Canine rabies in Australia: A review of preparedness and research needs

Zoonoses and Public Health

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 237-253

  Sparkes, J ^a   Fleming, P J S ^a,b   Ballard, G ^a,c   Scott Orr, H ^d   Durr, S ^d   Ward, M P ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (Australia)

^b Vertebrate Pest Research Unit   (Australia)

^c Vertebrate Pest Research Unit   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Dingo; Epidemiologic models; Free ranging dog; Peri urban dog; Preparedness; Rabies

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; CANIDAE; CANINE RABIES; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOG BITE; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; ENDEMIC DISEASE; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION RISK; LANDSCAPE; MONITORING; PET ANIMAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABIES; RABIES VIRUS; WILDLIFE; WORKING DOG; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BITES AND STINGS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; DOG; DOG DISEASES; EUROPE; FACTUAL DATABASE; PROCEDURES; RESEARCH; RISK FACTOR; TRANSMISSION; UNITED STATES; VIROLOGY; WILD ANIMAL;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS FAMILIARIS DINGO;

RABIES VACCINE;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; AUSTRALIA; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BITES AND STINGS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; EUROPE; HUMANS; RABIES; RABIES VACCINES; RESEARCH; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84927796442     PISSN: 18631959     EISSN: 18632378     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/zph.12142     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Adedeji, A. O., I. O. Okonko, O. D. Eyarefe, O. B. Adedeji, E. T. Babalola, M. O. Ojezele, J. C. Nwanze, and T. A. Amusan, 2010: An overview of rabies - history, epidemiology, control and possible elimination. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 4, 2327-2338.
2. Alkali, B. R., M. A. Umaru, and I. A. Abubakar, 2002: Essential clinical manifestations of rabies in man and animals: a review. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci. 4, S58-S61.
3. Allen, B. L., 2011: Glovebox Guide for Managing Wild Dogs. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, ACT.
4. Allen, B. L., M. Goullet, L. R. Allen, A. Lisle, and L. K. P. Leung, 2013: Dingoes at the doorstep: preliminary data on the ecology of dingoes in urban areas. Landscape Urban Plan 119, 131-135.
5. Animal Health Australia, 2011: Disease Strategy: Rabies (Version 3.0). Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN), 3rd edn. Primary Industries Ministerial Council, Canberra, ACT.
6. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012: Population by age and sex, Regions of Australia, 2011. Available at: www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3235.0Main+Features12011?OpenDocument (accessed 3 June 2014).
7. Australian Companion Animal Council, 2007: Dog bite incident reporting and data collection. Dogs in Society Position Paper. Available at: www.acac.org.au/pdf/dog_bite_incident.pdf (accessed 6 September 2012).
8. Australian Companion Animal Council, 2010: Contribution of the pet care industry to the Australian economy, 7th edn. Rockwell Communications, Victoria, ISBN: 978-0-9807614-0-5.
9. Banks, D. J. D., 1992: Rabies: a forceful argument for urban animal management. Urban Animal Management: Proceedings of the Urban Animal Management Conference, 59-69.
10. Barker, E., D. Langton, C. Helps, G. Brown, R. Malik, S. Shaw, and S. Tasker, 2012: Haemoparasites of free-roaming dogs associated with several remote Aboriginal communities in Australia. BMC Vet. Res., 8, 55.
11. Bek, M. D., W. T. Smith, M. H. Levy, E. Sullivan, and G. L. Rubin, 1992: Rabies case in New South Wales, 1990 - public health aspects. Med. J. Aust. 156, 596-597.
12. Bingham, J., 2005: Canine rabies ecology in southern Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 1337-1342.
13. Blanton, J. D., J. Dyer, J. McBrayer, and C. E. Rupprecht, 2012: Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2011. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 241, 712-722.
14. Boehm, M., M. R. Hutchings, and P. C. L. White, 2009: Contact networks in a wildlife-livestock host community: identifying high-risk individuals in the transmission of bovine TB among badgers and cattle. PLoS One 4, e5016.
15. Bradbury, L., and S. Corlette, 2006: Dog health program in Numbulwar, a remote Aboriginal community in east Arnhem Land. Aust. Vet. J. 84, 317-320.
16. Burgos-Caceres, S., 2011: Canine rabies: a looming threat to public health. Animals 1, 326-342.
17. Burt, W. H., 1943: Territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals. J. Mammal. 24, 346-352.
18. Carroll, M. J., A. Singer, G. C. Smith, D. P. Cowan, and G. Massei, 2010: The use of immunocontraception to improve rabies eradication in urban dog populations. Wildlife Res. 37, 676-687.
