Colchicine: Old and New

American Journal of Medicine

Volumn 128, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 461-470

  Slobodnick, Anastasia ^a,b   Shah, Binita ^a,b   Pillinger, Michael H ^a,b   Krasnokutsky, Svetlana ^a,b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Colchicine; Gout; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE; COLCHICINE; ANTIGOUT AGENT; CYTOCHROME P450 3A;

ACUTE FEBRILE NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTHRITIS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BONE MARROW DEPRESSION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIARRHEA; FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GOUT; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; PERICARDITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SHOCK; VASCULITIS; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG INTERACTION; HEART DISEASES; METABOLISM; RHEUMATIC DISEASES; VASCULAR DISEASES;

COLCHICINE; CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A; DRUG INTERACTIONS; FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER; GOUT SUPPRESSANTS; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; PERICARDITIS; RHEUMATIC DISEASES; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 84929046042     PISSN: 00029343     EISSN: 15557162     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.12.010     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety information for healthcare professionals - information for healthcare professionals: new safety information for colchicine (marketed as Colcrys). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm174315.htm. Accessed May 28, 2014.
2. R.A. Terkeltaub, D.E. Furst, K. Bennett, K.A. Kook, R.S. Crockett, and M.W. Davis High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: Twenty-four-hour outcome of the first multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-comparison colchicine study Arthritis Rheum 62 4 2010 1060 1068 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20131255 Accessed January 13, 2014
3. R.L. Wortmann, P.A. Macdonald, B. Hunt, and R.L. Jackson Effect of prophylaxis on gout flares after the initiation of urate-lowering therapy: analysis of data from three phase III trials Clin Ther 32 14 2010 2386 2397 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353107 Accessed April 6, 2014
4. M.R. Tabatabai, and N.A. Cummings Intravenous colchicine in the treatment of acute pseudogout Arthritis Rheum 23 3 1980 370 374 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7362691 Accessed November 2, 2014
5. S.E. Goldfinger Colchicine for familial Mediterranean fever N Engl J Med 287 25 1972 1302 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4636899 Accessed January 13, 2014
6. C.A. Dinarello, S.M. Wolff, S.E. Goldfinger, D.C. Dale, and D.W. Alling Colchicine therapy for familial mediterranean fever. A double-blind trial N Engl J Med 291 18 1974 934 937 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4606353 Accessed January 13, 2014
7. D. Zemer, M. Revach, M. Pras et al. A controlled trial of colchicine in preventing attacks of familial mediterranean fever N Engl J Med 291 18 1974 932 934 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4606109 Accessed January 13, 2014
8. E. Ben-Chetrit, and M. Levy Colchicine prophylaxis in familial Mediterranean fever: reappraisal after 15 years Semin Arthritis Rheum 20 4 1991 241 246 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2042056 Accessed January 13, 2014
9. S. Yurdakul, C. Mat, Y. Tüzün et al. A double-blind trial of colchicine in Behçet's syndrome Arthritis Rheum 44 11 2001 2686 2692 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11710724 Accessed January 13, 2014
10. F. Davatchi, B. Sadeghi Abdollahi, A. Tehrani Banihashemi et al. Colchicine versus placebo in Behçet's disease: randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial Mod Rheumatol 19 5 2009 542 549 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597921 Accessed January 13, 2014
11. E. Aktulga, M. Altaç, A. Müftüoglu et al. A double blind study of colchicine in Behçet's disease Haematologica 65 3 1980 399 402 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6778795 Accessed January 13, 2014
12. J.P. Callen Colchicine is effective in controlling chronic cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis J Am Acad Dermatol 13 2 Pt 1 1985 193 200 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4044947 Accessed January 13, 2014
13. S. Suehisa, and H. Tagami Treatment of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) with colchicine Br J Dermatol 105 4 1981 483 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7295564 Accessed January 13, 2014
