Designing sociotechnical systems with cognitive work analysis: putting theory back into practice

Ergonomics

Volumn 58, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 822-851

  Read, Gemma J M ^a   Salmon, Paul M ^b   Lenné, Michael G ^a   Stanton, Neville A ^c  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cognitive work analysis; complex systems; sociotechnical systems theory; system design

Indexed keywords

LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS; SYSTEM THEORY; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS;

ABSTRACTION HIERARCHY; COGNITIVE WORK ANALYSIS; COMPLEX SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS; DESIGN APPROACHES; DESIGN PRACTICE; SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS; SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS THEORY;

COGNITIVE SYSTEMS;

COGNITION; HUMAN; SYSTEM ANALYSIS; SYSTEMS THEORY;

COGNITION; HUMANS; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS; SYSTEMS THEORY;

EID: 84929705731     PISSN: 00140139     EISSN: 13665847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.980335     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Ahlstrom, U. 2005. “Work Domain Analysis for Air Traffic Controller Weather Displays.” Journal of Safety Research 36: 159–169.
2. Annett, J. 2002. “A Note on the Validity and Reliability of Ergonomics Methods.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 3: 228–232.
3. Ashoori, M., and C. Burns. 2013. “Team Cognitive Work Analysis: Structure and Control Tasks.” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 7: 123–140.
4. Baber, C., and N. A. Stanton. 2002. “Task Analysis for Error Identification: Theory, Method and Validation.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 3: 212–227.
5. Badham, R. J., C. W. Clegg, and T. Wall. 2006. “Sociotechnical Theory.” In International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, edited by W. Karwowski, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
6. Baxter, G., and I. Sommerville. 2011. “Socio-Technical Systems: From Design Methods to Systems Engineering.” Interacting with Computers 23: 4–17.
7. Baysari, M. T., C. Caponecchia, and A. S. Mcintosh. 2011. “A Reliability and Usability Study of TRACEr-RAV: The Technique for the Retrospective Analysis of Cognitive Errors – For Rail, Australian Version.” Applied Ergonomics 42: 852–859.
8. Birrell, S. A., M. S. Young, D. P. Jenkins, and N. A. Stanton. 2012. “Cognitive Work Analysis for Safe and Efficient Driving.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 13: 430–449.
9. Bisantz, A. M., E. Roth, B. Brickman, L. L. Gosbee, L. Hettinger, and J. Mckinney. 2003. “Integrating Cognitive Analyses in a Large-Scale System Design Process.” International Journal of Computer-Human Studies 58: 177–206.
10. Burns, C. M. 2000. “Putting It All Together: Improving Display Integration in Ecological Displays.” Human Factors 42: 226–241.
11. Burns, C. M., G. Skraaning, G. A. Jamieson, N. Lau, J. Kwok, R. Welch, and G. Andresen. 2008. “Evaluation of Ecological Interface Design for Nuclear Process Control: Situation Awareness Effects.” Human Factors 50: 663–679.
12. Checkland, P. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester: Wiley.
13. Cherns, A. 1976. “The Principles of Sociotechnical Design.” Human Relations 29: 783–792.
14. Cherns, A. 1987. “Principles of Sociotechnical Design Revisited.” Human Relations 40: 153–161.
15. Clancey, W. J., P. Sachs, M. Sierhuis, and R. V. Hoof. 1998. “Brahms: Simulating Practice for Work Systems Design.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 49 (6): 831–865. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581998902294.
16. Clegg, C. W. 2000. “Sociotechnical Principles for System Design.” Applied Ergonomics 31: 463–477.
17. Clegg, C., P. Coleman, P. Hornby, R. Maclaren, J. Robson, N. Carey, and G. Symon. 1996. “Tools to Incorporate Some Psychological and Organizational Issues During the Development of Computer-Based Systems.” Ergonomics 39: 482–511.
18. Cornelissen, M., P. M. Salmon, R. Mcclure, and N. A. Stanton. 2013. “Using Cognitive Work Analysis and the Strategies Analysis Diagram to Understand Variability in Road User Behaviour at Intersections.” Ergonomics 56: 764–780.
19. Cummings, M. L., and S. Guerlain. 2003. “The Tactical Tomahawk Conundrum: Designing Decision Support Systems for Revolutionary Domains.” IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 2: 1583–1588.
20. Davis, L. E. 1982. “Organization Design.” In Handbook of Industrial Engineering, edited by G. Salvendy, 2.1.1–2.1.29. New York: Wiley.
21. Davis, M. C., R. Challenger, D. N. W. Jayewardene, and C. W. Clegg. 2014. “Advancing Socio-Technical Systems Thinking: A Call for Bravery.” Applied Ergonomics 45: 133–220.
