Atopic dermatitis: Global epidemiology and risk factors

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 66, Issue , 2015, Pages 8-16

  Nutten, Sophie ^a  

^a NESTLÉ RESEARCH CENTER   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Atopic dermatitis; Atopic march; Environment; Genetics; Immune dysregulation; Skin barrier defect

Indexed keywords

ALLERGY; ARTICLE; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFANT FEEDING; INTESTINE FLORA; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; SKIN FUNCTION; ADULT; ASTHMA; CHILD; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; ENVIRONMENT; HYPERSENSITIVITY; META ANALYSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE;

ADULT; ASTHMA; CHILD; DERMATITIS, ATOPIC; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84929657504     PISSN: 02506807     EISSN: 14219697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000370220     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Asher MI, Montefort S, Bjorksten B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK, Williams H: Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry crosssectional surveys. Lancet 2006; 368: 733-743.
2. Barnetson RS, Rogers M: Childhood atopic eczema. BMJ 2002; 324: 1376-1379.
3. Dharmage SC, Lowe AJ, Matheson MC, Burgess JA, Allen KJ, Abramson MJ: Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march revisited. Allergy 2014; 69: 17-27.
4. Shaker M: New insights into the allergic march. Curr Opin Pediatr 2014; 26: 516-520.
5. Spergel JM: From atopic dermatitis to asthma: the atopic march. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 105: 99-106.
6. Kemp AS: Cost of illness of atopic dermatitis in children: A societal perspective. Pharmacoeconomics 2003; 21: 105-113.
7. Mancini AJ, Kaulback K, Chamlin SL: The socioeconomic impact of atopic dermatitis in the United States: A systematic review. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25: 1-6.
8. Verboom P, Hakkaart-Van L, Sturkenboom M, De Zeeuw R, Menke H, Rutten F: The cost of atopic dermatitis in the Netherlands: An international comparison. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 716-724.
9. Arnold RJ, Donnelly A, Altieri L, Wong KS, Sung J: Assessment of outcomes and parental effect on quality-of-life endpoints in the management of atopic dermatitis. Manag Care Interface 2007; 20: 18-23.
10. Carroll CL, Balkrishnan R, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB Jr, Manuel JC: The burden of atopic dermatitis: impact on the patient, family, and society. Pediatr Dermatol 2005; 22: 192-199.
11. Lewis-Jones S: Quality of life and childhood atopic dermatitis: the misery of living with childhood eczema. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60: 984-992.
12. Weisshaar E, Diepgen TL, Bruckner T, Fartasch M, Kupfer J, Lob-Corzilius T, Ring J, Scheewe S, Scheidt R, Schmid-Ott G, Schnopp C, Staab D, Szcepanski R, Werfel T, Wittenmeier M, Wahn U, Gieler U: Itch intensity evaluated in the German Atopic Dermatitis Intervention Study (GADIS): correlations with quality of life, coping behaviour and SCORAD severity in 823 children. Acta Derm Venereol 2008; 88: 234-239.
13. Odhiambo JA, Williams HC, Clayton TO, Robertson CF, Asher MI: Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1251-1258.
14. Mallol J, Crane J, von Mutius E, Odhiambo J, Keil U, Stewart A; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: A global synthesis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2013; 41: 73-85.
15. Williams H, Stewart A, von Mutius E, Cookson W, Anderson HR; International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase One and Three Study Groups: Is eczema really on the increase worldwide? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 947-954.
16. Fiset PO, Leung DY, Hamid Q: Immunopathology of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 287-290.
17. McGirt LY, Beck LA: Innate immune defects in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 202-208.
18. Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Ganz T, Gallo RL, Leung DY: Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1151-1160.
19. Cardona ID, Cho SH, Leung DY: Role of bacterial superantigens in atopic dermatitis: implications for future therapeutic strategies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006; 7: 273-279.
20. Eigenmann PA, Sicherer SH, Borkowski TA, Cohen BA, Sampson HA: Prevalence of IgEmediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics 1998; 101:E8.
21. Suh KY: Food allergy and atopic dermatitis: separating fact from fiction. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2010; 29: 72-78.
22. Schultz Larsen FV, Holm NV: Atopic dermatitis in a population based twin series. Concordance rates and heritability estimation. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1985; 114: 159.
23. Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, Goudie DR, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Smith FJ, O'Regan GM, Watson RM, Cecil JE, Bale SJ, Compton JG, DiGiovanna JJ, Fleckman P, Lewis-Jones S, Arseculeratne G, Sergeant A, Munro CS, El Houate B, McElreavey K, Halkjaer LB, Bisgaard H, Mukhopadhyay S, McLean WH: Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 441-446.
24. Barnes KC: An update on the genetics of atopic dermatitis: scratching the surface in 2009. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 16-29.
25. Moffatt MF: SPINK5: A gene for atopic dermatitis and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34: 325-327.
26. Cork MJ, Robinson DA, Vasilopoulos Y, Ferguson A, Moustafa M, MacGowan A, Duff GW, Ward SJ, Tazi-Ahnini R: New perspectives on epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis: gene-environment interactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 3-21.
27. Brown SJ, Asai Y, Cordell HJ, Campbell LE, Zhao Y, Liao H, Northstone K, Henderson J, Alizadehfar R, Ben-Shoshan M, Morgan K, Roberts G, Masthoff LJ, Pasmans SG, van den Akker PC, Wijmenga C, Hourihane JO, Palmer CN, Lack G, Clarke A, Hull PR, Irvine AD, McLean WH: Loss-of-function variants in the filaggrin gene are a significant risk factor for peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127: 661-667.
28. Flohr C, Pascoe D, Williams HC: Atopic dermatitis and the 'hygiene hypothesis': too clean to be true? Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 202-216.
29. Flohr C, Yeo L: Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Curr Probl Dermatol 2011; 41: 1-34.
30. Braback L, Hjern A, Rasmussen F: Trends in asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among Swedish conscripts from farming and nonfarming environments. A nationwide study over three decades. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34: 38-43.
31. Braun-Fahrlander C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS, Vuille JC, Wuthrich B: Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer's children and their peers living in the same rural community. SCARPOL team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 28-34.
32. Douwes J, Cheng S, Travier N, Cohet C, Niesink A, McKenzie J, Cunningham C, Le Gros G, von Mutius E, Pearce N: Farm exposure in utero may protect against asthma, hay fever and eczema. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 603-611.
33. Kilpelainen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M: Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 201-208.
34. Riedler J, Eder W, Oberfeld G, Schreuer M: Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 194-200.
35. von Mutius E: Maternal farm exposure/ingestion of unpasteurized cow's milk and allergic disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012; 28: 570-576.
36. Langan SM, Flohr C, Williams HC: The role of furry pets in eczema: A systematic review. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 1570-1577.
37. Pelucchi C, Galeone C, Bach JF, La Vecchia C, Chatenoud L: Pet exposure and risk of atopic dermatitis at the pediatric age: A meta-analysis of birth cohort studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132: 616-622.
38. Dom S, Droste JH, Sariachvili MA, Hagendorens MM, Oostveen E, Bridts CH, Stevens WJ, Wieringa MH, Weyler JJ: Pre-and postnatal exposure to antibiotics and the development of eczema, recurrent wheezing and atopic sensitization in children up to the age of 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40: 1378-1387.
39. Tsakok T, McKeever TM, Yeo L, Flohr C: Does early life exposure to antibiotics increase the risk of eczema? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169: 983-991.
40. Bjorksten B, Naaber P, Sepp E, Mikelsaar M: The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 342-346.
41. Bjorksten B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M: Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 516-520.
42. Kalliomaki M, Kirjavainen P, Eerola E, Kero P, Salminen S, Isolauri E: Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 129-134.
43. Watanabe S, Narisawa Y, Arase S, Okamatsu H, Ikenaga T, Tajiri Y, Kumemura M: Differences in fecal microflora between patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy control subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 587-591.
44. Wang M, Karlsson C, Olsson C, Adlerberth I, Wold AE, Strachan DP, Martricardi PM, Aberg N, Perkin MR, Tripodi S, Coates AR, Hesselmar B, Saalman R, Molin G, Ahrne S: Reduced diversity in the early fecal microbiota of infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 129-134.
45. Naik S, Bouladoux N, Wilhelm C, Molloy MJ, Salcedo R, Kastenmuller W, Deming C, Quinones M, Koo L, Conlan S, Spencer S, Hall JA, Dzutsev A, Kong H, Campbell DJ, Trinchieri G, Segre JA, Belkaid Y: Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals. Science 2012; 337: 1115-1119.
46. Flohr C, Mann J: New approaches to the prevention of childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2014; 69: 56-61.
