Proximity and Innovation: From Statics to Dynamics

Regional Studies

Volumn 49, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 907-920

  Balland, Pierre Alexandre ^a,b   Boschma, Ron ^a,b   Frenken, Koen ^c  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Geographical proximity; Innovation; Knowledge networks; Proximity; Proximity dynamics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929278627     PISSN: 00343404     EISSN: 13600591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2014.883598     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Agrawal A., Cockburn I. and McHale J. (2006) Gone but not forgotten: knowledge flows, labor mobility, and enduring social relationships, Journal of Economic Geography 6, 571–591. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbl016
2. Ahuja G., Soda G. and Zaheer A. (2012) The genesis and dynamics of organizational networks, Organization Science 23, 434–448. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1110.0695
3. Allison P. D. and Scott Long J. (1987) Interuniversity mobility of academic scientists, American Sociological Review 52, 643–652. doi: 10.2307/2095600
4. Almeida P. and Kogut B. (1999) Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks, Management Science 45, 905–917. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.45.7.905
5. Argote L., Ingram P., Levine J. M. and Moreland R. L. (2000) Knowledge transfer in organizations: learning from the experience of others, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 82, 1–8. doi: 10.1006/obhd.2000.2883
6. Asheim B. T. and Isaksen A. (2002) Regional innovation systems: the integration of local ‘sticky’ and global ‘ubiquitous’ knowledge, Journal of Technology Transfer 27, 77–86. doi: 10.1023/A:1013100704794
7. Autant-Bernard C., Billand P., Frachisse D. and Massard N. (2007) Social distance versus spatial distance in R&D cooperation: empirical evidence from European collaboration choices in micro and nanotechnologies, Papers in Regional Science 86, 495–519. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00132.x
8. Balland P. A. (2012) Proximity and the evolution of collaboration networks: evidence from research and development projects within the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) industry, Regional Studies 46, 741–756. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2010.529121
9. Balland P. A., Boschma R. and Frenken K. (2013a) Proximity and innovation networks: an evolutionary approach, in Cooke P. (Ed.) Re-framing Regional Development: Evolution, Innovation and Transition, pp. 186–200. Routledge, New York, NY.
10. Balland P. A., de Vaan M. and Boschma R. (2013b) The dynamics of interfirm networks along the industry life cycle: the case of the global video game industry, 1987–2007, Journal of Economic Geography 13(5), 741–765. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbs023
11. Banchoff T. (2002) Institutions, inertia and European Union research policy, Journal of Common Market Studies 40, 1–21. doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00341
12. Bathelt H., Malmberg A. and Maskell P. (2004) Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation, Progress in Human Geography 28, 31–56. doi: 10.1191/0309132504ph469oa
13. Bellet M., Colletis G. and Lung Y. (1993) Économie des proximités, Revue d'Economie Régionale et Urbaine 3, 357–606.
14. Boschma R. A. (2005) Proximity and innovation. A critical assessment, Regional Studies 39, 61–74. doi: 10.1080/0034340052000320887
15. Boschma R., Eriksson R. and Lindgren U. (2009) How does labour mobility affect the performance of plants? The importance of relatedness and geographical proximity, Journal of Economic Geography 9, 169–190. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbn041
16. Boschma R. A. and Frenken K. (2010) The spatial evolution of innovation networks. A proximity perspective, in Boschma R. A. and Martin R. (Eds) Handbook on Evolutionary Economic Geography, pp. 120–135. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
17. Boschma R. A. and Ter Wal A. L. J. (2007) Knowledge networks and innovative performance in an industrial district: the case of a footwear district in the South of Italy, Industry and Innovation 14, 177–199. doi: 10.1080/13662710701253441
18. Bouba-Olga O. and Grossetti M. (2008) Socio-économie de proximité, Revue d'Economie Régionale et Urbaine 3, 311–328.
19. Bouba-Olga O., Ferru M. and Pépin D. (2012) The geography of science–industry collaborations: size and proximity effects, Papers in Regional Science 91, 355–375.
20. Bourdieu P. (1985) The genesis of the concepts of Habitus and of Field, Sociocriticism 2, 11–24.
21. Breschi S. and Lissoni F. (2009) Mobility of skilled workers and co-invention networks: an anatomy of localized knowledge flows, Journal of Economic Geography 9, 439–468. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp008
22. Broekel T. (2012) The co-evolution of proximities – a network level study. Paper presented at the AAG Annual Conference, New York, NY, USA, 24–28 February 2012.
