Hierarchical task analysis vs. cognitive work analysis: Comparison of theory, methodology and contribution to system design

Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 504-531

  Salmon, Paul ^a   Jenkins, Daniel ^b   Stanton, Neville ^c   Walker, Guy ^d  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Sociotechnic Solutions   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^d HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

cognitive work analysis; hierarchical task analysis; human factors methods; mission planning

Indexed keywords

EID: 81855186505     PISSN: 1463922X     EISSN: 1464536X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14639220903165169     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Adams, P and David, GC. 2007. Light vehicle fuelling errors in the UK: the nature of the problem, its consequences and prevention. Applied Ergonomics, 38(5): 499-511.
2. Ahlstrom, U. 2005. Work domain analysis for air traffic controller weather displays. Journal of Safety Research, 36: 159-169.
3. Annett, J. 2004. "Hierarchical task analysis". In The handbook of task analysis for human-computer interaction, Edited by: Diaper, D and Stanton, NA. 67-82. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
4. Annett, J and Stanton, NA. 1998. Task analysis. Ergonomics, 41(11): 1529-1536.
5. Annett, J. 1971. Task analysis. Department of Employment Training Information Paper 6, London: HMSO.
6. Annett, J and Stanton, NA. 2000. Task analysis, London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
7. Bisantz, AM and Burns, CM. 2008. Applications of cognitive work analysis, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
8. Bisantz, AM. 2003. Integrating cognitive analyses in a large-scale system design process. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58: 177-206.
9. Bolia, R.S., 2005. Intelligent decision support systems in network-centric military operations. In: Intelligent decisions? Intelligent support? Pre-proceedings for the International Workshop on Intelligent Decision Support Systems: Retrospect and prospects, 3-7.
10. Bruseberg, A and Shepherd, A. 1997. "Job design in integrated mail processing". In Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. Volume two: Job design and product design, Edited by: Harris, D. 25-32. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.
11. Burke, SC. 2004. "Team task analysis". In Handbook of human factors and ergonomics methods, Edited by: Stanton, NA, Hedge, A, Brookhuis, K, Salas, E and Hendrick, H. 56.1-56.8. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
12. Card, SK, Moran, TP and Newell, A. 1983. The psychology of human computer interaction, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. Crone, D.J., Sanderson, P.M., and Naikar, N., 2003. Using cognitive work analysis to develop a capability for the evaluation of future systems. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Denver, CO. Santa Monica, CA: HFES, 1938-1942.
14. Crone, D. Selecting sensitive measures of performance in complex multivariable environments. Proceedings of the 2007 Simulation Technology Conference (SimTecT 2007). 4-7 June2007, Brisbane, Australia.
15. Embrey, DE. SHERPA: A systematic human error reduction and prediction approach. Paper presented at the International Meeting on Advances in Nuclear Power Systems. 1986, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
16. Fidel, R and Pejtersen, AM. 2005. "Cognitive work analysis". In Theories of information behaviour: A researchers guide, Edited by: Fisher, KE, Erdelez, S and McKenzie, EF. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
17. Hart, SG and Staveland, LE. 1988. "Development of a multi-dimensional workload rating scale: Results of empirical and theoretical research". In Human mental workload, Edited by: Hancock, PA and Meshkati, N. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
18. Hajdukiewicz, J.R., 1998. Development of a structured approach for patient monitoring in the operating room. Thesis (Masters). University of Toronto.
19. Hajdukiewicz, JR and Vicente, KJ. 2004. A theoretical note on the relationship between work domain analysis and task analysis. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(6): 527-538.
20. Higgins, P.G., 1998. Extending cognitive work analysis to manufacturing scheduling. In: P. Calder and B. Thomas, eds., Proceedings of the 1998 Australian Computer Human Interaction Conference, OzCHI'98, November 30-December 4, Adelaide, IEEE, 236-243.
21. Hodgkinson, GP and Crawshaw, CM. 1985. Hierarchical task analysis for ergonomics research. An application of the method to the design and evaluation of sound mixing consoles. Applied Ergonomics, 16(4): 289-299.
22. Jamieson, GA and Vicente, KJ. 2001. Ecological interface design for petrochemical applications: Supporting operator adaptation, continuous learning and distributed, collaborative work. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 25: 1055-1074.
23. Jansson, A, Olsson, E and Erlandsson, M. 2006. Bridging the gap between analysis and design: improving existing driver interfaces with tools from the framework of cognitive work analysis. Cognition, Technology & Work, 8(1): 41-49.
24. Jenkins, DP. 2008a. Cognitive work analysis: coping with complexity, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
25. Jenkins, DP. 2008b. Applying cognitive work analysis to the design of rapidly reconfigurable interfaces in complex networks. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 9(4): 273-295.
26. Jenkins, DP. 2008c. Using cognitive work analysis to explore activity allocation within military domains. Ergonomics, 51(6): 798-815.
27. Jenkins, D.P., Stanton, N.A., Salmon, P.M., Walker, G.H., and Rafferty, L. (In Press). Using the decision-ladder to add a formative element to naturalistic decision-making research. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction.
28. Kirwan, B and Ainsworth, LK. 1992. A guide to task analysis, London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
29. Kilgore, RM, St-Cyr, O and Jamieson, GA. 2009. "From work domains to worker competencies: A five-phase CWA for air traffic control". In Applications of cognitive work analysis, Edited by: Bisantz, A and Burns, C. 15-47. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
