, L., C. Emmerson, C. Frayne and C. Meghir 2003. The Impact of Financial Incentives on Educational Choice. Mimeo, Institute for Fiscal Studies, London.
112. Dearden, L., J. Ferri and C. Meghir 2002. The effect of school quality on educational attainment and wages. Review of Economics and Statistics 84 (1), 1-20.
113. Dearden, L., S. Machin and H. Reed 1997. Intergenerational mobility in Britain. Economic Journal 107, 47-66.
114. Dee, T. 2003. Are there Civic Returns to Education? Working Paper no. 9588, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
115. Dehejia, R., and R. Gatti 2002. Child Labor: The Role of Income Variability and Access to Credit across Countries. Working Paper no. 9018, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
116. Deininger, K., and L. Squire 1996. A new data set measuring income inequality. World Bank Economic Review 10 (3), 565-91.
117. Deininger, K., and L. Squire 1998. New ways of looking at old issues: Inequality and growth. Journal of Development Economics 57, 259-87.
118. Dustmann, C., N. Rajah and A. van Soest 2003. Class size, education and wages. Economic Journal 113, F99-F120.
119. Eckstein, Z., and I. Zilcha 1994. The effects of compulsory schooling on growth, income distribution and welfare. Journal of Public Economics 54, 339-59.
120. Edwards, R. 1977. Personal traits and ‘success’ in schooling and work. Educational and Psychological Measurement 37, 125-38.
121. Eeckhout, J. 1999. Educational mobility: the effect on efficiency and distribution. Economica 66, 317-33.
122. Epple, D., and R. Romano 1998. Competition between private and public schools, vouchers, and peer-group effects. American Economic Review 88 (1), 33-62.
123. Epple, D., and R. Romano 2002. Educational Vouchers and Cream Skimming. Working Paper no. 9354, National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
124. Erikson, R., and J. Goldthorpe 1992. The Constant Flux. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
125. Erikson, R., and J. Goldthorpe 2002. Intergenerational inequality: a sociological perspective. Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (3), 31-44.
126. Ermisch, J., and M. Francesconi 2001. Family matters: impact of family background on educational attainments. Economica 68, 137-56.
127. Ermisch, J., and M. Francesconi 2002. Intergenerational Social Mobility and Assortative Mating in Britain. Discussion Paper no. 465, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
128. Ermisch, J., and M. Francesconi 2004. Intergenerational mobility in Britain: new evidence from the British household panel survey. in M. Corak (ed.). Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 147-89.
129. Esping-Andersen, G. 2004a. Unequal opportunities and the mechanisms of social inheritance. in M. Corak (ed.). Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 289-314.
130. Esping-Andersen, G. 2004b. Untying the Gordian knot of social inheritance. in A. L. Kalleberg (ed.). Inequality: Structures, Dynamics and Mechanisms: Essays in Honor of Aage B. Sorensen. Amsterdam: Elsevier, chap. 7.
131. Esping-Andersen, G. 2004c. Income Mobility, Human Capital and Fertility. Mimeo, Pompeu Fabra University.
132. Eurostat 2000. Continuing Vocational Training Survey (CVTS 2). Eurostat, Brussels.
133. Feldman, M., S. Otto and F. Christiansen 2000. Genes, culture and inequality. in K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf (eds.). Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 61-86.
134. Fernandez, R. 1998. Education and Borrowing Constraints: Test vs. Prices. Discussion Paper no. 1913, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
135. Fernandez, R., and J. Gali 1999. To each according to …? Markets, tournaments and the matching problem with borrowing constraints. Review of Economic Studies 66, 799-824.
136. Fernandez, R., and R. Rogerson 1998. Public education and income distribution: a quantitative evaluation of educational finance. American Economic Review 88 (4), 813-33.
137. Fernandez, R., and R. Rogerson 1999. Education finance reform and investment in human capital: lessons from California. Journal of Public Economics 74 (3), 327-50.