14. H. Maillard, C. Leclech, P. Peria, M. Avenel-Audran, and J.L. Verret Colchicine for Sweet's syndrome. A study of 20 cases Br J Dermatol 140 3 1999 565 566 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10233302 Accessed January 13, 2014
15. M. Imazio, M. Bobbio, E. Cecchi et al. Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for acute pericarditis: results of the COlchicine for acute PEricarditis (COPE) trial Circulation 112 13 2005 2012 2016 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16186437 Accessed January 10, 2014
16. M. Imazio, A. Brucato, R. Cemin et al. A randomized trial of colchicine for acute pericarditis N Engl J Med 369 16 2013 1522 1528 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992557 Accessed January 10, 2014
17. M. Imazio, M. Bobbio, E. Cecchi et al. Colchicine as first-choice therapy for recurrent pericarditis: results of the CORE (COlchicine for REcurrent pericarditis) trial Arch Intern Med 165 17 2005 1987 1991 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16186468 Accessed January 13, 2014
18. M. Imazio, A. Brucato, R. Cemin et al. Colchicine for recurrent pericarditis (CORP): a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 155 7 2011 409 414 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873705 Accessed January 13, 2014
19. M. Nidorf, and P.L. Thompson Effect of colchicine (0.5 mg twice daily) on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein independent of aspirin and atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary artery disease Am J Cardiol 99 6 2007 805 807 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350370 Accessed January 13, 2014
20. S.M. Nidorf, J.W. Eikelboom, C.A. Budgeon, and P.L. Thompson Low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease J Am Coll Cardiol 61 4 2013 404 410 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23265346 Accessed January 13, 2014
21. D.B. Crittenden, R.A. Lehmann, L. Schneck et al. Colchicine use is associated with decreased prevalence of myocardial infarction in patients with gout J Rheumatol 39 7 2012 1458 1464 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3733459&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed January 13, 2014
22. S. Deftereos, G. Giannopoulos, K. Raisakis et al. Colchicine treatment for the prevention of bare-metal stent restenosis in diabetic patients J Am Coll Cardiol 61 16 2013 1679 1685 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23500260 Accessed January 13, 2014
23. M. Imazio, A. Brucato, P. Ferrazzi et al. Colchicine reduces postoperative atrial fibrillation: results of the Colchicine for the Prevention of the Postpericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS) atrial fibrillation substudy Circulation 124 21 2011 2290 2295 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22090167 Accessed January 13, 2014
24. M. Imazio, A. Brucato, P. Ferrazzi et al. Colchicine for prevention of postpericardiotomy syndrome and postoperative atrial fibrillation: the COPPS-2 randomized clinical trial JAMA 312 10 2014 1016 1023 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25172965 Accessed October 19, 2014
25. S. Deftereos, G. Giannopoulos, C. Kossyvakis et al. Colchicine for prevention of early atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: a randomized controlled study J Am Coll Cardiol 60 18 2012 1790 1796 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23040570 Accessed January 13, 2014
26. A. Sabouraud, O. Chappey, T. Dupin, and J.M. Scherrmann Binding of colchicine and thiocolchicoside to human serum proteins and blood cells Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32 8 1994 429 432 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7981928 Accessed May 28, 2014
27. O.N. Chappey, E. Niel, J.L. Wautier et al. Colchicine disposition in human leukocytes after single and multiple oral administration Clin Pharmacol Ther 54 4 1993 360 367 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8222477 Accessed May 28, 2014
28. O. Chappey, E. Niel, M. Dervichian, J.L. Wautier, J.M. Scherrmann, and D. Cattan Colchicine concentration in leukocytes of patients with familial Mediterranean fever Br J Clin Pharmacol 38 1 1994 87 89 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1364844&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed January 13, 2014
29. E. Niel, and J.-M. Scherrmann Colchicine today Joint Bone Spine 73 6 2006 672 678 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17067838 Accessed January 13, 2014
30. C. Fernandez, D. Figarella-Branger, P. Alla, J.-R. Harlé, and J.-F. Pellissier Colchicine myopathy: a vacuolar myopathy with selective type I muscle fiber involvement. An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of two cases Acta Neuropathol 103 2 2002 100 106 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11810174 Accessed January 13, 2014
