The mediating effect of gaming motivation between psychiatric symptoms and problematic online gaming: An online survey

Journal of Medical Internet Research

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2015, Pages e88-

  Király, Orsolya ^a   Urbán, Róbert ^a   Griffiths, Mark D ^b   Ágoston, Csilla ^a   Nagygyörgy, Katalin ^a   Kökönyei, Gyöngyi ^a   Demetrovics, Zsolt ^a  

^a EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^b NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Addictive; Behavior; Coping behavior; Internet; Motivation; Psychopathology; Video games

Indexed keywords

ADDICTION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INTERNET; LEISURE; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VIDEO GAME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INTERNET; LEISURE ACTIVITIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; VIDEO GAMES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84929078016     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14388871     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3515     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Gaudiosi J. Forbes. 2012. New reports forecast global video game industry will reach $82 billion by 2017 URL: http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngaudiosi/2012/07/18/new-reports-forecasts-global-video-game-industry-will-reach-82-billion-by-2017/ [accessed 2014-04-10] [WebCite Cache ID 6OjUvhrdh]
2. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. Int J Ment Health Addiction 2011 Mar 16;10(2):278-296. [doi: 10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5]
3. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online gaming addiction in children and adolescents: A review of empirical research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2012 Mar 29;1(1):3-22. [doi: 10.1556/JBA.1.2012.1.1]
4. Pápay O, Urbán R, Griffiths MD, Nagygyörgy K, Farkas J, Kökönyei G, et al. Psychometric properties of the problematic online gaming questionnaire short-form and prevalence of problematic online gaming in a national sample of adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2013 May;16(5):340-348 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0484] [Medline: 23621688]
5. Thorens G, Achab S, Billieux J, Khazaal Y, Khan R, Pivin E, et al. Characteristics and treatment response of self-identified problematic Internet users in a behavioral addiction outpatient clinic. J Behav Addict 2014 Mar;3(1):78-81 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.008] [Medline: 25215217]
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
7. Griffiths MD, King DL, Demetrovics Z. DSM-5 internet gaming disorder needs a unified approach to assessment. Neuropsychiatry 2014 Feb;4(1):1-4. [doi: 10.2217/npy.13.82]
8. Demetrovics Z, Urbán R, Nagygyörgy K, Farkas J, Zilahy D, Mervó B, et al. Why do you play? The development of the Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ). Behav Res Methods 2011 Sep;43(3):814-825. [doi: 10.3758/s13428-011-0091-y] [Medline: 21487899]
9. Billieux J, Van der Linden M, Achab S, Khazaal Y, Paraskevopoulos L, Zullino D, et al. Why do you play World of Warcraft? An in-depth exploration of self-reported motivations to play online and in-game behaviours in the virtual world of Azeroth. Comput Hum Behav 2013 Jan;29(1):103-109. [doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.021]
10. Kuntsche E, Knibbe R, Gmel G, Engels R. Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clin Psychol Rev 2005 Nov;25(7):841-861. [doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.002] [Medline: 16095785]
11. Yee N. Motivations for play in online games. Cyberpsychol Behav 2006 Dec;9(6):772-775. [doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772] [Medline: 17201605]
12. Nagygyörgy K, Mihalik Á, Demetrovics Z. Az online játékok pszichológiai vonatkozásai [Psychological aspects of online games]. In: Gabos E, editor. A média hatása a gyermekekre és fiatalokra VI. Budapest: Nemzetközi Gyermekmento{combining double acute accent} Szolgálat Magyar Egyesülete; 2012:242-248.
13. Zanetta DF, Zermatten A, Billieux J, Thorens G, Bondolfi G, Zullino D, et al. Motivations to play specifically predict excessive involvement in massively multiplayer online role-playing games: evidence from an online survey. Eur Addict Res 2011;17(4):185-189. [doi: 10.1159/000326070] [Medline: 21494046]
14. Kwon JH, Chung CS, Lee J. The effects of escape from self and interpersonal relationship on the pathological use of Internet games. Community Ment Health J 2011 Feb;47(1):113-121. [doi: 10.1007/s10597-009-9236-1] [Medline: 19701792]
15. Baumeister RF. Suicide as escape from self. Psychol Rev 1990 Jan;97(1):90-113. [Medline: 2408091]