23. Broekel T. and Boschma R. A. (2012) Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: the proximity paradox, Journal of Economic Geography 12, 409–433. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbr010
24. Brossard O. and Vicente J. (2010) Cognitive and relational distance in alliances networks: evidence on the knowledge value chain in the European ICT sector, in Cooke P., De Laurentis C., MacNeill S. and Collinge C. (Eds) Platforms of Innovation: Dynamics of New Industrial Knowledge Flows, pp. 109–138. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
25. Buenstorf G. and Fornahl D. (2009) B2C-bubble to cluster: the dot-com boom, spin-off entrepreneurship, and regional agglomeration, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 19, 349–378. doi: 10.1007/s00191-008-0119-3
26. Cacioppo J. T., Fowler, J. H. and Christakis N. A. (2009) Alone in the crowd: the structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97, 977–991. doi: 10.1037/a0016076
27. Cantner U. and Graf H. (2006) The network of innovators in Jena: an application of social network analysis, Research Policy 35, 463–480. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2006.01.002
28. Cantwell J. and Santangelo G. D. (2002) The new geography of corporate research in information and communications technology (ICT), Journal of Evolutionary Economics 12, 163–197. doi: 10.1007/s00191-002-0109-9
29. Carrincazeaux C., Lung Y. and Vicente J. (2008) The scientific trajectory of the French school of proximity: interaction- and institution-based approaches to regional innovation systems, European Planning Studies 16, 617–628. doi: 10.1080/09654310802049117
30. Cassi L. and Plunket A. (2012) Research Collaboration in Co-Inventor Networks: Combining Closure, Bridging and Proximities. MPRA Paper No. 39481. University Library of Munich, Munich.
31. Cassi L. and Plunket A. (2013) Proximity, Network Formation and Inventive Performance: In Search of the Proximity Paradox. MPRA Paper No. 47388. University Library of Munich, Munich.
32. Cassi L., Morrison A. and Ter Wal A. L. J. (2012) The evolution of trade and scientific collaboration networks in the global wine sector: a longitudinal study using network analysis, Economic Geography 88, 311–334. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2012.01154.x
33. Christakis N. A. and Fowler J. H. (2007) The spread of obesity in large social network over 32 years, New England Journal of Medicine 357, 370–379. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa066082
34. Cohen W. M. and Levinthal D. A. (1990) Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly 35, 128–152. doi: 10.2307/2393553
35. Cowan R., Jonard N. and Zimmermann J. B. (2007) Bilateral collaboration and the emergence of innovation networks, Management Science 53, 1051–1067. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0618
36. Crescenzi R., Nathan M. and Rodríguez-Pose A. (2013) Do Inventors Talk to Strangers? On Proximity and Collaborative Knowledge Creation. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography No. 13.24. Utrecht University, Utrecht.
37. Datta D. K. (1991) Organizational fit and acquisition performance: effects of post-acquisition integration, Strategic Management Journal 12, 281–297. doi: 10.1002/smj.4250120404
38. D'Este P., Guy F. and Iammarino S. (2013) Shaping the formation of university–industry research collaborations: what type of proximity does really matter?, Journal of Economic Geography 13(4), 537–558. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbs010
39. Denzau A. T. and North D. C. (1994) Shared mental models: ideologies and institutions, Kyklos 47, 3–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1994.tb02246.x
40. Dijkstra J. K., Lindenberg S., Veenstra R., Steglich C., Isaacs J., Card N. A. and Hodges E. (2010) Influence and selection processes in weapon carrying during adolescence: the roles of status, aggression, and vulnerability, Criminology 48, 187–220. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00183.x
41. Dosi G. and Nelson R. (1994) An introduction to evolutionary theories in economics, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 4, 153–172. doi: 10.1007/BF01236366
42. Dunbar R. I. (1993) Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, 681–693. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00032325
43. Ellwanger N. and Boschma R. (2013) Who Acquires Whom? The Role of Geographical Proximity and Industrial Relatedness in Dutch Domestic M&As between 2002 and 2008. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography No. 13.19. Utrecht University, Utrecht.