31. R.W. Kuncl, G. Duncan, D. Watson, K. Alderson, M.A. Rogawski, and M. Peper Colchicine myopathy and neuropathy N Engl J Med 316 25 1987 1562 1568 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3035372 Accessed May 28, 2014
32. E. Ben-Chetrit, J.M. Scherrmann, E. Zylber-Katz, and M. Levy Colchicine disposition in patients with familial Mediterranean fever with renal impairment J Rheumatol 21 4 1994 710 713 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8035398 Accessed May 28, 2014
33. B.N. Cronstein, and P. Sunkureddi Mechanistic aspects of inflammation and clinical management of inflammation in acute gouty arthritis J Clin Rheumatol 19 1 2013 19 29 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3551244&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed January 13, 2014
34. V.C.C. Cheng, P.L. Ho, and K.Y. Yuen Two probable cases of serious drug interaction between clarithromycin and colchicine South Med J 98 8 2005 811 813 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16144178 Accessed January 13, 2014
35. A. Dogukan, F.S. Oymak, H. Taskapan, M. Güven, B. Tokgoz, and C. Utas Acute fatal colchicine intoxication in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Possible role of clarithromycin administration Clin Nephrol 55 2 2001 181 182 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11269688 Accessed January 13, 2014
36. S. Wason, J.L. Digiacinto, and M.W. Davis Effect of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of colchicine in healthy subjects Postgrad Med 124 4 2012 189 196 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22913907 Accessed January 13, 2014
37. U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Prescribing information for colchicine. Available at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm
38. M. Rochdi, A. Sabouraud, C. Girre, R. Venet, and J.M. Scherrmann Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of colchicine after i.v. and oral administration in healthy human volunteers and elderly subjects Eur J Clin Pharmacol 46 4 1994 351 354 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7957521 Accessed May 27, 2014
39. E.W. Taylor The mechanism of colchicine inhibition of mitosis. I. Kinetics of inhibition and the binding of H3-Colchicine J Cell Biol 25 Suppl 1965 145 160 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2106604&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed May 28, 2014
40. R.A. Terkeltaub Colchicine update: 2008 Semin Arthritis Rheum 38 6 2009 411 419 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973929 Accessed January 13, 2014
41. S. Paschke, A.F. Weidner, T. Paust, O. Marti, M. Beil, and E. Ben-Chetrit Technical advance: inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis by colchicine is modulated through viscoelastic properties of subcellular compartments J Leukoc Biol 94 5 2013 1091 1096 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23901122 Accessed January 15, 2014
42. S.A. Rudolph, P. Greengard, and S.E. Malawista Effects of colchicine on cyclic AMP levels in human leukocytes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74 8 1977 3404 3408 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=431582&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed January 13, 2014
43. B.N. Cronstein, Y. Molad, J. Reibman, E. Balakhane, R.I. Levin, and G. Weissmann Colchicine alters the quantitative and qualitative display of selectins on endothelial cells and neutrophils J Clin Invest 96 2 1995 994 1002 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=185287&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed January 13, 2014
44. F. Martinon, V. Pétrilli, A. Mayor, A. Tardivel, and J. Tschopp Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome Nature 440 7081 2006 237 241 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407889 Accessed January 9, 2014
45. Z. Li, G.S. Davis, C. Mohr, M. Nain, and D. Gemsa Suppression of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression by microtubule disrupting agents Immunobiology 195 4-5 1996 640 654 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8933163 Accessed January 13, 2014
46. E. Gillespie, R.J. Levine, and S.E. Malawista Histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells: inhibition by colchicine and potentiation by deuterium oxide J Pharmacol Exp Ther 164 1 1968 158 165 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4177465 Accessed January 13, 2014