138. Fernandez, R., and R. Rogerson 2003. Equity and resources: an analysis of education finance systems. Journal of Political Economy 111 (4), 858-97.
139. Fershtman, C., K. Murphy and Y. Weiss 1996. Social status, education, and growth. Journal of Political Economy 104 (1), 108-32.
140. Fields, G. 2000. Income mobility: concepts and measures. in N. Birdsall and C. Graham (eds.). New Markets, New Opportunities? Economic and Social Mobility in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 101-32.
141. Figlio, D., and M. Page 2002. School choice and the distributional effects of ability tracking: does separation increase equality? Journal of Urban Economics 51 (3), 497-514.
142. Filmer, D., and L. Pritchett 1999. The effect of household wealth on educational attainment: evidence from 35 countries. Population and Development Review 25 (1), 85-120.
143. Fiske, E., and H. Ladd 2000. When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
144. Flabbi, L., 1999. Effeti redistributivi del finanziamento pubblico dell’ istruzione in Italia. in D. Checchi (ed.). Istruzione e mercato: per una analisi economica della formazione scolastica. Bologna: Il Mulino, chap. 4.
145. Flug, K., A. Spilimbergo and E. Wachtenheim 1998. Investment in education: do economic volatility and credit constraints matter? Journal of Development Economics 55, 465-81.
146. Flynn, J. 2000. IQ trends over time: Intelligence, race and meritocracy. in K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf. (eds.). Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 35-60.
147. Freeman, R. 1986. Demand for education. in O. Ashenfelter and R. Layard (eds.). Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. I. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 357-86.
148. Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
149. Galor, O., and J. Zeira 1993. Income distribution and macroeconomics. Review of Economic Studies 60, 35-52.
150. Gambetta, D. 1987. Were They Pushed or Did They Jump? Individual Decision Mechanisms in Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
151. Ganderton, P. 1992. The effect of subsidies in kind on the choice of a college. Journal of Public Economics 48 (3), 269-92.
152. Gasperoni, G. 1997. Il rendimento scolastico. Bologna: Il Mulino.
153. Gauri, V. and A. Vawda 2003. Vouchers for Basic Education in Developing Countries: A Principal-Agent Perspective. Policy Research Working Paper no. 3005, World Bank, Washington, DC.
154. Gemmell, N. 1996. Evaluating the impacts of human capital stocks and accumulation on economic growth: some new evidence. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 58 (1), 9-28.
155. Giannini, M. 2001. Education and job market signalling: how robust is the nexus? Economia Politica 18 (1), 41-54.
156. Gibbons, S., and S. Machin 2003. Valuing English primary schools. Journal of Urban Economics 53 (2), 197-219.
157. Glomm, G., and B. Ravikumar 1992. Public versus private investment in human capital: endogenous growth and income inequality. Journal of Political Economy 100 (4), 818-34.
158. Glyn, A. 2001. Inequalities of unemployment and wages in OECD countries. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62 (special issue), 1-17.
159. Goldberger, A., and C. Manski 1995. Review article: ‘The Bell Curve’ by Herrnstein and Murray. Journal of Economic Literature 33, 762-76.
160. Gradstein, M., and M. Justman 1999. The Industrial Revolution, political transition, and the subsequent decline in inequality in 19th-century Britain. Explorations in Economic History 36 (2), 109-27.
161. Gradstein, M., and M. Justman 2000. Human capital, social capital, and public schooling. European Economic Review 44, 879-90.
162. Gradstein, M., and M. Justman 2001. Public Education and the Melting Pot. Discussion Paper no. 2924, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
163. Gradstein, M., and M. Justman 2002. Education, social cohesion and economic growth. American Economic Review 92 (4), 1192-204.
164. Grandmont, J. M. 1978. Intermediate preferences and the majority rule. Econometrica 46 (2), 317-30.
165. Grawe, N. 2004. Intergenerational mobility for whom? The experience of high- and low-earning sons in international perspective. in M. Corak (ed.). Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 58-89.
