메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 137, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 481-490

Inhibition of mesothelioma cancer stem-like cells with adenovirus-mediated NK4 gene therapy

Author keywords

cancer stem like cells; HGF Met; malignant mesothelioma; NK4; therapy

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; BETA CATENIN; BETA GALACTOSIDASE; NK4 PROTEIN; OCTAMER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4; PROTEIN KINASE B; SCATTER FACTOR; SCATTER FACTOR RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; 5-((2,6-DICHLOROBENZYL)SULFONYL)-3-((3,5-DIMETHYL-4-((2-(PYRROLIDIN-1-YLMETHYL)PYRROLIDIN-1-YL)CARBONYL)-1H-PYRROL-2-YL)METHYLENE)-1,3-DIHYDRO-2H-INDOL-2-ONE; HGF PROTEIN, HUMAN; INDOLE DERIVATIVE; SULFONE;

EID: 84929274546     PISSN: 00207136     EISSN: 10970215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29391     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 0037302117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HGF/SF-met signaling in the control of branching morphogenesis and invasion
    • Zhang YW, Vande Woude GF,. HGF/SF-met signaling in the control of branching morphogenesis and invasion. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88: 408-17.
    • (2003) J Cell Biochem , vol.88 , pp. 408-417
    • Zhang, Y.W.1    Vande Woude, G.F.2
  • 2
    • 19544389146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CMet as a target for human cancer and characterization of inhibitors for therapeutic intervention
    • Christensen JG, Burrows J, Salgia R,. cMet as a target for human cancer and characterization of inhibitors for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Lett 2005; 225: 1-26.
    • (2005) Cancer Lett , vol.225 , pp. 1-26
    • Christensen, J.G.1    Burrows, J.2    Salgia, R.3
  • 3
    • 20544463213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms and significance of bifunctional NK4 in cancer treatment
    • Matsumoto K, Nakamura T,. Mechanisms and significance of bifunctional NK4 in cancer treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333: 316-27.
    • (2005) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.333 , pp. 316-327
    • Matsumoto, K.1    Nakamura, T.2
  • 4
    • 0031583998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HGF/NK4 is a specific antagonist for pleiotrophic actions of hepatocyte growth factor
    • Date K, Matsumoto K, Shimura H, et al. HGF/NK4 is a specific antagonist for pleiotrophic actions of hepatocyte growth factor. FEBS Lett 1997; 420: 1-6.
    • (1997) FEBS Lett , vol.420 , pp. 1-6
    • Date, K.1    Matsumoto, K.2    Shimura, H.3
  • 5
    • 0034547912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HGF/NK4, a four-kringle antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in mice
    • Kuba K, Matsumoto K, Date K, et al. HGF/NK4, a four-kringle antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6737-43.
    • (2000) Cancer Res , vol.60 , pp. 6737-6743
    • Kuba, K.1    Matsumoto, K.2    Date, K.3
  • 6
    • 0037286698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HGF/NK4 inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis in in vitro cultured endothelial cells and in vivo rabbit model
    • Nakabayashi M, Morishita R, Nakagami H, et al. HGF/NK4 inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis in in vitro cultured endothelial cells and in vivo rabbit model. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 115-23.
    • (2003) Diabetologia , vol.46 , pp. 115-123
    • Nakabayashi, M.1    Morishita, R.2    Nakagami, H.3
  • 7
    • 69249088890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angioinhibitory action of NK4 involves impaired extracellular assembly of fibronectin mediated by perlecan-NK4 association
    • Sakai K, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K,. Angioinhibitory action of NK4 involves impaired extracellular assembly of fibronectin mediated by perlecan-NK4 association. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 22491-9.
    • (2009) J Biol Chem , vol.284 , pp. 22491-22499
    • Sakai, K.1    Nakamura, T.2    Matsumoto, K.3
  • 8
    • 77950823134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-cancer approach with NK4: Bivalent action and mechanisms
    • Nakamura T, Sakai K, Matsumoto K,. Anti-cancer approach with NK4: bivalent action and mechanisms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2010; 10: 36-46.
    • (2010) Anticancer Agents Med Chem , vol.10 , pp. 36-46
    • Nakamura, T.1    Sakai, K.2    Matsumoto, K.3
  • 10
    • 28444436657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimodality treatments in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: An update
    • Bueno R., Multimodality treatments in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: an update. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2005; 19: 1089-97, vii.
    • (2005) Hematol Oncol Clin North Am , vol.19 , Issue.7 , pp. 1089-1097
    • Bueno, R.1
  • 11
    • 24944539840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human and mouse mesotheliomas exhibit elevated AKT/PKB activity, which can be targeted pharmacologically to inhibit tumor cell growth
    • Altomare DA, You H, Xiao GH, et al. Human and mouse mesotheliomas exhibit elevated AKT/PKB activity, which can be targeted pharmacologically to inhibit tumor cell growth. Oncogene 2005; 24: 6080-9.