47. H.B. Fell, C.E. Lawrence, M.R. Bagga, R.M. Hembry, and J.J. Reynolds The degradation of collagen in pig synovium in vitro and the effect of colchicine Matrix 9 2 1989 116 126 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2542741 Accessed January 13, 2014
48. Y. Finkelstein, S.E. Aks, J.R. Hutson et al. Colchicine poisoning: the dark side of an ancient drug Clin Toxicol (Phila) 48 5 2010 407 414 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20586571 Accessed October 16, 2014
49. M.E. Mullins, E.A. Carrico, and B.Z. Horowitz Fatal cardiovascular collapse following acute colchicine ingestion J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38 1 2000 51 54 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696925 Accessed October 21, 2014
50. A. Aghabiklooei, N. Zamani, H. Hassanian-Moghaddam, S. Nasouhi, and M. Mashayekhian Acute colchicine overdose: report of three cases Reumatismo 65 6 2013 307 311 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24705036 Accessed October 21, 2014
51. Z. Yousuf Bhat, S. Reddy, U. Pillai, M. Doshi, and E. Wilpula Colchicine-induced myopathy in a tacrolimus-treated renal transplant recipient: case report and literature review Am J Ther 2014 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24732905 Accessed October 21, 2014
52. R.W. Kuncl, and G. Duncan Chronic human colchicine myopathy and neuropathy Arch Neurol 45 3 1988 245 246 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3341942 Accessed October 23, 2014
53. P. Boonmuang, S. Nathisuwan, N. Chaiyakunapruk et al. Characterization of statin-associated myopathy case reports in Thailand using the Health Product Vigilance Center Database Drug Saf 2013 Apr 25 [Epub ahead of print]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615756 Accessed October 26, 2014
54. D.H.J. Oh, S.Q. Chan, and A.M. Wilson Myopathy and possible intestinal dysfunction in a patient treated with colchicine and simvastatin Med J Aust 197 6 2012 332 333 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22994827 Accessed October 26, 2014
55. M. Justiniano, S. Dold, and L.R. Espinoza Rapid onset of muscle weakness (rhabdomyolysis) associated with the combined use of simvastatin and colchicine J Clin Rheumatol 13 5 2007 266 268 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921794 Accessed October 26, 2014
56. A. Tufan, D.S. Dede, S. Cavus, N.D. Altintas, A.B. Iskit, and A. Topeli Rhabdomyolysis in a patient treated with colchicine and atorvastatin Ann Pharmacother 40 7-8 2006 1466 1469 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16772404 Accessed October 26, 2014
57. E.M. Atasoyu, T.R. Evrenkaya, and E. Solmazgul Possible colchicine rhabdomyolysis in a fluvastatin-treated patient Ann Pharmacother 39 7-8 2005 1368 1369 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956236 Accessed October 26, 2014
58. W.J. Martin, O. Shaw, X. Liu, S. Steiger, and J.L. Harper Monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-recruited noninflammatory monocytes differentiate into M1-like proinflammatory macrophages in a peritoneal murine model of gout Arthritis Rheum 63 5 2011 1322 1332 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21538316 Accessed January 15, 2014
59. R.A. Terkeltaub, L.A. Sklar, and H. Mueller Neutrophil activation by inflammatory microcrystals of monosodium urate monohydrate utilizes pertussis toxin-insensitive and -sensitive pathways J Immunol 144 7 1990 2719 2724 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2108211 Accessed January 15, 2014
60. O. Popa-Nita, and P.H. Naccache Crystal-induced neutrophil activation Immunol Cell Biol 88 1 2010 32 40 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19949421 Accessed January 15, 2014
61. I. Mitroulis, K. Kambas, and K. Ritis Neutrophils, IL-1β, and gout: is there a link? Semin Immunopathol 35 4 2013 501 512 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23344781 Accessed January 15, 2014
62. D.O. Haskard, and R.C. Landis Interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells in gout: lessons from a self-limiting inflammatory response Arthritis Res 4 Suppl 3 2002 S91 S97 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3240138&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed January 15, 2014
63. D. Khanna, P.P. Khanna, J.D. Fitzgerald et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 64 10 2012 1447 1461 Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3662546&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract Accessed January 14, 2014
64. W. Zhang, M. Doherty, E. Pascual et al. EULAR recommendations for calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Part II: management Ann Rheum Dis 70 4 2011 571 575 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21257614 Accessed January 15, 2014