16. Brunborg GS, Mentzoni RA, Frøyland LR. Is video gaming, or video game addiction, associated with depression, academic achievement, heavy episodic drinking, or conduct problems? J Behav Addict 2014 Mar;3(1):27-32 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.002] [Medline: 25215212]
17. Desai RA, Krishnan-Sarin S, Cavallo D, Potenza MN. Video-gaming among high school students: health correlates, gender differences, and problematic gaming. Pediatrics 2010 Dec;126(6):e1414-e1424 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-2706] [Medline: 21078729]
18. Mentzoni RA, Brunborg GS, Molde H, Myrseth H, Skouverøe KJM, Hetland J, et al. Problematic video game use: estimated prevalence and associations with mental and physical health. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2011 Oct;14(10):591-596. [doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0260] [Medline: 21342010]
19. Peng W, Liu M. Online gaming dependency: a preliminary study in China. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2010 Jun;13(3):329-333. [Medline: 20557254]
20. Walther B, Morgenstern M, Hanewinkel R. Co-occurrence of addictive behaviours: personality factors related to substance use, gambling and computer gaming. Eur Addict Res 2012;18(4):167-174 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1159/000335662] [Medline: 22398819]
21. Starcevic V, Berle D, Porter G, Fenech P. Problem video game use and dimensions of psychopathology. Int J Ment Health Addiction 2010 Jul 7;9(3):248-256. [doi: 10.1007/s11469-010-9282-5]
22. Cooper ML, Frone MR, Russell M, Mudar P. Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995 Nov;69(5):990-1005. [Medline: 7473043]
23. Kaysen D, Dillworth TM, Simpson T, Waldrop A, Larimer ME, Resick PA. Domestic violence and alcohol use: trauma-related symptoms and motives for drinking. Addict Behav 2007 Jun;32(6):1272-1283 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.007] [Medline: 17098370]
24. Kuntsche E, Knibbe R, Engels R, Gmel G. Drinking motives as mediators of the link between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use among adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2007 Jan;68(1):76-85. [Medline: 17149520]
25. Stewart SH, Zvolensky MJ, Eifert GH. Negative-reinforcement drinking motives mediate the relation between anxiety sensitivity and increased drinking behavior. Personality and Individual Differences 2001 Jul;31(2):157-171. [doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00213-0]
26. Urbán R, Kökönyei G, Demetrovics Z. Alcohol outcome expectancies and drinking motives mediate the association between sensation seeking and alcohol use among adolescents. Addict Behav 2008 Oct;33(10):1344-1352. [doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.006] [Medline: 18619739]
27. Gupta R, Derevensky JL. An empirical examinination of Jacobs' General Theory of Addictions: Do adolescent gamblers fit the theory? J Gambl Stud 1998;14(1):17-49. [Medline: 12766433]
28. Jacobs DF. A general theory of addictions: A new theoretical model. J Gambling Stud 1986;2(1):15-31. [doi: 10.1007/BF01019931]
29. Demetrovics Z, Urbán R, Nagygyörgy K, Farkas J, Griffiths MD, Pápay O, et al. The development of the Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire (POGQ). PLoS One 2012;7(5):e36417 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036417] [Medline: 22590541]
30. Gentile DA, Choo H, Liau A, Sim T, Li D, Fung D, et al. Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics 2011 Feb;127(2):e319-e329 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-1353] [Medline: 21242221]
31. Gentile D. Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study. Psychol Sci 2009 May;20(5):594-602. [doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02340.x] [Medline: 19476590]
32. Rehbein F, Kleimann M, Mössle T. Prevalence and risk factors of video game dependency in adolescence: results of a German nationwide survey. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2010 Jun;13(3):269-277. [Medline: 20557246]
33. Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Psychosocial causes and consequences of pathological gaming. Comp Hum Behav 2011;27(1):144-152. [doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.015]
34. Chou C, Tsai M. Gender differences in Taiwan high school students' computer game playing. Comp Hum Behav 2007 Jan;23(1):812-824. [doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.011]
35. Karakus T, Inal Y, Cagiltay K. A descriptive study of Turkish high school students' game-playing characteristics and their considerations concerning the effects of games. Comp Hum Behav 2008 Sep;24(6):2520-2529. [doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2008.03.011]
