Initial findings from a novel school-based program, EMPATHY, which may help reduce depression and suicidality in youth

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2015, Pages

  Silverstone, Peter H ^a,b   Bercov, Marni ^b   Suen, Victoria Y M ^b   Allen, Andrea ^b   Cribben, Ivor ^a   Goodrick, Jodi ^c   Henry, Stu ^c   Pryce, Catherine ^b   Langstraat, Pieter ^c   Rittenbach, Katherine ^b   Chakraborty, Samprita ^a   Engels, Rutger C ^d   McCabe, Christopher ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b ALBERTA HEALTH SERVICES   (Canada)

^c Red Deer Public Schools   (Canada)

^d NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTION   (Netherlands)

^e Department of Economics Faculty of Art University of Alberta ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY; ANXIETY SCORE; ARTICLE; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMBINED EMPATHY SCALE SCORE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSION SCORE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG USE; DRUGS ALCOHOL TOBACCO SCORE; EMPOWERING A MULTIMODAL PATHWAY TOWARDS HEALTHY YOUTH PROGRAM; FEMALE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTERNET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PILOT STUDY; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUALITY OF LIFE SCORE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF ESTEEM; SELF-ESTEEM SCORE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; FOLLOW UP; INTERVIEW; PATHOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PROGRAM EVALUATION; PSYCHOLOGY; SCHOOL; SELF CONCEPT; STUDENT; SUICIDE;

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

ADOLESCENT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ANXIETY; CHILD; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COHORT STUDIES; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; MALE; PILOT PROJECTS; PROGRAM EVALUATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; SCHOOLS; SELF CONCEPT; SMOKING; STUDENTS; SUICIDE;

EID: 84929378848     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125527     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ, Pastor P, Ghandour RM, Gfroerer JC, et al. Mental health surveillance among children-United States, 2005-2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2013; 62: Suppl 2: 1-35. PMID: 23677130
2. Nardi B, Francesconi G, Catena-Dell'osso M, Bellantuono C. Adolescent depression: clinical features and therapeutic strategies. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013; 17: 1546-1551. PMID: 23771545
3. Bor W, Dean AJ, Najman J, Hayatbakhsh R. Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiat. 2014; 48: 606-616. PMID: 24829198
4. Kim-Cohen J, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60: 709-717. PMID: 12860775
5. Hawton K, Saunders KE, O'Connor RC. Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet. 2012; 379: 2373-2382. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60322-5 PMID: 22726518
6. Clifford AC, Doran CM, Tsey K. A systematic review of suicide prevention interventions targeting indigenous peoples in Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 463 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-463 PMID: 23663493
7. Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Flint K, Hawkins J, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR, Surveillance Summaries. 2012; 61(no. SS-4). Available: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6104.pdf. PMID: 22456193
8. Carli V, Hoven CW, Wasserman C, Chiesa F, Guffanti G, Sarchiapone M, et al. A newly identified group of adolescents at "invisible" risk for psychopathology and suicidal behavior: findings from the SEYLE study. World Psychiatry. 2014; 13: 78-86. doi: 10.1002/wps.20088 PMID: 24497256
9. Strunk CM, King KA, Vidourek RA, Sorter MT. Effectiveness of the surviving the teens suicide prevention and depression awareness program: an impact evaluation utilizing a comparison group. Health Educ Behav. 2014; 41: 605-613. doi: 10.1177/1090198114531774 PMID: 24786795
10. Daniel SS, Goldston DB. Interventions for suicidal youth: a review of the literature and developmental considerations. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009; 39: 252-268. doi: 10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.252 PMID: 19606918
11. Burns JM, Dudley M, Hazell P, Patton G. Clinical management of deliberate self-harm in young people: the need for evidence-based approaches to reduce repetition. Aust N Z J Psychiat. 2005; 39: 121-128. PMID: 15701059
12. Gould MD, Greenberg T, Velting DD, Shaffer DD. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat. 2003; 42: 386-405.
13. Robinson J, Hetrick SE, Martin C. Preventing suicide in young people: Systematic review. Aust N Z J of Psychiat. 2011; 45: 3-26.