166. Grawe, N., and C. Mulligan 2002. Economic interpretations of intergenerational correlations. Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (3), 45-58.
167. Green, D. and W. Riddell 2003. Literacy and earnings: an investigation of the interaction of cognitive and unobserved skills in earnings generation. Labour Economics 100 (2), 165-84.
168. Griliches, Z. 1977. Estimating the returns to schooling: some econometric problems. Econometrica 45 (1), 1-22.
169. Grilli, E. 1994. Long-term economic growth, income distribution and poverty in developing countries: the evidence. in E. Grilli and D. Salvatore (eds.). Handbook of Economic Development. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 65-143.
170. Groot, W., and H. Oosterbeek 1994. Earning effects of different components of schooling; human capital versus screening. Review of Economics and Statistics 76 (2), 317-21.
171. Grossman, H. and M. Kim. 1998. Human Capital and Predation: A Positive Theory of Educational Policy. Working Paper no. 6403, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
172. Gundlach, E., L. Woessman and J. Gmelin 2001. The decline of schooling productivity in OECD countries. Economic Journal 111, C135-C147.
173. Hanushek, E. 1986. The economics of schooling: production and efficiency in public schools. Journal of Economic Literature 24, 1141-77.
174. Hanushek, E. 1995. Interpreting recent research on schooling in developing countries. World Bank Research Observer 10 (2), 227-46.
175. Hanushek, E. 1996. Measuring investment in education, journal of Economic Perspectives 10 (4), 9-30.
176. Hanushek, E. 2002. Publicly provided education. in A. Auerbach and M. Feldstein (eds.). Handbook of Public Economics Vol. IV. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2045-141.
177. Harmon, C., V. Hogan and I. Walker 2003. Dispersion in the economic return to schooling. Labour Economics 100 (2), 205-15.
178. Harmon, C., H. Oosterbeek and I. Walker 2003. The returns to education: microeconomics. Journal of Economic Surveys 17 (2), 115-56.
179. Hassler, J., J. Rodriguez Mora and J. Zeira 2002. Inequality and Mobility. Working Paper no. RWP02-009, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
180. Hauser, R., J. Warren, M. Hsiung and W. Carter 2000. Occupational status, education and social mobility in meritocracy. in K. Arrow, S. Bowles and S. Durlauf (eds.). Meritocracy and Economic Inequality. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press, 179-229.
181. Heckman, J. 1979. Sample specification bias as a specification error. Econometrica 47, 153-61.
182. Heckman, J. 2000. Policies to foster human capital. Research in Economics 54 (1), 3-56.
183. Heckman, J., A. Layne-Ferrar and P. Todd 1996. Does measured school quality really matter? An examination of the earnings-quality relationship. in G. Burtless (ed.). Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievements and Adult Success. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 192-289.
184. Heckman, J., A. Layne-Ferrar and P. Todd 1997. Human capital, pricing equations with an application to estimating the effect of schooling quality on earnings. Review of Economics and Statistics 78 (4), 562-609.
185. Hedges, L. V., and R. Greenwald 1996. Have times changed? The relation between school resources and student performance. in G. Burtless (ed.). Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 74-92.
186. Helliwell, J., and R. Putnam. 1999. Education and Social Capital. Working Paper no. 7121, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
187. Herrnstein, R., and C. Murray 1994. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press.
188. Hoxby, C. 1996a. How teachers’ unions affect education production. Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (3), 671-718.
189. Hoxby, C. 1996b. Are efficiency and equity in school finance substitutes or complements? Journal of Economic Perspectives 10 (4), 51-72.
190. Hoxby, C. 2000a. The effects of class size on student achievement: new evidence from population variation. Quarterly journal of Economics 115 (4), 1239-85.
191. Hoxby, C. 2000b. Peer Effect in the Classroom: Learning from Gender and Race Variation. Working Paper no. 7867, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
192. Hoxby, C. 2000c. Does competition among public schools benefit students and taxpayers? American Economic Review 90 (5), 1209-38.