65. P. Portincasa, G. Scaccianoce, and G. Palasciano Familial mediterranean fever: a fascinating model of inherited autoinflammatory disorder Eur J Clin Invest 43 12 2013 1314 1327 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24117178 Accessed January 13, 2014
66. Ancient missense mutations in a new member of the RoRet gene family are likely to cause familial Mediterranean fever. The International FMF Consortium Cell 90 4 1997 797 807 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9288758 Accessed January 22, 2014
67. French FMF Consortium A candidate gene for familial Mediterranean fever Nat Genet 17 1 1997 25 31 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9288094 Accessed January 22, 2014
68. S.M. Srinivasula, J.-L. Poyet, M. Razmara, P. Datta, Z. Zhang, and E.S. Alnemri The PYRIN-CARD protein ASC is an activating adaptor for caspase-1 J Biol Chem 277 24 2002 21119 21122 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11967258 Accessed January 22, 2014
69. L. Broderick, Nardo D. De, B.S. Franklin, H.M. Hoffman, and E. Latz The inflammasomes and autoinflammatory syndromes Annu Rev Pathol 277 10 2015 395 424 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25423351 Accessed January 29, 2015
70. M. Lidar, and A. Livneh Familial Mediterranean fever: clinical, molecular and management advancements Neth J Med 65 9 2007 318 324 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17954950 Accessed January 13, 2014
71. M. Centola, G. Wood, D.M. Frucht et al. The gene for familial Mediterranean fever, MEFV, is expressed in early leukocyte development and is regulated in response to inflammatory mediators Blood 95 10 2000 3223 3231 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807793 Accessed May 28, 2014
72. E.Z. Taskiran, A. Cetinkaya, B. Balci-Peynircioglu, Y.Z. Akkaya, and E. Yilmaz The effect of colchicine on pyrin and pyrin interacting proteins J Cell Biochem 113 11 2012 3536 3546 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730186 Accessed January 13, 2014
73. E. Mansfield, J.J. Chae, H.D. Komarow et al. The familial Mediterranean fever protein, pyrin, associates with microtubules and colocalizes with actin filaments Blood 98 3 2001 851 859 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468188 Accessed January 13, 2014
74. I. Grattagliano, L. Bonfrate, V. Ruggiero, G. Scaccianoce, G. Palasciano, and P. Portincasa Novel therapeutics for the treatment of familial mediterranean Fever: from colchicine to biologics Clin Pharmacol Ther 95 1 2013 89 97 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867542 Accessed January 15, 2014
75. A. Ashida, H. Murata, A. Ohashi, E. Ogawa, H. Uhara, and R. Okuyama A case of hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis with a high serum level of rheumatoid factor Australas J Dermatol 54 3 2013 e62 e63 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905981 Accessed January 13, 2014
76. R. Werni, T. Schwarz, and F. Gschnait Colchicine treatment of urticarial vasculitis Dermatologica 172 1 1986 36 40 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3956819 Accessed January 13, 2014
77. F.T. Saulsbury Successful treatment of prolonged Henoch-Schönlein purpura with colchicine Clin Pediatr (Phila) 48 8 2009 866 868 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19460892 Accessed January 13, 2014
78. D. Pyne, R. Mootoo, and A. Bhanji Colchicine for the treatment of recurrent Henoch-Schönlein purpura in an adult Rheumatology (Oxford) 40 12 2001 1430 1431 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752528 Accessed January 13, 2014
79. B. Maisch, P.M. Seferović, A.D. Ristić et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; The Task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology Eur Heart J 25 7 2004 587 610 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15120056 Accessed January 13, 2014
80. M. Imazio, R. Belli, A. Brucato et al. Efficacy and safety of colchicine for treatment of multiple recurrences of pericarditis (CORP-2): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial Lancet 383 9936 2014 2232 2237 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24694983 Accessed April 1, 2014
81. P.P. Cacoub Colchicine for treatment of acute or recurrent pericarditis Lancet 383 9936 2014 2193 2194 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24694984 Accessed October 23, 2014
82. N.C. Raju, Q. Yi, M. Nidorf, N.D. Fagel, R. Hiralal, and J.W. Eikelboom Effect of colchicine compared with placebo on high sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with acute coronary syndrome or acute stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial J Thromb Thrombolysis 33 1 2012 88 94 Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918905 Accessed January 13, 2014