14. Steele MM, Doey T. Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. Part 2: treatment and prevention. Can J Psychiat. 2007; 52; (Suppl 1) 5S-45S.
15. Weare K, Nind M. Mental health promotion and problem prevention in schools: what does the evidence say? Health Promot Int. 2011; 26; (Suppl 1) i29-69. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dar075 PMID: 22079935
16. Robinson J, Pirkis J. Research priorities in suicide prevention: an examination of Australian-based research 2007-11. Aust Health Rev. 2014; 38: 18-24. doi: 10.1071/AH13058 PMID: 24262112
17. Saunders K, Brand F, Lascelles K, Hawton K. The sad truth about the SADPERSONS Scale: an evaluation of its clinical utility in self-harm patients. Emerg Med J. 2014; 31: 796-798. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2013-202781 PMID: 23896589
18. Simon GE, Rutter CM, Peterson D, Oliver M, Whiteside U, Operskalski B, et al. Does response on the PHQ-9 Depression Questionnaire predict subsequent suicide attempt or suicide death? Psychiatr Serv. 2013; 64: 1195-1202. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200587 PMID: 24036589
19. Friedmann H, Kohn R. Mortality, or probability of death, from a suicidal act in the United States. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2008; 38: 287-301. doi: 10.1521/suli.2008.38.3.287 PMID: 18611127
20. Spirito A, Esposito-Smythers C. Attempted and completed suicide in adolescence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006; 2: 237-266. PMID: 17716070
21. Beghi M, Rosenbaum JF. Risk factors for fatal and nonfatal repetition of suicide attempt: a critical appraisal. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010; 23: 349-355. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833ad783 PMID: 20520547
22. Jaycox LH, Reivich KJ, Gillham J, Seligman ME. Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children. Behav Res Ther. 1994; 32: 801-816. PMID: 7993324
23. Gillham JE, Reivich KJ. Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children: A research update. Psychol Sci. 199; 10: 461-462.
24. Gillham JE, Reivich KJ, Freres DR, Chaplin TM, Shatté AJ, Samuels B, et al. School-based prevention of depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and specificity of the Penn Resiliency Program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007; 75: 9-19. PMID: 17295559
25. Gillham JE, Reivich KJ, Brunwasser SM, Freres DR, Chajon ND, Kash-Macdonald VM, et al. Evaluation of a group cognitive-behavioral depression prevention program for young adolescents: a randomized effectiveness trial. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2012; 41: 621-639. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.706517 PMID: 22889296
26. Tak YR, Van Zundert RM, Kuijpers RC, Van Vlokhoven BS, Rensink HF, Engels RC. A randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a universal school-based depression prevention program 'Op Volle Kracht' in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12: 21. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-21 PMID: 22233510
27. Wijnhoven LA, Creemers DH, Vermulst AA, Scholte RH, Engels RC. Randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a depression prevention program ('Op Volle Kracht') among adolescent girls with elevated depressive symptoms. J Abn Child Psych. 2014; 42: 217-228. doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9773-5 PMID: 23893066
28. Kindt KCM, van Zundert RMP, Engels RC. Evaluation of a Dutch school-based depression prevention program for youths in highrisk neighborhoods: study protocol of a two-armed randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12: 212-218. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-212 PMID: 22433176
29. Kindt KCM, Kleinjan M, Janssens JMAM, Scholte RHJ. Evaluation of a School-Based Depression Prevention Program among Adolescents from Low-Income Areas: A Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5273-5293. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110505273 PMID: 24837666
30. Calear AL, Christensen H. Systematic review of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression. J Adolesc. 2010; 33: 429-438. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.004 PMID: 19647310
31. Bond L, Butler H, Thomas L, Carlin J, Glover S, Bowes G, et al. Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes. J Adolesc Health. 2007; 40: e9-18. PMID: 17531766
32. Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, Taylor RD, Schellinger KB. The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Dev. 2011; 82: 405-432. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x PMID: 21291449
33. Wiefferink CH, Peters L, Hoekstra F, Dam GT, Buijs GJ, Paulussen TG. Clustering of health-related behaviors and their determinants: possible consequences for school health interventions. Prev Sci. 2006; 7: 127-149. PMID: 16596470
34. Brière FN, Rohde P, Shaw H, Stice E. Moderators of two indicated cognitive-behavioral depression prevention approaches for adolescents in a school-based effectiveness trial. Behav Res Ther. 2014; 53: 55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.12.005 PMID: 24418653
35. Spence SH, Shortt AL. Research Review: Can we justify the widespread dissemination of universal, school-based interventions for the prevention of depression among children and adolescents? J Child Psychol Psychiat. 2007; 48: 526-542. PMID: 17537069
36. Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Cox GR, Brudevold-Iversen T, Bir JJ. McDowell H. Psychological and educational interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; 12: CD003380. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003380.pub3 PMID: 22161377
37. van Zoonen K, Buntrock C, Ebert DD, Smit F, Reynolds CF 3rd, Beekman AT, et al. Preventing the onset of major depressive disorder: a meta-analytic review of psychological interventions. Int J Epidemiol. 2014; 43: 318-329. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt175 PMID: 24760873
38. Bond L, Butler H, Thomas L, Carlin J, Glover S, Bowes G, et al. Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes. J Adolesc Health.2007; 40: 357 e9-18.