193. Ichino, A., and R. Winter-Ebmer 1999. Lower and upper bounds of returns to schooling: an exercise in IV estimation with different instruments. European Economic Review 43 (4-6), 889-901.
194. Iyigun, M. 1999. Public education and intergenerational economic mobility. International Economic Review 40 (3), 697-710.
195. Jacobs, B. 2002. An Investigation of Education Finance Reform: Graduate Taxes and Income-Contingent Loans in the Netherlands. Discussion Paper no. 9, Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB), The Hague.
196. Johansson, O. 1991. An Introduction to Modern Welfare Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
197. Johnson, G. 1985. Subsidies for higher education, journal of Labor Economics 2 (3), 303-18.
198. Jones, C. 1997. On the evolution of the world income distribution, journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (3), 19-36.
199. Jones, G. 1993. The Economics of Education, London: Macmillan.
200. Kahn, L. 2000. Wage inequality, collective bargaining and relative employment from 1985 to 1994, evidence from fifteen OECD countries. The Review of Economics and Statistics 82 (4), 564-79.
201. Kamien, M., and N. Schwartz 1981. Dynamic Optimization: The Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control in Economics and Management. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
202. Kane, T. 1995. Rising Public College Tuition and College Entry: How Well Public Subsidies Promote Access to College? Working Paper no. 5164, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
203. Kodde, D., and J. Ritzen 1985. The demand for education under capital market imperfection. European Economic Review 28, 347-62.
204. Krueger, A. 1999. Experimental estimates of education production functions. Quarterly journal of Economics 114 (2), 497-532.
205. Krueger, A. 2002. Inequality, too much of a good thing. in J. Heckman and A. Krueger (eds.). Inequality in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1-76.
206. Krueger, A., and M. Lindahl 2001. Education for growth: why and for whom? journal of Economic Literature 39, 1101-36.
207. Krueger, A., and D. Whitmore 2001. The effect of attending a small class in the early grades on college-test taking and middle school test results: evidence from project STAR. Economic journal 111, 1-28.
208. Krueger, A., and P. Zhou 2002. Another Look at the New York City School Voucher Experiment. Working Paper no. 470 Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
209. Kuznets, S. 1955. Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review 45 (1), 1-28.
210. Ladd, M. 2002. School vouchers: a critical view. Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (4), 3-24.
211. Lang, K., and D. Kropp 1986. Human capital versus sorting: the effects of compulsory attendance laws. Quarterly Journal of Economics 101 (3), 609-24.
212. Layard, R., S. Nickell and R. Jackman 1991. Unemployment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
213. Layard, R., and G. Psacharopoulos 1974. The screening hypothesis and the returns to education, journal of Political Economy 82(5), 985-98.
214. Lazear, E. 1977. Education: consumption or production? journal of Political Economy 85 (3), 569-97.
215. Lazear, E. 1995. Personnel Economics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
216. Lazear, E. 1999. Educational Production Function. Working Paper no. 7319, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
217. Lazear, E. 2001. Educational production. Quarterly journal of Economics 116 (3), 777-803.
218. Levin, H. 1992. Market approaches to education: vouchers and school choice. Economics of Education Review 11 (4), 279-85.
219. Li, H., L. Squire and H. Zou 1998. Explaining international and intertemporal variations in income inequality. Economic journal, 108, 26-43.
220. Lott, J. 1999. Public schooling, indoctrination and totalitarianism, journal of Political Economy 107 (6), S127-S157.
221. Loury, G. 1981. Intergenerational transfers and the distribution of earnings. Econometrica 49 (4), 843-67.
222. Lucas, R. 1988. On the mechanics of economic development, journal of Monetary Economics 22, 3-42.
223. Lynch, L. (ed.) 1994. Training and the Private Sector: International Comparisons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
224. Manski, C. 1992. Educational choice (vouchers) and social mobility. Economics of Education Review 11 (4), 351-69.
225. Maoz, Y., and O. Moav 1999. Intergenerational mobility and the process of development. Economic journal 109, 677-97.