    • (2005) Oncogene , vol.24 , pp. 6080-6089
    • Altomare, D.A.1    You, H.2    Xiao, G.H.3
  • 12
    • 0031930389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of HGF/SF in mesothelioma cell lines and its effects on cell motility, proliferation and morphology
    • Harvey P, Warn A, Dobbin S, et al. Expression of HGF/SF in mesothelioma cell lines and its effects on cell motility, proliferation and morphology. Br J Cancer 1998; 77: 1052-9.
    • (1998) Br J Cancer , vol.77 , pp. 1052-1059
    • Harvey, P.1    Warn, A.2    Dobbin, S.3
  • 13
    • 0027881807 scopus 로고
    • Chemotaxis and haptotaxis of human malignant mesothelioma cells: Effects of fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and an autocrine motility factor-like substance
    • Klominek J, Robért KH, Sundqvist KG,. Chemotaxis and haptotaxis of human malignant mesothelioma cells: effects of fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and an autocrine motility factor-like substance. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 4376-82.
    • (1993) Cancer Res , vol.53 , pp. 4376-4382
    • Klominek, J.1    Robért, K.H.2    Sundqvist, K.G.3
  • 14
    • 0033754009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor enhances the invasion of mesothelioma cell lines and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases
    • Harvey P, Clark IM, Jaur MC, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor enhances the invasion of mesothelioma cell lines and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 1147-53.
    • (2000) Br J Cancer , vol.83 , pp. 1147-1153
    • Harvey, P.1    Clark, I.M.2    Jaur, M.C.3
  • 15
    • 0035499267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells
    • Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, et al. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 2001; 414: 105-11.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , pp. 105-111
    • Reya, T.1    Morrison, S.J.2    Clarke, M.F.3
  • 16
    • 33750313208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer stem cells - Perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR workshop on cancer stem cells
    • Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, et al. Cancer stem cells-perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR workshop on cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 9339-44.
    • (2006) Cancer Res , vol.66 , pp. 9339-9344
    • Clarke, M.F.1    Dick, J.E.2    Dirks, P.B.3
  • 17
    • 69949129056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer stem cells: Mirage or reality?
    • Gupta PB, Chaffer CL, Weinberg RA,. Cancer stem cells: mirage or reality? Nat Med 2009; 15: 1010-2.
    • (2009) Nat Med , vol.15 , pp. 1010-1012
    • Gupta, P.B.1    Chaffer, C.L.2    Weinberg, R.A.3
  • 18
    • 79959971880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-met signaling induces a reprogramming network and supports the glioblastoma stem-like phenotype
    • Li Y, Li A, Glas M, et al. c-met signaling induces a reprogramming network and supports the glioblastoma stem-like phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108: 9951-6.
    • (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.108 , pp. 9951-9956
    • Li, Y.1    Li, A.2    Glas, M.3
  • 19
    • 84879372540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The novel c-met inhibitor cabozantinib overcomes gemcitabine resistance and stem cell signaling in pancreatic cancer
    • Hage C, Rausch V, Giese N, et al. The novel c-met inhibitor cabozantinib overcomes gemcitabine resistance and stem cell signaling in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4: e627.
    • (2013) Cell Death Dis , vol.4 , pp. e627
    • Hage, C.1    Rausch, V.2    Giese, N.3
  • 20
    • 0027853058 scopus 로고
    • Recurrent deletions of specific chromosomal sites in 1p, 3p, 6q, and 9p in human malignant mesothelioma
    • Taguchi T, Jhanwar SC, Siegfried JM, et al. Recurrent deletions of specific chromosomal sites in 1p, 3p, 6q, and 9p in human malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 4349-55.
    • (1993) Cancer Res , vol.53 , pp. 4349-4355
    • Taguchi, T.1    Jhanwar, S.C.2    Siegfried, J.M.3
  • 21
    • 0023184362 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a human malignant mesothelioma cell line (H-MESO-1): A biphasic solid and ascitic tumor model
    • Reale FR, Griffin TW, Compton JM, et al. Characterization of a human malignant mesothelioma cell line (H-MESO-1): a biphasic solid and ascitic tumor model. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3199-205.
    • (1987) Cancer Res , vol.47 , pp. 3199-3205
    • Reale, F.R.1    Griffin, T.W.2    Compton, J.M.3
  • 22
    • 0032478271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simplified system for generating recombinant adenoviruses
    • He TC, Zhou S, da Costa LT, et al. A simplified system for generating recombinant adenoviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95: 2509-14.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.95 , pp. 2509-2514
    • He, T.C.1    Zhou, S.2    Da Costa, L.T.3
  • 23
    • 0035863411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AKT activation up-regulates insulin-like growth factor i receptor expression and promotes invasiveness of human pancreatic cancer cells
    • Tanno S, Mitsuuchi Y, Altomare DA, et al. AKT activation up-regulates insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression and promotes invasiveness of human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 589-93.