39. Daniel SS, Goldston DB. Interventions for suicidal youth: a review of the literature and developmental considerations. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2009; 39: 252-268. doi: 10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.252 PMID: 19606918
40. Durlak JA, Weissberg RP, Dymnicki AB, Taylor RD, Schellinger KB. The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: a meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Dev. 2011; 82: 405-432. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x PMID: 21291449
41. Wiefferink CH, Peters L, Hoekstra F, Dam GT, Buijs GJ, Paulussen TG. Clustering of health-related behaviors and their determinants: possible consequences for school health interventions. Prev Sci. 2006; 7: 127-149. PMID: 16596470
42. Wei Y, Kutcher S. International school mental health: global approaches, global challenges, and global opportunities. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012; 21: 11-27. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.09.005 PMID: 22137808
43. Chung T, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Rohsenow DJ, Spirito A, Monti PM. Screening adolescents for problem drinking: performance of brief screens against DSM-IV alcohol diagnoses. J Stud Alcohol. 2000; 61: 579-587. PMID: 10928728
44. Dever BV, Kamphaus RW, Dowdy E, Raines TC, Distefano C. Surveillance of middle and high school mental health risk by student self-report screener. West J Emerg Med. 2013; 14: 384-390. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2013.2.15349 PMID: 23997848
45. O'Leary-Barrett M, Topper L, Al-Khudhairy N, Pihl RO, Castellanos-Ryan N, Mackie CJ, et al. Two-year impact of personality-targeted, teacher-delivered interventions on youth internalizing and externalizing problems: a cluster-randomized trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat. 2013; 52: 911-920. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.020 PMID: 23972693
46. Balázs J, Miklósi M, Keresztény A, Hoven CW, Carli V, Wasserman C, et al. Adolescent subthreshold-depression and anxiety: psychopathology, functional impairment and increased suicide risk. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 2013; 54: 670-677. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12016 PMID: 23330982
47. Bertha EA, Balázs J. Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiat. 2013; 22: 589-603. doi: 10.1007/s00787-013-0411-0 PMID: 23579389
48. Teesson M, Newton NC, Slade T, Chapman C, Allsop S, Hides L, et al. The CLIMATE schools combined study: a cluster randomised controlled trial of a universal Internet-based prevention program for youth substance misuse, depression and anxiety. BMC Psychiat. 2014; 14: 32.
49. Sheffield JK, Spence SH, Rapee RM, Kowalenko N, Wignall A, Davis A, et al. Evaluation of universal, indicated, and combined cognitive-behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006; 74: 66-79. PMID: 16551144
50. Sawyer MG, Pfeiffer S, Spence SH, Bond L, Graetz B, Kay D, et al. School-based prevention of depression: a randomised controlled study of the beyondblue schools research initiative. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 2010; 51: 199-209. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02136.x PMID: 19702662
51. Spence SH, Sawyer MG, Sheffield J, Patton G, Bond L, Graetz B, et al. Does the absence of a supportive family environment influence the outcome of a universal intervention for the prevention of depression? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5113-5132. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110505113 PMID: 24828082
52. Robinson J, Hetrick S, Cox G, Bendall S, Yuen HP, Yung A, et al. Can an Internet-based intervention reduce suicidal ideation, depression and hopelessness among secondary school students: results from a pilot study. Early Intervention Psychiat. 2014; In press.