22. Davis, M. C., D. J. Leach, and C. W. Clegg. 2011. “The Physical Environment of the Office: Contemporary and Emerging Issues.” International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 26: 193–237.
23. Dekker, S. 2011. Drift into Failure: From Hunting Broken Components to Understanding Complex Systems. Surrey: Ashgate.
24. Dekker, S. W. A., P. A. Hancock, and P. Wilkin. 2013. “Ergonomics and Sustainability: Towards an Embrace of Complexity and Emergence.” Ergonomics 56: 357–364.
25. Drivalou, S., and N. Marmaras. 2009. “Supporting Skill-, Rule-, and Knowledge-Based Behaviour Through an Ecological Interface: An Industry-Scale Application.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 39: 947–965.
26. Dul, J., R. Bruder, P. Buckle, P. Carayon, P. Falzon, W. S. Marras, J. R. Wilson, and B. Van Der Doelen. 2012. “A Strategy for Human Factors/Ergonomics: Developing the Discipline and Profession.” Ergonomics 55: 377–395.
27. Durugbo, C. 2012. “Work Domain Analysis for Enhancing Collaborations: A Study of the Management of Microsystems Design.” Ergonomics 55: 603–620.
28. Eason, K. 2014. “Afterword: The Past, Present and Future of Sociotechnical Systems Theory.” Applied Ergonomics 45: 213–220.
29. Edwards, K., and P. L. Jensen. 2014. “Design of Systems for Productivity and Well Being.” Applied Ergonomics 45: 26–32.
30. Elm, W., J. Gualtieri, J. Tittle, S. S. Potter, and B. Mckenna. 2008. “Pragmatic Use of Cognitive Work Analysis in System Design – Extending Current Thinking by Adapting the Mapping Principle.” In Applications of Cognitive Work Analysis, edited by A. M. Bisantz and C. M. Burns, 249–273. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
31. Erickson, T. 1995. “Notes on Design Practice: Stories and Prototypes as Catalysts for Communication.” In Scenario-Based Design: Envisioning Work and Technology in System Development, edited by J. M. Carroll, 37–58. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
32. Euerby, A., and C. M. Burns. 2012. “Designing for Social Engagement in Online Social Networks Using Communities-of-Practice Theory and Cognitive Work Analysis: A Case Study.” Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 6: 194–213.
33. Friedman, B., and D. G. Hendry. 2012. “The Envisioning Cards: A Toolkit for Catalyzing Humanistic and Technical Imagination.” In Proceedings of CHI'12 – the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1145–1148. New York: ACM Press.
34. Gawron, V. J. 2000. Handbook of Human Performance Measures. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
35. Gonzalez Castro, L. N., A. R. Pritchett, D. P. J. Bruneau, and E. N. Johnson. 2007. “Applying Coherent Design to Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Operations and Control Stations.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51: 181–185.
36. Gualtieri, J. W., S. Szymczak, and W. C. Elm. 2005. “Cognitive System Engineering-Based Design: Alchemy or Engineering.” In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting, 254–258. Orlando, FL: SAGE.
37. Hajdukiewicz, J. R., and C. M. Burns. 2004. “Strategies for Bridging the Gap Between Analysis and Design for Ecological Interface Design.” In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting, 479–483. New Orleans, LA: SAGE.
38. Hendrick, H. W. 1995. “Future Directions in Macroergonomics.” Ergonomics 38 (8): 1617–1624.
39. Higgins, P. G. 1998. “Extending Cognitive Work Analysis to Manufacturing Scheduling.” In Proceedings of the Australia/New Zealand Conference on Computer–Human Interaction, 236–243.
40. Hirschhorn, L., P. Noble, and T. Rankin. 2001. “Sociotechnical Systems in an Age of Mass Customization.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 18: 241–252.
41. Hoffman, R. R., B. Crandall, and N. Shadbolt. 1998. “Use of the Critical Decision Method to Elicit Expert Knowledge: A Case Study in the Methodology of Cognitive Task Analysis.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40: 254–276.
42. Hughes, H. P. N., C. W. Clegg, M. A. Robinson, and R. M. Crowder. 2012. “Agent-Based Modelling and Simulation: The Potential Contribution to Organizational Psychology.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 85 (3): 487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02053.x.
43. Jamieson, G. A. 2003. “Bridging the Gap Between Cognitive Work Analysis and Ecological Interface Design.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 47: 273–277.
44. Jenkins, D. P., P. M. Salmon, N. A. Stanton, and G. H. Walker. 2010. “A New Approach for Designing Cognitive Artefacts to Support Disaster Management.” Ergonomics 53: 617–635.