    • (2001) Cancer Res , vol.61 , pp. 589-593
    • Tanno, S.1    Mitsuuchi, Y.2    Altomare, D.A.3
  • 24
    • 33749188461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-expression of the tumor suppressor NF2/merlin inhibits invasiveness in mesothelioma cells and negatively regulates FAK
    • et al. 25:5960-8.
    • Poulikakos PI, Xiao GH, Gallagher R, et al. Re-expression of the tumor suppressor NF2/merlin inhibits invasiveness in mesothelioma cells and negatively regulates FAK. Oncogene 2006;25:5960-8.
    • (2006) Oncogene
    • Poulikakos, P.I.1    Xiao, G.H.2    Gallagher, R.3
  • 25
    • 0037948854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells
    • Dontu G, Abdallah WM, Foley JM, et al. In vitro propagation and transcriptional profiling of human mammary stem/progenitor cells. Genes Dev 2003; 17: 1253-70.
    • (2003) Genes Dev , vol.17 , pp. 1253-1270
    • Dontu, G.1    Abdallah, W.M.2    Foley, J.M.3
  • 26
    • 0035793091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-apoptotic signaling by hepatocyte growth factor/met via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways
    • Xiao GH, Jeffers M, Bellacosa A, et al. Anti-apoptotic signaling by hepatocyte growth factor/met via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 247-52.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.98 , pp. 247-252
    • Xiao, G.H.1    Jeffers, M.2    Bellacosa, A.3
  • 27
    • 0038049137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumour-cell invasion and migration: Diversity and escape mechanisms
    • Friedl P, Wolf K,. Tumour-cell invasion and migration: diversity and escape mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 362-74.
    • (2003) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 362-374
    • Friedl, P.1    Wolf, K.2
  • 28
    • 22644442721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of malignant pleural mesothelioma
    • Sterman DH, Albelda SM,. Advances in the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Respirology 2005; 10: 266-83.
    • (2005) Respirology , vol.10 , pp. 266-283
    • Sterman, D.H.1    Albelda, S.M.2
  • 30
    • 78651367358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of cancer stem cell markers in human malignant mesothelioma cells
    • Ghani FI, Yamazaki H, Iwata S, et al. Identification of cancer stem cell markers in human malignant mesothelioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404: 735-42.
    • (2011) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.404 , pp. 735-742
    • Ghani, F.I.1    Yamazaki, H.2    Iwata, S.3
  • 31
    • 21344454219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and in vitro propagation of tumorigenic breast cancer cells with stem/progenitor cell properties
    • Ponti D, Costa A, Zaffaroni N, et al. Isolation and in vitro propagation of tumorigenic breast cancer cells with stem/progenitor cell properties. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 5506-11.
    • (2005) Cancer Res , vol.65 , pp. 5506-5511
    • Ponti, D.1    Costa, A.2    Zaffaroni, N.3
  • 32
    • 33846600427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTEN-deficient intestinal stem cells initiate intestinal polyposis
    • He XC, Yin T, Grindley JC, et al. PTEN-deficient intestinal stem cells initiate intestinal polyposis. Nat Genet 2007; 39: 189-98.
    • (2007) Nat Genet , vol.39 , pp. 189-198
    • He, X.C.1    Yin, T.2    Grindley, J.C.3
  • 33
    • 41649089525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous cancer stem cell maintenance is dependent on beta-catenin signalling
    • Malanchi I, Peinado H, Kassen D, et al. Cutaneous cancer stem cell maintenance is dependent on beta-catenin signalling. Nature 2008; 452: 650-3.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.452 , pp. 650-653
    • Malanchi, I.1    Peinado, H.2    Kassen, D.3
  • 34
    • 0029683606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The axis-inducing activity, stability, and subcellular distribution of beta-catenin is regulated in xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase 3
    • Yost C, Torres M, Miller JR, et al. The axis-inducing activity, stability, and subcellular distribution of beta-catenin is regulated in xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase 3. Genes Dev 1996; 10: 1443-54.
    • (1996) Genes Dev , vol.10 , pp. 1443-1454
    • Yost, C.1    Torres, M.2    Miller, J.R.3
  • 35
    • 77956992010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of met/HGF receptor and angiogenesis by NK4 leads to suppression of tumor growth and migration in malignant pleural mesothelioma
    • Suzuki Y, Sakai K, Ueki J, et al. Inhibition of met/HGF receptor and angiogenesis by NK4 leads to suppression of tumor growth and migration in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 1948-57.