44. Etzkowitz H. and Leydesdorff L. (2000) The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations, Research Policy 29, 109–123. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4
45. Fitjar R. D. and Rodríguez-Pose A. (2011) When local interaction does not suffice: sources of firm innovation in urban Norway, Environment and Planning A 43(6), 1248–1267. doi: 10.1068/a43516
46. Fleming L., King III C. and Juda A. (2007) Small worlds and regional innovation, Organization Science 18, 938–954. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1070.0289
47. Frenken K. (2010) Geography of Scientific Knowledge: A Proximity Approach. Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies (ECIS) Working Paper No. 10.01. Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven.
48. Frenken K., Hardeman S. and Hoekman J. (2009) Spatial scientometrics. Towards a cumulative research program, Journal of Informetrics 3, 222–232. doi: 10.1016/j.joi.2009.03.005
49. Friedkin N. (1998) A Structural Theory of Social Influence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
50. Gay B. and Dousset B. (2005) Innovation and network structural dynamics: study of the alliance network of a major sector of the biotechnology industry, Research Policy 34, 1457–1475. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2005.07.001
51. Gertler M. S. (1995) ‘Being there’: proximity, organization, and culture in the development and adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies, Economic Geography 71, 1–26. doi: 10.2307/144433
52. Gibson C. B. and Birkinshaw J. (2004) The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity, Academy of Management Journal 47, 209–226. doi: 10.2307/20159573
53. Gilly J. P. and Torre A. (2000) Dynamiques de Proximité. L'Harmattan, Paris.
54. Giuliani E. (2007) The selective nature of knowledge networks in clusters: evidence from the wine industry, Journal of Economic Geography 7, 139–168. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbl014
55. Giuliani E. and Bell M. (2005) The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster, Research Policy 34, 47–68. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2004.10.008
56. Granovetter M. (1973) The strength of weak ties, American Journal of Sociology 78, 1360–1380. doi: 10.1086/225469
57. Granovetter M. (1985) Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology 91, 481–510. doi: 10.1086/228311
58. Grossetti M. (2005) Where do social relations come from?: a study of personal networks in the Toulouse area of France, Social Networks 27, 289–300. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.004
59. Grossetti M. (2008) Proximities and embeddings effects, European Planning Studies 16, 613–616. doi: 10.1080/09654310802049133
60. Grossetti M. and Bès M. P. (2001) Encastrements et découplages dans les relations science–industrie, Revue Française de Sociologie 42, 327–355. doi: 10.2307/3322969
61. Gulati R. and Gargiulo M. (1999) Where do interorganizational networks come from?, American Journal of Sociology 104, 1439–1493. doi: 10.1086/210179
62. Gumport P. (2000) Academic restructuring: organizational change and institutional imperatives, Higher Education: International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning 39, 67–91. doi: 10.1023/A:1003859026301
63. Hagedoorn J. (2002) Inter-firm R&D partnerships: an overview of major trends and patterns since 1960, Research Policy 31, 477–492. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00120-2
64. Hagedoorn J. and Sadowski B. (1999) The transition from strategic technology alliances to mergers and acquisitions: an exploratory study, Journal of Management Studies 36, 87–107. doi: 10.1111/1467-6486.00127
65. Hardeman S., Frenken K., Nomaler Ö. and Ter Wal A. (2012) A proximity approach to territorial science systems. Paper presented at the EUROLIO Conference on ‘Geography of Innovation’, Saint-Etienne, France, 24–26 January 2012.
66. Haspeslagh P. and Jemison D. (1991) Managing Acquisitions: Creating Value through Corporate Renewal. Free Press, New York, NY.
67. Hoekman J., Frenken K. and van Oort F. (2009) The geography of collaborative knowledge production in Europe, Annals of Regional Science 43, 721–738. doi: 10.1007/s00168-008-0252-9
68. Hoekman J., Frenken K. and Tijssen R. J. W. (2010) Research collaboration at a distance: changing spatial patterns of scientific collaboration within Europe, Research Policy 39, 662–673. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.012
69. Huber F. (2012) On the role of interrelationship of spatial, social and cognitive proximity: personal knowledge relationships of R&D workers in the Cambridge information technology cluster, Regional Studies 46, 1169–1182. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.569539
70. Hussinger K. (2010) On the importance of technological relatedness: SMEs versus large acquisition targets, Technovation 30, 57–64. doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2009.07.006
71. Jackson M. O. (2008) Social and Economic Networks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
72. Kirat T. and Lung Y. (1999) Innovation and proximity – territories as loci of collective learning processes, European Urban and Regional Studies 6, 27–38. doi: 10.1177/096977649900600103
73. Knoben J. (2011) The geographic distance of relocation search: an extended resource-based perspective, Economic Geography 87, 371–392. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01123.x
74. Knoben J. and Oerlemans L. (2006) Proximity and inter-organizational collaboration: a literature review, International Journal of Management Reviews 8, 71–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00121.x
75. Kossinets G. and Watts D. J. (2006) Empirical analysis of an evolving social network, Science 311, 88–90. doi: 10.1126/science.1116869
76. Lagendijk A. and Oinas P. (2005) Proximity, external relations, and local economic development, in Lagendijk A. and Oinas P. (Eds) Proximity, Distance and Diversity, Issues on Economic Interaction and Local Development, pp. 3–22. Ashgate, Aldershot.