45. Jenkins, D. P., N. A. Stanton, P. M. Salmon, and G. H. Walker. 2009. Cognitive Work Analysis: Coping with Complexity. Surrey: Ashgate.
46. Jenkins, D. P., N. A. Stanton, P. M. Salmon, G. H. Walker, and L. Rafferty. 2010. “Using the Decision-Ladder to Add a Formative Element to Naturalistic Decision-Making Research.” International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 26: 132–146.
47. Jenkins, D. P., N. A. Stanton, P. M. Salmon, G. H. Walker, and M. S. Young. 2008. “Using Cognitive Work Analysis to Explore Activity Allocation Within Military Domains.” Ergonomics 56: 798–815.
48. Jenkins, D. P., N. A. Stanton, G. H. Walker, P. M. Salmon, and M. S. Young. 2008. “Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to the Design of Rapidly Reconfigurable Interfaces in Complex Networks.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 9: 273–295.
49. Jones, P. M. 1995. “Designing for Operations: Towards a Sociotechnical Systems and Cognitive Engineering Approach to Concurrent Engineering.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 16: 283–292.
50. Kilgore, R., O. St-Cyr, and G. A. Jamieson. 2008. “From Work Domains to Worker Competencies: A Five-Phase CWA.” In Applications of Cognitive Work Analysis, edited by A. M. Bisantz and C. M. Burns, 15–48. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
51. Kleiner, B. M. 2006. “Sociotechnical Systems Analysis.” In International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, edited by W. Karwowski, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
52. Koubek, R. J., D. Benysh, M. Buck, C. M. Harvey, and M. Reynolds. 2003. “The Development of a Theoretical Framework and Design Tool for Process Usability Assessment.” Ergonomics 46: 220–241.
53. Liedtka, J., and T. Ogilvie. 2010. Designing for Growth: A Design Thinking Tool Kit for Managers. New York: Columbia Business School.
54. Lintern, G. 2005. “Integration of Cognitive Requirements into System Design.” In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting, 239–243. Orlando, FL: SAGE.
55. Lintern, G. 2008. “The Theoretical Foundation of Cognitive Work Analysis.” In Applications of Cognitive Work Analysis, edited by A. M. Bisantz and C. M. Burns, 321–355. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
56. Mendoza, P. A., A. Angelelli, and A. Lindgren. 2011. “Ecological Interface Design Inspired Human Machine Interface for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems.” Intelligent Transport Systems, IET 5: 53–59.
57. Militello, L. G., C. O. Dominguez, G. Lintern, and G. Klein. 2010. “The Role of Cognitive Systems Engineering in the Systems Engineering Design Process.” Systems Engineering 13: 261–273.
58. Miller, A. 2004. “A Work Domain Analysis Framework for Modelling Intensive Care Unit Patients.” Cognition, Technology & Work 6: 207–222.
59. Mumford, E. 1995. Effective Systems Design and Requirements Analysis: The Ethics Method. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.
60. Naikar, N. 2013. Work Domain Analysis: Concepts, Guidelines and Cases. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.
61. Naikar, N., B. Pearce, D. Drumm, and P. M. Sanderson. 2003. “Designing Teams for First-of-a-Kind, Complex Systems Using the Initial Phases of Cognitive Work Analysis: Case Study.” Human Factors 45: 202–217.
62. Naikar, N., and P. M. Sanderson. 1999. “Work Domain Analysis for Training-System Definition and Acquisition.” The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 9: 271–290.
63. Neumann, W. P., and J. Village. 2012. “Ergonomics Action Research II: A Framework for Integrating HF into Work System Design.” Ergonomics 1–17.
64. Norros, L. 2014. “Developing Human Factors/Ergonomics as a Design Discipline.” Applied Ergonomics 45: 61–71.
65. Older, M. T., P. E. Waterson, and C. W. Clegg. 1997. “A Critical Assessment of Task Allocation Methods and Their Applicability.” Ergonomics 40: 151–171.
66. Pasmore, W., C. Francis, J. Haldeman, and A. Shani. 1982. “Sociotechnical Systems: A North American Reflection on Empirical Studies.” Human Relations 35: 1179–1204.
67. Patrick, J., N. James, A. Ahmed, and P. Halliday. 2006. “Observational Assessment of Situation Awareness, Team Differences and Training Implications.” Ergonomics 49: 393–417.
68. Perrow, C. 1984. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. New York: Basic Books.
69. Potter, S. S., E. M. Roth, D. D. Woods, and W. C. Elm. 1998. “A Framework for Integrating Cognitive Task Analysis into the System Development Framework.” In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting, 395–399. Santa Monica, CA: SAGE.
70. Pretorius, A., and P. J. Cilliers. 2007. “Development of a Mental Workload Index: A Systems Approach.” Ergonomics 50: 1503–1515.