226. Maurin, E. 2002. The impact of parental income on early schooling transitions: a re-examination using data over three generations, journal of Public Economics 85, 301-32.
227. Mauro, P. 1995. Corruption, country risk and growth. Quarterly journal of Economics 3, 681-712.
228. Mayer, S., and L. Lopoo 2004. Trends in the intergenerational economic mobility of sons and daughters in the United States. in M. Corak (ed.). Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 90-121.
229. McPherson, M., and M. O. Shapiro 1991, Does student aid affect college enrolment? New evidence on a persistent controversy. American Economic Review 81 (1), 309-18.
230. Mincer, J. 1974. Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
231. Mocan, H. N., B. Scafidi and E. Tekin 2002. Catholic Schools and Bad Behavior. Discussion Paper no. 599, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
232. Montgomery, J. 1991. Social networks and labor market outcomes: towards an economic analysis. American Economic Review 81 (5), 1408-18.
233. Morris, M. 1989. Student aid in Sweden: recent experience and reform. in M. Woodhall (ed.). Financial Support for Students: Grants, Loans or Graduate Taxes? London, Kogan Page.
234. Moulton, B. 1990. An illustration of a pitfall in estimating the effect of aggregate variables on micro units. Review of Economics and Statistics 72 (2), 334-8.
235. Mulligan, C. 1997. Parental Priorities and Economic Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
236. Mulligan, C. 1999. Galton versus the human capital approach to inheritance. Journal of Political Economy 107 (6), S184-S224.
237. Mulvey, C., P. Miller and N. Martin 1997. Family characteristics and the returns to schooling: evidence on gender differences from a sample of Australian twins. Economica 64, 119-36.
238. Murnane, R., J. Willett, M. Braatz and Y. Duhaldeborde 2001. Do different dimensions of male high school students’ skills predict labor market success a decade later? Evidence from the NLSY. Economics of Education Review 20 (4), 311-20.
239. Murnane, R., J. Willett and F. Levy 1995. The growing importance of cognitive skills in wage determination. Review of Economics and Statistics 77 (2), 251-66.
240. Murphy, K., and F. Welch 1992. The structure of wages. Quarterly journal of Economics 10 (4), 283-96.
241. Naylor, R., J. Smith and A. McKnight 2002. Why is there a graduate earnings premium for students from independent schools? Bulletin of Economic Research 54 (4), 315-40.
242. Neal, D. 2002. How vouchers could change the market for education. Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (4), 25-44.
243. Nechyba, T. 1996. Public School Finance in a General Equilibrium Tiebout World: Equalization Programs, Peer Effects and Private School Vouchers. Working Paper no. 5642, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
244. Nechyba, T. 2000. Mobility, targeting and private school vouchers. American Economic Review 90 (1), 130-46.
245. Nehru, V., and A. Dhareshwar 1993. A new database on physical capital stock: sources, methodology and results. Rivista de Analisis Economico 8 (1), 37-59.
246. Nerlove, M. 1975. Some problems in the use of income-contingent loans for the finance of education, journal of Political Economy 83 (1), 157-83.
247. Okun, A. 1975. Equality and Efficiency: The Big Trade-Off. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
248. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 1996. Education at a Glance. Paris, OECD.
249. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2001. Education at a Glance. Paris, OECD.
250. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2003. Education at a Glance. Paris, OECD.
251. Owen, A., and D. Weil 1998. Intergenerational earnings mobility, inequality, and growth, journal of Monetary Economics 41, 71-104.
252. Perotti, R. 1993. Political equilibrium, income distribution and growth. Review of Economic Studies 60, 755-76.
253. Perotti, R. 1994. Income distribution and investment. European Economic Review 38, 827-35.
254. Perotti, R. 1996. Growth, income distribution and democracy: what the data say. journal of Economic Growth 1 (2), 149-87.