53. Davies EB, Morriss R, Glazebrook C. Computer-delivered and web-based interventions to improve depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being of university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2014; 16: e130. doi: 10.2196/jmir.3142 PMID: 24836465
54. Lillevoll KR, Vangberg HC, Griffiths KM, Waterloo K, Eisemann MR. Uptake and adherence of a self-directed internet-based mental health intervention with tailored e-mail reminders in senior high schools in Norway. BMC Psychiat. 2014; 14: 14.
55. Postel MG, de Haan HA, De Jong CA. E-therapy for mental health problems: a systematic review. Telemed J E Health. 2008; 14: 707-714. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2007.0111 PMID: 18817501
56. Calear AL, Christensen H. Review of internet-based prevention and treatment programs for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Med J Aust. 2010; 192: (Suppl 11) S12-14.
57. Titov N, Andrews G, Davies M, McIntyre K, Robinson E, Solley K. Internet treatment for depression: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLOS One. 2010; 5: e10939. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010939 PMID: 20544030
58. Elison S, Ward J, Davies G, Moody M. Implementation of computer-assisted therapy for substance misuse: a qualitative study of Breaking Free Online using Roger's diffusion of innovation theory. Drugs Alc Today. 2014; 14: 207-218
59. Anderson R, Ukoumunne OC, Sayal K, Phillips R, Taylor JA, Spears M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of classroom-based cognitive behaviour therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in adolescents: a trial-based analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiat. 2014; 55: 1390-1397. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12248 PMID: 24813670
60. Andersson G. Using the Internet to provide cognitive behavioural therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2009; 47: 175-180. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.010 PMID: 19230862
61. Carrard I, Crépin C, Rouget P, Lam T, Golay A, Van der Linden M. Randomised controlled trial of a guided self-help treatment on the Internet for binge eating disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2011; 49: 482-491. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.004 PMID: 21641580
62. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of the PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA. 1999; 282: 1737-1744. PMID: 10568646
63. Ganguly S, Samanta M, Roy P, Chatterjee S, Kaplan DW, Basu B. Patient health questionnaire-9 as an effective tool for screening of depression among Indian adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2013; 52: 546-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.012 PMID: 23299020
64. Richardson LP, McCauley E, McCarty CA, Grossman DC, Myaing M, Zhou C, et al. Predictors of persistence after a positive depression screen among adolescents. Pediatrics. 2012; 130: e1541-1548. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-0450 PMID: 23166342
65. Richardson LP, McCauley E, Grossman DC, McCarty CA, Richards J, Russo JE, et al. Evaluation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item for detecting major depression among adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010; 126: 1117-1123. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-0852 PMID: 21041282
66. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983; 67: 361-370. PMID: 6880820
67. Wiklund M, Malmgren-Olsson EB, Ohman A, Bergström E, Fjellman-Wiklund A. Subjective health complaints in older adolescents are related to perceived stress, anxiety and gender - a cross-sectional school study in Northern Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12: 993. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-993 PMID: 23158724
68. van der Geest IM, van Dorp W, Hop WC, Neggers SJ, de Vries AC, Pieters R, et al. Emotional distress in 652 Dutch very long-term survivors of childhood cancer, using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013; 35: 525-529. doi: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e31829f2799 PMID: 24060834
69. Wen L, Jiang G, Zhang X, Lai R, Wen X. Relationship between acne and psychological burden evaluated by ASLEC and HADS Surveys in high school and college students From central China. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014; 71: 1083-1088.
70. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton University Press. 1965.