77. Lundvall B. A. and Johnson B. (1994) The learning economy, Industry and Innovation 1, 23–42.
78. Maggioni M. A., Nosvelli M. and Uberti T. E. (2007) Space vs. networks in the geography of innovation: a European analysis, Papers in Regional Science 86, 471–493. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00130.x
79. Marrocu E., Paci R. and Usai S. (2011) Proximity, Networks and Knowledge Production in Europe. CRENoS Working Papers No. 2011/09. Centro Ricerche Economiche Nord Sud (CRENoS), University of Cagliari, Cagliari.
80. Marrocu E., Usai S. and Paci R. (2013) Networks, Proximities and Inter-firm Knowledge Exchanges. CRENoS Working Papers No. 2013//11. Centro Ricerche Economiche Nord Sud (CRENoS), University of Cagliari, Cagliari.
81. Mattes J. (2012) Dimensions of proximity and knowledge bases: Innovation between spatial and non-spatial factors, Regional Studies 46(8), 1085–1099. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.552493
82. Menzel M. P. (Forthcoming 2013) Interrelating dynamic proximities by bridging, reducing and producing distances, Regional Studieshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.848978/.
83. Menzel M. P. and Fornahl D. (2010) Cluster life cycles – dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution, Industrial and Corporate Change 19, 205–238. doi: 10.1093/icc/dtp036
84. Mercken L., Snijders T., Steglich C., Vartiainen E. and de Vries H. (2010) Dynamics of adolescent friendship networks and smoking behavior, Social Networks 32, 72–81. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.005
85. Miguelez E. (2012) How do Geographically Mobile Inventors Influence Network Formation? Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography No. 12-08. Section of Economic Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht.
86. Morrison A. (2008) Gatekeepers of knowledge within industrial districts: who they are, how they interact?, Regional Studies 42, 817–835. doi: 10.1080/00343400701654178
87. Nooteboom B. (1999) Innovation, learning and industrial organisation, Cambridge Journal of Economics 23, 127–150. doi: 10.1093/cje/23.2.127
88. Nooteboom B. (2000) Learning and Innovation in Organizations and Economies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
89. Nooteboom B., van Haverbeke W., Duysters G., Gilsing V. and van den Oord A. (2007) Optimal cognitive distance and absorptive capacity, Research Policy 36, 1016–1034. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2007.04.003
90. North D. C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
91. Padgett J. and Powell W. (Forthcoming 2012) The problem of emergence, in Padgett J. and Powell W. (Eds) The Emergence of Organizations and Markets, pp. 1–30. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
92. Pecqueur B. and Zimmerman J. B. (2004) Les fondements d'une économie de proximités, in Pecqueur B. and Zimmerman J.-B. (Eds) Economie de proximités, pp. 13–41. Lavoisier, Paris.