71. Rasmussen, J., A. M. Pejtersen, and K. Schmidt. 1990. Taxonomy for Cognitive Work Analysis. Roskilde: Risø National Laboratory.
72. Read, G. J. M., P. M. Salmon, and M. G. Lenne. 2012. “From Work Analysis to Work Design: A Review of Cognitive Work Analysis Design Applications.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 56: 368–372.
73. Rehak, L. A., T. M. Lamoureux, and J. C. Bos. 2006. “Communication, Coordination, and Integration of Cognitive Work Analysis Outputs.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50: 515–519.
74. Reising, D. C., and P. M. Sanderson. 2002. “Ecological Interface Design for Pasteurizer II: A Process Description of Semantic Mapping.” Human Factors 44: 222–247.
75. Robinson, G. H. 1982. “Accidents and Sociotechnical Systems: Principles for Design.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 14: 121–130.
76. Salmon, P. M., D. Jenkins, N. Stanton, and G. Walker. 2010. “Hierarchical Task Analysis vs. Cognitive Work Analysis: Comparison of Theory, Methodology and Contribution to System Design.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 11: 504–531.
77. Sharp, T. D., and A. J. Helmicki. 1998. “The Application of the Ecological Interface Design Approach to Neonatal Intensive Care Medicine.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42: 350–354.
78. Shorrock, S., and B. Kirwan. 2002. “Development and Application of a Human Error Identification Tool for Air Traffic Control.” Applied Ergonomics 33: 319–336.
79. Sinclair, M. A. 2007. “Ergonomics Issues in Future Systems.” Ergonomics 50: 1957–1986.
80. Snowden, D. J., and M. E. Boone. 2007. “A Leader's Framework for Decision Making.” Harvard Business Review 85: 68–76, 149.
81. Stanton, N., and K. Bessell. 2014. “How a Submarine Returns to Periscope Depth: Analysing Complex Socio-Technical Systems with Cognitive Work Analysis.” Applied Ergonomics 45: 110–125.
82. Stanton, N. A., D. P. Jenkins, P. M. Salmon, G. H. Walker, K. M. A. Revell, and L. Rafferty. 2009. Digitising Command and Control: A Human Factors and Ergonomics Analysis of Mission Planning and Battlespace Management. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
83. Stanton, N. A., and R. C. McIlroy. 2012. “Designing Mission Communication Planning: The Role of Rich Pictures and Cognitive Work Analysis.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 13: 146–168.
84. Stanton, N. A., R. C. McIlroy, C. Harvey, S. Blainey, A. Hickford, J. M. Preston, and B. Ryan. 2013. “Following the Cognitive Work Analysis Train of Thought: Exploring the Constraints of Modal Shift to Rail Transport.” Ergonomics 56: 522–540.
85. Stanton, N. A., P. M. Salmon, L. A. Rafferty, G. H. Walker, C. Baber, and D. P. Jenkins. 2013. Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design. 2nd ed. Aldershot: Ashgate.
86. Stanton, N. A., P. M. Salmon, G. H. Walker, C. Baber, and D. P. Jenkins. 2005. Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design. Surrey: Ashgate.
87. Stanton, N. A., and S. V. Stevenage. 1998. “Learning to Predict Human Error: Issues of Acceptability, Reliability and Validity.” Ergonomics 41: 1737–1756.
88. Stanton, N. A., and M. S. Young. 1999. “What Price Ergonomics?” Nature 399: 197–198.
89. Trist, E. L., and K. W. Bamforth. 1951. “Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting: An Examination of the Psychological Situation and Defences of a Work Group in Relation to the Social Structure and Technological Content of the Work System.” Human Relations 4: 3–38.
90. Vicente, K. J. 1998. “Commentary an Evolutionary Perspective on the Growth of Cognitive Engineering: The RISO Genotype.” Ergonomics 41: 156–159.
91. Vicente, K. J. 1999. Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
92. Vicente, K. J. 2002. “Ecological Interface Design: Process and Challenges.” Human Factors 44: 62–78.
93. Walker, G. H., N. A. Stanton, P. M. Salmon, and D. P. Jenkins. 2008. “A Review of Sociotechnical Systems Theory: A Classic Concept for New Command and Control Paradigms.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 9: 479–499.
94. Walker, G. H., N. A. Stanton, P. M. Salmon, and D. P. Jenkins. 2009. Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective. Aldershot: Ashgate.
95. Walker, G. H., N. A. Stanton, P. M. Salmon, D. P. Jenkins, and L. Rafferty. 2010. “Translating Concepts of Complexity to the Field of Ergonomics.” Ergonomics 53 (10): 1175–1186.
96. Waterson, P. 2009. “A Critical Review of the Systems Approach Within Patient Safety Research.” Ergonomics 52: 1185–1195.
97. Waterson, P. E., M. T. Older Gray, and C. W. Clegg. 2002. “A Sociotechnical Method for Designing Work Systems.” Human Factors 44: 376–391.
98. Wilson, J. R. 2014. “Fundamentals of Systems Ergonomics/Human Factors.” Applied Ergonomics 45: 5–13.