36. Pemberton MB, Insko CA, Schopler J. Memory for and experience of differential competitive behavior of individuals and groups. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996 Nov;71(5):953-966. [Medline: 8939043]
37. Walters AE, Stuhlmacher AF, Meyer LL. Gender and negotiator competitiveness: a meta-analysis. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1998 Oct;76(1):1-29. [Medline: 9756737]
38. Baumeister RF, Sommer KL. What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: comment on Cross and Madson (1997). Psychol Bull 1997 Jul;122(1):38-44; discussion 51. [Medline: 9204778]
39. Taylor SE, Klein LC, Lewis BP, Gruenewald TL, Gurung RA, Updegraff JA. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychol Rev 2000 Jul;107(3):411-429. [Medline: 10941275]
40. Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE. Gender issues in depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2007 Dec;19(4):247-255. [doi: 10.1080/10401230701653294] [Medline: 18058282]
41. Pigott TA. Gender differences in the epidemiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60 Suppl 18:4-15. [Medline: 10487250]
42. King D, Delfabbro P, Griffiths M. Video game structural characteristics: A new psychological taxonomy. Int J Ment Health Addiction 2009 Apr 7;8(1):90-106. [doi: 10.1007/s11469-009-9206-4]
43. Nagygyörgy K, Urbán R, Farkas J, Griffiths MD, Zilahy D, Kökönyei G, et al. Typology and sociodemographic characteristics of massively multiplayer online game players. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 2013 Jan;29(3):192-200. [doi: 10.1080/10447318.2012.702636]
44. Stetina BU, Kothgassner OD, Lehenbauer M, Kryspin-Exner I. Beyond the fascination of online-games: Probing addictive behavior and depression in the world of online-gaming. Comp Hum Behav 2011 Jan;27(1):473-479. [doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.09.015]
45. Derogatis LR. Brief Symptom Inventory. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1975.
46. Urbán R, Kun B, Farkas J, Paksi B, Kökönyei G, Unoka Z, et al. Bifactor structural model of symptom checklists: SCL-90-R and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in a non-clinical community sample. Psychiatry Res 2014 Apr 30;216(1):146-154. [doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.027] [Medline: 24524946]
47. Derogatis LR. BSI Brief Symptom Inventory. Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual. 4th edition. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems; 1993.
48. Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus User's Guide. Fifth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 1998-2007.
49. Browne M, Cudek R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen K, Long J, editors. Testing Structural Equation Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1993:136-162.
50. Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 2nd edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
51. Hagström D, Kaldo V. Escapism among players of MMORPGs - conceptual clarification, its relation to mental health factors, and development of a new measure. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2014 Jan;17(1):19-25. [doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0222] [Medline: 24003967]
52. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1985 Nov;142(11):1259-1264. [Medline: 3904487]
53. Parke A, Griffiths M, Irwing P. Personality traits in pathological gambling: Sensation seeking, deferment of gratification and competitiveness as risk factors. Addict Res Theory 2004 Jan;12(3):201-212. [doi: 10.1080/1606635310001634500]
54. Griffiths MD. The role of context in online gaming excess and addiction: Some case study evidence. Int J Ment Health Addiction 2009 Jul 7;8(1):119-125. [doi: 10.1007/s11469-009-9229-x]
55. Yee N. The demographics, motivations and derived experiences of users of massively-multiuser online graphical environments. Presence-Teleop Virt 2006;15(3):309-329.
56. Griffiths MD, Davies MNO, Chappell D. Breaking the stereotype: the case of online gaming. Cyberpsychol Behav 2003 Feb;6(1):81-91. [doi: 10.1089/109493103321167992] [Medline: 12650566]
57. Griffiths MD, Lewis A. Confronting gender representation: A qualitative study of the experiences and motivations of female casual-gamers. Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport 2011;28:245-272.
58. McLean L, Griffiths MD. Female gamers: A thematic analysis of their gaming experience. International Journal of Game-Based Learning 2013;3(3):54-71.
59. Khazaal Y, van Singer M, Chatton A, Achab S, Zullino D, Rothen S, et al. Does self-selection affect samples' representativeness in online surveys? An investigation in online video game research. J Med Internet Res 2014;16(7):e164 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.2759] [Medline: 25001007]