71. Sullivan BJ. Self-esteem and depression in adolescent diabetic girls. Diabetes Care. 1978; 1: 18-22. PMID: 554782
72. Puskar KR, Bernardo LM, Ren D, Haley TM, Tark KH, Switala J, et al. Self-esteem and optimism in rural youth: gender differences. Contemp Nurse. 2010; 34: 190-198. doi: 10.5172/conu.2010.34.2.190 PMID: 20509803
73. Khajehdaluee M, Zavar A, Alidoust M, Pourandi R. The relation of self-esteem and illegal drug usage in high school students. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013; 15: e7682. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.7682 PMID: 24719686
74. Erhart M, Ottova V, Gaspar T, Jericek H, Schnohr C, Alikasifoglu M, et al. Measuring mental health and well-being of school-children in 15 European countries using the KIDSCREEN-10 Index. Int J Public Health. 2009; 54: (Suppl 2) 160-166. doi: 10.1007/s00038-009-5407-7 PMID: 19652910
75. Ravens-Sieberer U, Erhart M, Rajmil L, Herdman M, Auquier P, Bruil J, et al. Reliability, construct and criterion validity of the KIDSCREEN-10 score: a short measure for children and adolescents' well-being and health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2010; 19: 1487-1500. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9706-5 PMID: 20668950
76. Bouwmans C, van der Kolk A, Oppe M, Schawo S, Stolk E, van Agthoven M, et al. Validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D and the KIDSCREEN-10 in children with ADHD. Eur J Health Econ. 2014; 15: 967-977. PMID: 24233919
77. Knight JR, Sherritt L, Harris SK, Gates EC, Chang G. Validity of brief alcohol screening tests among adolescents: a comparison of the AUDIT, POSIT, CAGE, and CRAFFT. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003; 27: 67-73. PMID: 12544008
78. Skogen JC, Bøe T, Knudsen AK, Hysing M. Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of the CRAFFT among Norwegian adolescents. Ung@hordaland, a population-based study. Addict Behav. 2013; 38: 2500-2505. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.05.002 PMID: 23770648
79. Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A. 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. methods and public health burden. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat. 2005; 44: 972-986.
80. Goldman S. Developmental epidemiology of depressive disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012; 21: 217-235. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.12.002 PMID: 22537724
81. Spence SH, Sheffield JK, Donovan CL. Long-term outcome of a school-based, universal approach to prevention of depression in adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005; 73: 160-177. PMID: 15709843
82. Shochet I, Montague R, Smith C, Dadds M. A qualitative investigation of adolescents' perceived mechanisms of change from a universal school-based depression prevention program. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5541-5554. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110505541 PMID: 24859679
83. Cutuli JJ, Gillham JE, Chaplin TM, Reivich KJ, Seligman ME, Gallop RJ, et al. Preventing adolescents' externalizing and internalizing symptoms: Effects of the Penn Resiliency Program. Int J Emot Educ. 2013; 5: 67-79. PMID: 24634897
84. Sander JB, McCarty CA. Youth depression in the family context: familial risk factors and models of treatment. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2005; 8: 203-219. PMID: 16151618
85. Kutcher S, Wei Y. Mental health and the school environment: secondary schools, promotion and pathways to care. Curr Opin Psychiat. 2012; 25: 311-316.
86. Lima-Serrano M, Lima-Rodríguez JS. Impact of school-based health promotion interventions aimed at different behavioral domains: a systematic review. Gac Sanit. 2014; 28: 411-417. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.05.003 PMID: 24923204
87. Everett BG. Changes in neighborhood characteristics and depression among sexual minority young adults. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2014; 20: 42-52. doi: 10.1177/1078390313510319 PMID: 24217448
88. Rose K, Hawes DJ, Hunt CJ. Randomized controlled trial of a friendship skills intervention on adolescent depressive symptoms. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014; 82: 510-520. doi: 10.1037/a0035827 PMID: 24491074
89. Wahl MS, Adelson JL, Patak MA, Pössel P, Hautzinger M. Teachers or psychologists: who should facilitate depression prevention programs in schools? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11: 5294-5316. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110505294 PMID: 24837667
90. King KA. Practical strategies for preventing adolescent suicide. Prevention Researcher. 2006; 13: 8-11.
91. Rudd MD, Berman AL, Joiner TE Jr, Nock MK, Silverman MM, Mandrusiak M, et al. Warning signs for suicide: theory, research and clinical applications. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006; 36: 255-262. PMID: 16805653