47. Flohr C: Recent perspectives on the global epidemiology of childhood eczema. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2011; 39: 174-182.
48. Flohr C, Nagel G, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, Strachan DP, Williams HC: Lack of evidence for a protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on childhood eczema: lessons from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165: 1280-1289.
49. Filipiak B, Zutavern A, Koletzko S, von Berg A, Brockow I, Grubl A, Berdel D, Reinhardt D, Bauer CP, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J: Solid food introduction in relation to eczema: results from a four-year prospective birth cohort study. J Pediatr 2007; 151: 352-358.
50. Roduit C, Frei R, Loss G, Buchele G, Weber J, Depner M, Loeliger S, Dalphin ML, Roponen M, Hyvarinen A, Riedler J, Dalphin JC, Pekkanen J, von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Lauener R: Development of atopic dermatitis according to age of onset and association with early-life exposures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: 130-136.
51. Sariachvili M, Droste J, Dom S, Wieringa M, Hagendorens M, Stevens W, van SM, Desager K, Weyler J: Early exposure to solid foods and the development of eczema in children up to 4 years of age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010; 21: 74-81.
52. Snijders BE, Thijs C, van RR, van den Brandt PA: Age at first introduction of cow milk products and other food products in relation to infant atopic manifestations in the first 2 years of life: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e115-e122.
53. Zutavern A, Brockow I, Schaaf B, von Berg A, Diez U, Borte M, Kraemer U, Herbarth O, Behrendt H, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J: Timing of solid food introduction in relation to eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food and inhalant sensitization at the age of 6 years: results from the prospective birth cohort study LISA. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e44-e52.
54. Alexander DD, Cabana MD: Partially hydrolyzed 100% whey protein infant formula and reduced risk of atopic dermatitis: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 50: 422-430.
55. Szajewska H, Horvath A: Meta-analysis of the evidence for a partially hydrolyzed 100% whey formula for the prevention of allergic diseases. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26: 423-437.
56. von Berg A, Koletzko S, Grubl A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Wichmann HE, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Berdel D: The effect of hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 533-540.
57. von Berg A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Kramer U, Link E, Bollrath C, Brockow I, Koletzko S, Grubl A, Heinrich J, Wichmann HE, Bauer CP, Reinhardt D, Berdel D: Preventive effect of hydrolyzed infant formulas persists until age 6 years: long-term results from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study (GINI). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121: 1442-1447.
58. von Berg A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Kramer U, Hoffmann B, Link E, Beckmann C, Hoffmann U, Reinhardt D, Grubl A, Heinrich J, Wichmann HE, Bauer CP, Koletzko S, Berdel D: Allergies in high-risk schoolchildren after early intervention with cow's milk protein hydrolysates: 10-year results from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention (GINI) study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131: 1565-1573.
59. Pelucchi C, Chatenoud L, Turati F, Galeone C, Moja L, Bach JF, La Vecchia C: Probiotics supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis: A meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2012; 23: 402-414.
60. Osborn DA, Sinn JK: Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 3:CD006474.
61. Fiocchi A, Burks W, Bahna SL, Bielory L, Boyle RJ, Cocco R, Dreborg S, Goodman R, Kuitunen M, Haahtela T, Heine RG, Lack G, Osborn DA, Sampson H, Tannock GW, Lee BW: Clinical Use of Probiotics in Pediatric Allergy (CUPPA): A World Allergy Organization position paper. World Allergy Organ J 2012; 5: 148-167.
62. Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, Williams HC: Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2:CD005205.
63. Romieu I, Torrent M, Garcia-Esteban R, Ferrer C, Ribas-Fito N, Anto JM, Sunyer J: Maternal fish intake during pregnancy and atopy and asthma in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 518-525.
64. Alm B, Aberg N, Erdes L, Mollborg P, Pettersson R, Norvenius SG, Goksor E, Wennergren G: Early introduction of fish decreases the risk of eczema in infants. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94: 11-15.
65. Oien T, Storro O, Johnsen R: Do early intake of fish and fish oil protect against eczema and doctor-diagnosed asthma at 2 years of age? A cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 124-129.