    • (2010) Int J Cancer , vol.127 , pp. 1948-1957
    • Suzuki, Y.1    Sakai, K.2    Ueki, J.3
  • 36
    • 50449087162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatocyte growth factor and met in tumor biology and therapeutic approach with NK4
    • Matsumoto K, Nakamura T, Sakai K,. Hepatocyte growth factor and met in tumor biology and therapeutic approach with NK4. Proteomics 2008; 8: 3360-70.
    • (2008) Proteomics , vol.8 , pp. 3360-3370
    • Matsumoto, K.1    Nakamura, T.2    Sakai, K.3
  • 37
    • 70350131282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of tumor-initiating cells in a highly aggressive brain tumor using promoter activity of nucleostemin
    • Tamase A, Muraguchi T, Naka K, et al. Identification of tumor-initiating cells in a highly aggressive brain tumor using promoter activity of nucleostemin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 17163-8.
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.106 , pp. 17163-17168
    • Tamase, A.1    Muraguchi, T.2    Naka, K.3
  • 38
    • 81055129938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of c-MET induces a stem-like phenotype in human prostate cancer
    • van Leenders GJ, Sookhlall R, Teubel WJ, et al. Activation of c-MET induces a stem-like phenotype in human prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6: e26753.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6 , pp. e26753
    • Van Leenders, G.J.1    Sookhlall, R.2    Teubel, W.J.3
  • 39
    • 33847740988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in cancer stemness and malignant behavior
    • Fodde R, Brabletz T,. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in cancer stemness and malignant behavior. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19: 150-8.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Cell Biol , vol.19 , pp. 150-158
    • Fodde, R.1    Brabletz, T.2
  • 40
    • 36248966518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors
    • Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007; 131: 861-72.
    • (2007) Cell , vol.131 , pp. 861-872
    • Takahashi, K.1    Tanabe, K.2    Ohnuki, M.3
  • 41
    • 36749043230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells
    • Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science 2007; 318: 1917-20.
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 1917-1920
    • Yu, J.1    Vodyanik, M.A.2    Smuga-Otto, K.3
  • 42
    • 25144525014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells
    • Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, et al. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 2005; 122: 947-56.
    • (2005) Cell , vol.122 , pp. 947-956
    • Boyer, L.A.1    Lee, T.I.2    Cole, M.F.3
  • 43
    • 33751092246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A protein interaction network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells
    • Wang J, Rao S, Chu J, et al. A protein interaction network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Nature 2006; 444: 364-8.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , pp. 364-368
    • Wang, J.1    Rao, S.2    Chu, J.3
  • 44
    • 66149167315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional evidence that the self-renewal gene NANOG regulates human tumor development
    • Jeter CR, Badeaux M, Choy G, et al. Functional evidence that the self-renewal gene NANOG regulates human tumor development. Stem Cells 2009; 27: 993-1005.
    • (2009) Stem Cells , vol.27 , pp. 993-1005
    • Jeter, C.R.1    Badeaux, M.2    Choy, G.3
  • 45
    • 0032483439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway
    • He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, et al. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 1998; 281: 1509-12.
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 1509-1512
    • He, T.C.1    Sparks, A.B.2    Rago, C.3
  • 46
    • 79551594937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-catenin enhances Oct-4 activity and reinforces pluripotency through a TCF-independent mechanism
    • Kelly KF, Ng DY, Jayakumaran G, et al. Beta-catenin enhances Oct-4 activity and reinforces pluripotency through a TCF-independent mechanism. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8: 214-27.
    • (2011) Cell Stem Cell , vol.8 , pp. 214-227
    • Kelly, K.F.1    Ng, D.Y.2    Jayakumaran, G.3
  • 47
    • 45449103049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localized decrease of beta-catenin contributes to the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells
    • Lam H, Patel S, Wong J, et al. Localized decrease of beta-catenin contributes to the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372: 601-6.
    • (2008) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.372 , pp. 601-606
    • Lam, H.1    Patel, S.2    Wong, J.3
  • 48
    • 33746218212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in wnt signaling in breast cancer
    • Shulewitz M, Soloviev I, Wu T, et al. Repressor roles for TCF-4 and Sfrp1 in wnt signaling in breast cancer. Oncogene 2006; 25: 4361-9.
    • (2006) Oncogene , vol.25 , pp. 4361-4369
    • Shulewitz, M.1    Soloviev, I.2    Wu, T.3
  • 49
    • 39049146233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The kringle 1 domain of hepatocyte growth factor has antiangiogenic and antitumor cell effects on hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Shen Z, Yang ZF, Gao Y, et al. The kringle 1 domain of hepatocyte growth factor has antiangiogenic and antitumor cell effects on hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 404-14.
    • (2008) Cancer Res , vol.68 , pp. 404-414
    • Shen, Z.1    Yang, Z.F.2    Gao, Y.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.