255. Persson, T., and G. Tabellini 1994. is inequality harmful for growth? American Economic Review 84 (3), 600-21.
256. Piketty, T. 1997. The dynamics of the wealth distribution and the interest rate with credit rationing. Review of Economic Studies 64 (2), 173-89.
257. Piketty, T. 2000. Theories of persistent inequality and intergenerational mobility. in A. B. Atkinson and F. Bourguignon (eds.). Handbook of Income Distribution. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 429-76.
258. Pistaferri, L. 1999. Informal networks in the Italian labor market. Giornale degli Economisti e Annali di Economia 58 (3-4), 355-75.
259. Plug, E. 2004. Estimating the effect of mothers’ schooling on children’s schooling using a sample of adoptees. American Economic Review 94 (1), 358-68.
260. Pritchett, L., and D. Filmer 1999. What educational production functions really show: a positive theory of educational spending. Economics of Education Review 18, 223-39.
261. Psacharopoulos, G. 1994. Returns to investment in education: a global update. World Development 22(9), 1325-43.
262. Ravallion, M., and Q. Wodon 2000. Does child labour displace schooling? Evidence on behavioural responses to an enrolment subsidy. Economic Journal 110, C158-C175.
263. Ridker, R. 1994. The World Bank’s Role in Human Resources Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
264. Riley, J. 1979. Testing the educational screening hypothesis. Journal of Political Economy 87 (5), S227-S252.
265. Riley, J. 2001. Silver signals: twenty-five years of screening and signaling. Journal of Economic Literature 39, 432-78.
266. Robertson, D., and J. Symons 1996. Self-Selection in the State School System. Discussion Paper no. 312, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London.
267. Roemer, J. 1986. Equality of resources implies equality of welfare. Quarterly Journal of Economics 101 (4), 751-84.
268. Romer, P. M. 1990a. Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy 98, S71-S102.
269. Romer, P. M. 1990b. Human capital and growth: theory and evidence. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 32, 251-85.
270. Rothschild, M., and L. White 1995. The analysis of the pricing of higher education and other services in which the customers are inputs. Journal of Political Economy 103 (3), 573-86.
271. Rouse, C. E. 1998a. Private school vouchers and student achievement: an evaluation of the Milwaukee parental choice program. Quarterly Journal of Economics 113 (2), 553-602.
272. Rouse, C. E. 1998b. Schools and student achievement: more evidence from the Milwaukee parental choice program. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 4 (1), 61-76.
273. Rubinstein, S., and D. Tsiddon 1998. Copying with Technological Progress: The Role of Ability in Making Inequality so Persistent. Working Paper no. 27-98, Tel Aviv University.
274. Ruhm, J. 2004. Parental employment and child cognitive development. Journal of Human Resources 39 (1), 155-92.
275. Sander, W. 2001. The Effect of Catholic Schools on Religiosity, Education and Competition. Occasional Paper no. 32, National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York (http://www.tc.columbia.edu/ncspe).
276. Schnepf, S. V. 2002. A Sorting Hat that Fails? The Transition from Primary to Secondary School in Germany. Working Paper no. 92, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence.
277. Schultz, P. 1988. Education investments and returns. in H. Chenery and T. Srinivasan (eds.). Handbook of Development Economics Vol. I. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
278. Schultz, T. 1963. The Economic Value of Education. New York: Columbia University Press.
279. Sen, A. 1976. Real national income. Review of Economic Studies 43, 19-39.
280. Sen, A. 1992. Inequality Re-examined. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
281. Shapiro, C., and J. Stiglitz 1984. Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device. American Economic Review 74 (3), 433-44.