19. Center for Food Security and Public Health, 2009: Rabies. pp. 9. Available at: www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/rabies.pdf (accessed 21 August 2012).
20. Claridge, A. W., D. J. Mills, R. Hunt, D. J. Jenkins, and J. Bean, 2009: Satellite tracking of wild dogs in south-eastern mainland Australian forests: implications for management of a problematic top-order carnivore. For. Ecol. Manage. 258, 814-822.
21. Clifton, M., 2010: How not to fight a rabies epidemic: a history in Bali. Asian Biomed. 4, 663-670.
22. Clifton, M., 2011: How to eradicate canine rabies: a perspective of historical efforts. Asian Biomed. 5, 559-568.
23. Coman, B. J., and J. L. Robinson, 1989: Some aspects of stray dog behaviour in an urban fringe area. Aust. Vet. J. 66, 30-32.
24. Constable, S., R. Dixon, and R. Dixon, 2010: For the love of dog: the human-dog bond in rural and remote Australian Indigenous communities. Anthrozoos 23, 337-349.
25. Cookson, B., E. S. G. Sergeant, and P. A. J. Martin, 2012: Risk-based prioritisation of surveillance for exotic animal diseases in northern Australia. Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Belgium, the Netherlands, 379-379.
26. Corbett, L. K., 1988: Social dynamics of a captive dingo pack - population regulation by dominant female infanticide. Ethology 78, 177-198.
27. Corbett, L. K., 2001: The Dingo in Australia and Asia, pp. 200. JB Books Australia, Marleston.
28. Craft, M. E., and D. Caillaud, 2011: Network models: an underutilized tool in wildlife epidemiology? Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis., 2011, 676949, Article ID 676949.
29. Cullingham, C., B. Pond, K. Kyle, R. Rosatte, and B. White, 2008: Combining direct and indirect genetic methods to estimate dispersal for informing wildlife disease management decisions. Mol. Ecol. 17, 4874-4886.
30. Currie, B., 1998: Dogs and Aboriginal health in Australia. World Health 51, 26-27.
31. David, J. M., L. Andral, and M. Artois, 1982: Computer simulation model of the epi-enzootic disease of vulpine rabies. Ecol. Model. 15, 107-125.
32. Dendle, C., and D. Looke, 2008: Review article: animal bites: an update for management with a focus on infections. Emerg. Med. Australas. 20, 458-467.
33. Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, 2011: Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS). Available at: www.daff.gov.au/aqis/quarantine/naqs (accessed 3 August 2011).
34. Drewitt, A., 2012: Health experts say Australia must brace for rabies arrival from Indonesia. The Australian (online), 3 January 2012. Available at: www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/health-experts-say-australia-must-brace-for-rabies-arrival-from-indonesia/story-e6frg8y6-1226235103495 (accessed 3 June, 2014).
35. Duke-Sylvester, S. M., L. Bolzoni, and L. A. Real, 2011: Strong seasonality produces spatial asynchrony in the outbreak of infectious diseases. J. R. Soc. Interface 8, 817-825.
36. Eisinger, D., H. H. Thulke, T. Selhorst, and T. Muller, 2005: Emergency vaccination of rabies under limited resources - combating or containing? BMC Infect. Dis. 5, 10.
37. Eng, T. R., D. B. Fishbein, H. E. Talamante, D. B. Hall, G. F. Chavez, J. G. Dobbins, F. J. Muro, J. L. Bustos, M. D. Ricardy, A. Munguia, J. Carrasco, A. R. Robles, and G. M. Baer, 1993: Urban epizootic of rabies in Mexico - epidemiology and impact of animal bite injuries. Bull. World Health Organ. 71, 615-624.
38. Eymann, J., C. A. Herbert, D. W. Cooper, and J. P. Dubey, 2006: Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) from urban Sydney, Australia. J. Parasitol. 92, 267-272.
39. Fleming, P. J. S., 1997: Uptake of baits by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): implications for rabies contingency planning in Australia. Wildlife Res. 24, 335-346.
40. Fleming, P., L. Corbett, R. Harden, and P. Thomson, 2001: Managing the Impacts of Dingoes and Other Wild Dogs. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.
41. Fleming, P. J. S., L. R. Allen, S. J. Lapidge, A. Robley, G. R. Saunders, and P. C. Thomson, 2006: Strategic approach to mitigating the impacts of wild canids: proposed activities of the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 46, 753-762.
42. Fleming, P. J. S., B. L. Allen, and G.-A. Ballard, 2012: Seven considerations about dingoes as biodiversity engineers: the socioecological niches of dogs in Australia. Aust. Mammal. 34, 119-131.
43. Fleming, P. J. S., B. L. Allen, L. R. Allen, G. Ballard, A. J. Bengsen, M. N. Gentle, L. J. McLeod, P. D. Meek, and G. R. Saunders, 2014: Management of wild canids in Australia: free-ranging dogs and red foxes. In: Glen, A. S., and C. R. Dickman (eds), Carnivores of Australia: Past, Present and Future, pp. 107-152. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.
44. Forman, A. J., 1993: The threat of rabies introduction and establishment in Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 70, 81-83.