93. Ponds R., van Oort F. G. and Frenken K. (2007) The geographical and institutional proximity of research collaboration, Papers in Regional Science 86, 423–443. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00126.x
94. Ponds R., van Oort F. G. and Frenken K. (2010) Innovation, spillovers and university–industry collaboration: an extended knowledge production function approach, Journal of Economic Geography 10, 231–255. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp036
95. Powell W. W., White D. R., Koput K. W. and Owen-Smith J. (2005) Network dynamics and field evolution: the growth of interorganizational collaboration in the life sciences, American Journal of Sociology 110, 1132–1205. doi: 10.1086/421508
96. Rallet A. and Torre A. (1999) Is geographical proximity necessary in the innovation networks in the era of global economy?, Geojournal 49, 373–380. doi: 10.1023/A:1007140329027
97. Rivera M., Soderstrom S. and Uzzi B. (2010) Dynamics of dyads in social networks: assortative, relational, and proximity mechanisms, Annual Review of Sociology 36, 91–115. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134743
98. Rowley T., Behrens D. and Krackhardt D. (2000) Redundant governance structures. An analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries, Strategic Management Journal 21, 369–386. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3<369::AID-SMJ93>3.0.CO;2-M
99. Rychen F. and Zimmermann J. B. (2008) Clusters in the global knowledge based economy: knowledge gatekeepers and temporary proximity, Regional Studies 42, 767–776. doi: 10.1080/00343400802088300
100. Saxenian A. (2006) The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
101. Scherngell T. and Barber M. (2009) Spatial interaction modelling of cross-region R&D collaborations: empirical evidence from the 5th EU Framework Programme, Papers in Regional Science 88, 531–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00215.x
102. Scherngell T. and Hu Y. (2011) Collaborative knowledge production in China: regional evidence from a gravity model approach, Regional Studies 45, 755–772. doi: 10.1080/00343401003713373
103. Scherngell T. and Lata R. (Forthcoming 2012) Towards an integrated European Research Area? Findings from eigenvector spatially filtered spatial interaction models using European Framework Programme data, Papers in Regional Science 92(3).
104. Schweitzer F., Fagiolo G., Sornette D., Vega-Redondo F., Vespignani A. and White D. R. (2009) Economic networks: the new challenges, Science 325, 422–425.
105. Siegel D. S. and Simmons K. (2010) Assessing the effects of mergers and acquisitions on firm performance, plant productivity, and workers: new evidence from matched employer–employee data, Strategic Management Journal 31, 903–916.
106. Singh J. (2005) Collaborative networks as determinants of knowledge diffusion patterns, Management Science 51, 756–770. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.1040.0349
107. Snijders T. A. B., van De Bunt G. G. and Steglich C. (2010) Introduction to actor-based models for network dynamics, Social Networks 32, 44–60. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2009.02.004
108. Sorenson O., Rivkin J. and Fleming L. (2006) Complexity, networks and knowledge flow, Research Policy 35, 994–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.002
109. Stam E. (2007) Why butterflies don't leave. Locational behavior of entrepreneurial firms, Economic Geography 83, 27–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00332.x
110. Steglich C., Snijders T. A. B. and Pearson M. (2010) Dynamic networks and behavior: separating selection from influence, Sociological Methodology 40, 329–393. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01225.x
111. Ter Wal A. L. J. (Forthcoming 2013a) The dynamics of the inventor network in German biotechnology: geographic proximity versus triadic closure, Journal of Economic Geography doi:10.1093/jeg/lbs063.
112. Ter Wal A. L. J. (2013b) Cluster emergence and network evolution: a longitudinal analysis of the inventor network in Sophia-Antipolis, Regional Studies 47, 651–668. doi: 10.1080/00343401003614258
113. Ter Wal A. L. J. and Boschma R. A. (2009) Applying social network analysis in economic geography: theoretical and methodological issues, Annals of Regional Science 43, 739–756. doi: 10.1007/s00168-008-0258-3
114. Torre A. (2008) On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission, Regional Studies 42, 869–889. doi: 10.1080/00343400801922814
115. Torre A. and Rallet A. (2005) Proximity and localization, Regional Studies 39, 47–60. doi: 10.1080/0034340052000320842
116. Torre A. and Zuindeau B. (2009) Proximity economics and environment: assessment and prospects, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52, 1–24. doi: 10.1080/09640560802504613
117. Uzzi B. (1996) The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: the network effect, American Sociological Review 61, 674–698. doi: 10.2307/2096399
118. Uzzi B. (1997) Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness, Administrative Science Quarterly 42, 35–67. doi: 10.2307/2393808
119. Van der Leij M. J. (2011) Experimenting with buddies, Science 334, 1220–1221. doi: 10.1126/science.1214836
120. Vicente J. and Suire R. (2007) Informational cascades versus network externalities in locational choice: evidence of ICT clusters formation and stability, Regional Studies 41, 173–184. doi: 10.1080/00343400601108424
121. Weterings A. (2006) Do Firms Benefit from Spatial Proximity? Testing the Relation between Spatial Proximity and the Performance of Small Software Firms in the Netherlands. Netherlands Geographical Studies No. 336. Utrecht.
122. White H. C. (2002) Market from Networks. Socioeconomic Models of Production. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.