282. Shavit, Y., and H. Blossfeld (eds.) 1993. Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational Stratification in Thirteen Countries. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
283. Shea, J. 2000. Does parents’ money matter? journal of Public Economics 77 (2), 155-84.
284. Shorrock, A. 1978. The measurement of mobility. Econometrica 46 (5), 1013-24.
285. Sianesi, B., and J. Van Reenen 2003. The returns to education: macroeconomics. journal of Economic Surveys 17 (2), 157-200.
286. Solon, G. 1992. Intergenerational income mobility in the United States. American Economic Review 82, 393-408.
287. Solon, G. 1999. Intergenerational mobility in the labor market. in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.). Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. III. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1761-1800.
288. Solon, G. 2002. Cross-country differences in intergenerational earnings mobility. journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (3), 59-66.
289. Solon, G. 2004. A model of intergenerational mobility variation over time and place. in M. Corak (ed.). Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 38-47.
290. Soskice, D. 1994. Reconciling markets and institutions: the German apprenticeship system. in L. Lynch (ed.). Training and the Private Sector: International Comparisons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 25-60.
291. Spence, M. 1973. Job market signalling. Quarterly journal of Economics 87, 355-79.
292. Stiglitz, J. 1969. Distribution of income and wealth among individuals. Econometrica 37 (3), 382-97.
293. Stiglitz, J. 1974. The demand for education in public and private school system. journal of Public Economics 55 (3), 349-85.
294. Stiglitz, J. 1975. The theory of ‘screening’, education and the distribution of income. American Economic Review 64 (3), 283-300.
295. Summers, R., and A. Heston 1991. The Penn World Table (Mark 5): an expanded set of international comparisons, 1950-1988. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (2), 327-68.
296. Tamura, R. 1991. Income convergence in an endogenous growth model. Journal of Political Economy 99 (3), 522-40.
297. Teulings, C., and T. vanRens 2002. Education, Growth and Income Inequality. Discussion Paper no. 3863, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
298. Thurow, L. 1975. Generating Inequalities. New York: Basic Books.
299. Tibaijuka, A., and A. Cormack 1998. Financing the Social Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of the Literature. Unpublished manuscript, WIDER/United Nations University, Helsinki.
300. Tiebout, C. 1956. A pure theory of local expenditure. Journal of Political Economy 64, 416-24.
301. Topel, R. 1999. Labour market and economic growth. in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.). Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. III. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2943-84.
302. Torvik, R. 1993. Talent, growth and income distribution. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 95 (4), 581-96.
303. Trostel, P., I. Walker and P. Wooley 2002. Estimates of the econometric return to schooling for 28 countries. Labour Economics 9 (1), 1-16.
304. United Nations Development Programme 1997. Human Development Report 1997. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
305. United Nations Development Programme 2001. Human Development Report 2001. Oxford: Blackwell.
306. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 1998. Statistical Yearbook. New York: United Nations.
307. Weiner, M. 1991. The Child and the State in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
308. Weiss, A. 1990. Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs, and Wage Dispersion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
309. Weiss, A. 1995. Human capital vs. signalling explanation of wages. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (4), 133-54.
310. Willis, R. 1986. Wage determinants: a survey and reinterpretation of the human capital earning functions. in O. Ashenfelter and R. Layard (eds.). Handbook of Labor Economics Vol. I. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 525-602.
311. Woessman, L. 2003. Schooling resources, educational institutions, and student performance: the international evidence. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 65 (2), 117-70.
312. Woessman, L. 2004. How Equal are Educational Opportunities? Family Background and Student Achievement in Europe and in the United States. Working Paper no. 1162, Center for Economic Studies (Cesifo), University of Munich.
313. Woessman, L., and M. West 2002. Class Size Effects in School Systems around the World: Evidence from Between-Grade Variations in TIMSS. Discussion Paper no. 485, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
314. World Bank 1998. World Bank Data on CD-ROM. Washington, DC: World Bank.
315. Wright, R. 1999. The Rate of Return to Private Schooling. Discussion Paper no. 92, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
316. Zimmerman, D. 1992. Regression towards mediocrity in economic stature. American Economic Review 82, 409-29.