30. Lane, R, Stanton, NA and Harrison, D. 2007. Applying hierarchical task analysis to medication administration errors. Applied Ergonomics, 37(5): 669-679.
31. Lintern, G and Naikar, N. 2000. The use of work domain analysis for the design of training teams. Proceedings of the joint 14th triennial congress of the International Ergonomics Association/44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES/IEA 2000). 2000, San Diego, CA. Santa Monica. CA: Human Factors and Eronomics Society, 198-201
32. Lintern, G. 2009. "The theoretical foundation of cognitive work analysis". In Applications of cognitive work analysis, Edited by: Bisantz, A and Burns, C. 321-355. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
33. Marsden, P and Kirby, M. 2004. "Allocation of functions". In Handbook of human factors and ergonomics methods, Edited by: Stanton, NA, Hedge, A, Brookhuis, K, Salas, E and Hendrick, H. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
34. Mazaeva, N and Bisantz, AM. 2007. On the representation of automation using a work domain analysis. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 8(6): 509-530.
35. Memesevic, R.,Sanderson, P.M., Choudhury, S., and Wong, W. (2005). Work domain analysis and ecological interface design for hydropower system monitoring and control. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (IEEE-SMC2005, Hawaii, USA, 3580-3587.
36. Miller, GA, Galanter, E and Pribram, KH. 1960. Plans and the structure of behaviour, New York: Holt.
37. Miller, CA and Vicente, KJ. 2001. Comparison of display requirements generated via Hierarchical Task and Abstraction-Decomposition Space Analysis Techniques. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 5(3): 335-355.
38. Ministry of Defence, 2005. Joint service publication 777-Network enabled capability. Version 1, Edition 1, http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/CorporatePublications/ScienceandTechnologyPublications/NEC/, accessed 18th July 2007.
39. Naikar, N., Hopcroft, R., and Moylan, A., 2005. Work domain analysis: theoretical concepts and methodology. Defence Science & Technology Organisation Report, DSTO-TR-1665. Fishermans Bend, Australia: Air Operations Division.
40. Naikar, N, Moylan, A and Pearce, B. 2006. Analysing activity in complex systems with cognitive work analysis: Concepts, guidelines, and case study for control task analysis. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 7(4): 371-394.
41. Naikar, N and Sanderson, PM. 1999. Work domain analysis for training-system definition. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9: 271-290.
42. Naikar, N and Sanderson, PM. 2001. Evaluating design proposals for complex systems with work domain analysis. Human Factors, 43: 529-542.
43. Naikar, N and Saunders, A. 2003. Crossing the boundaries of safe operation: A technical training approach to error management. Cognition Technology and Work, 5: 171-180.
44. Naikar, N. 2003. Technique for designing teams for first-of-a-kind complex systems with cognitive work analysis: Case study. Human Factors, 45(2): 202-217.
45. Naikar, N. 2009. "Beyond the design of ecological interfaces: Applications of work domain analysis and control task analysis to the evaluation of design proposals, team design and training". In Applications of cognitive work analysis, Edited by: Bisantz, A and Burns, C. 69-94. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
46. Olsson, G and Lee, PL. 1994. Effective interfaces for process operators. The Journal of Process Control, 4: 99-107.
47. Piso, E. 1981. Task analysis for process-control tasks: The method of Annett et al. applied. Occupational Psychology, 54: 347-254.
48. Rasmussen, J., 1986. Information processing and human-machine interaction: an approach to cognitive engineering [online]. New York: North-Holland. Available from: http://www.ischool.washington.edu/chii/portal/literature.html [Accessed 14 August 2008].
49. Rasmussen, J, Pejtersen, AM and Goodstein, LP. 1994. Cognitive systems engineering, New York: Wiley.
50. Reid, GB and Nygren, TE. 1988. "The subjective workload assessment technique: A scaling procedure for measuring mental workload". In Human mental workload, Edited by: Hancock, PS and Meshkati, N. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
51. Salmon, PM. 2007. Work domain analysis and road transport: Implications for vehicle design. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 45(3): 426-448.
52. Salmon, PM. 2009. Analysing the analysis in task analysis, Unpublished manuscript
53. Sanderson, PM. 2003. Cognitive work analysis across the system lifecycle: Achievements, challenges, and prospects in aviation, Edited by: Pfister, P and Edkins, G. Aldershot: Ashgate. Aviation Resource Management, 3
54. Shepherd, A. 2001. Hierarchical Task Analysis, London: Taylor & Francis.
55. Stammers, R.B. and Astley, J.A., 1987. Hierarchical task analysis: Twenty years on. In: Megaw, E.D., ed., Contemporary Ergonomics 1987. Taylor & Francis, London, 135-139.
56. Stanton, NA. 2006. Hierarchical task analysis: Developments, applications, and extensions. Applied Ergonomics, 37: 55-79.
57. Stanton, NA. 2005. Human factors methods: A practical guide for engineering and design, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
58. Tsang, PS and Velazquez, VL. 1996. Diagnosticity and multidimensional subjective workload ratings. Ergonomics, 39: 358-381.
59. Vicente, KJ. 1999a. Cognitive work analysis: Toward safe, productive, and healthy computer-based work, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
60. Vicente, KJ. 1999b. Wanted: psychologically relevant, device and event independent work analysis techniques. Interacting with computers, 11: 237-254.
61. Walker, GH. 2006. Event analysis of systemic teamwork (EAST): a novel integration of ergonomics methods to analyse C4i activity. Ergonomics, 49: 1345-1369.
62. Watson, MO and Sanderson, PM. 2007. Designing for attention with sound: Challenges and extensions to ecological interface design. Human Factors, 49(2): 331-346.
63. Yu, X. 2002. Toward theory-driven, quantitative performance measurement in ergonomics science: the abstraction hierarchy as a framework for data analysis. Theoretic Issues in Ergonomic Science, 3(2): 124-142.