45. Freuling, C. M., K. Hampson, T. Selhorst, R. Schroeder, F. X. Meslin, T. C. Mettenleiter, and T. Mueller, 2013: The elimination of fox rabies from Europe: determinants of success and lessons for the future. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 368, 20120142
46. Garner, M. G., 1992: World rabies picture - implications for Australia. In: Obrien, P., and G. Berry (eds), Wildlife Rabies Contingency Planning in Australia, pp. 23-37.Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
47. Geering, W., 1992: Rabies: an overview of the disease. In: O'Brien, P., and G. Berry (eds), Wildlife Rabies Contingency Planning in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
48. Grattansmith, P. J., W. J. Oregan, P. S. J. Ellis, S. J. Oflaherty, P. B. McIntyre, and C. J. Barnes, 1992: Rabies - a 2nd Australian case, with a long incubation period. Med. J. Aust. 156, 651-654.
49. Gunata, I. K., 2011: The bio-ecology of dogs and implementation of radiotelemetry technology to determine dog home ranges in conjunction with rabies vaccination programs in the district of Badung, Bali. Unpublished Master of Science thesis. Udayana University Bali, Indonesia.
50. Hampson, K., J. Dushoff, S. Cleaveland, D. T. Haydon, M. Kaare, C. Packer, and A. Dobson, 2009: Transmission dynamics and prospects for the elimination of canine rabies. PLoS Biol. 7, 462-471.
51. Hardaker, J., 2008: Making sustainable improvements in remote indigenous communities 'A strategic approach to Animal Welfare improvement in remote Indigenous communities'. Australian Animal Welfare Strategy Conference Gold Coast.
52. Harden, R. H., 1985: The ecology of the dingo in north-eastern New South Wales. I. Movements and home range. Aust. Wildlife Res. 12, 25-37.
53. Harlock Jackson Pty Ltd, 2006: Australian animal welfare strategy; Review of existing animal welfare arrangements for the companion animals working group. Report prepared for the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Victoria.
54. Hii, S. F., S. R. Kopp, M. F. Thompson, C. A. O'Leary, R. L. Rees, and R. J. Traub, 2012: Canine vector-borne disease pathogens in dogs from south-east Queensland and north-east Northern Territory. Aust. Vet. J. 90, 130-135.
55. von Holdt, B. M., J. P. Pollinger, K. E. Lohmueller, E. Han, H. G. Parker, P. Quignon, J. D. Degenhardt, A. R. Boyko, D. A. Earl, A. Auton, A. Reynolds, K. Bryc, A. Brisbin, J. C. Knowles, D. S. Mosher, T. C. Spady, A. Elkahloun, E. Geffen, M. Pilot, W. Jedrzejewski, C. Greco, E. Randi, D. Bannasch, A. Wilton, J. Shearman, M. Musiani, M. Cargill, P. G. Jones, Z. Qian, W. Huang, Z.-L. Ding, Y.-P. Zhang, C. D. Bustamante, E. A. Ostrander, J. Novembre, and R. K. Wayne, 2010: Genome-wide SNP and haplotype analyses reveal a rich history underlying dog domestication. Nature 464, 898-902.
56. Holmala, K., and K. Kauhala, 2006: Ecology of wildlife rabies in Europe. Mammal Rev. 36, 17-36.
57. Holmes, E. C., C. H. Woelk, R. Kassis, and H. Bourhy, 2002: Genetic constraints and the adaptive evolution of rabies virus in nature. Virology 292, 247-257.
58. Hutabarat, T., M. Geong, A. Newsome, A. Ruben, and S. Cutter, 2003: Rabies and dog ecology in Flores. Urban Animal Management Conference Proceedings, 8-14.
59. Jensen, J. D., and D. Bachtrog, 2011: Characterizing the influence of effective population size on the rate of adaptation: Gillespie's Darwin domain. Genome Biol. Evol. 3, 687-701.
60. Jin, Y., and W. D. Wang, 2005: The effect of population dispersal on the spread of a disease. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 308, 343-364.
61. Kauhala, K., and K. Holmala, 2006: Contact rate and risk of rabies spread between medium-sized carnivores in southeast Finland. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 43, 348-357.
62. Kauhala, K., K. Holmala, W. Lammers, and J. Schregel, 2006: Home ranges and densities of medium-sized carnivores in south-east Finland, with special reference to rabies spread. Acta Theriol. 51, 1-13.
63. Knobel, D. L., S. Cleaveland, P. G. Coleman, E. M. Fevre, M. I. Meltzer, M. E. G. Miranda, A. Shaw, J. Zinsstag, and F. X. Meslin, 2005: Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bull. World Health Organ. 83, 360-368.
64. Koprowski, H., 2009: Rabies in the face of the 21st century. Zoonoses Public Health 56, 258-261.
65. Kreisfeld, R., and J. Harrison, 2005: Dog-Related Injuries. National Injury Surveillance Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide.
66. Laothamatas, J., S. Wacharapluesadee, B. Lumlertdacha, S. Ampawong, V. Tepsumethanon, S. Shuangshoti, P. Phumesin, S. Asavaphatiboon, L. Worapruekjaru, Y. Avihingsanon, N. Israsena, M. Lafon, H. Wilde, and T. Hemachudha, 2008: Furious and paralytic rabies of canine origin: neuroimaging with virological and cytokine studies. J. Neurovirol. 14, 119-129.
67. Marks, C. A., and T. E. Bloomfield, 1999: Distribution and density estimates for urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Melbourne: implications for rabies control. Wildlife Res. 26, 763-775.
68. Meek, P. D., 1999: The movement, roaming behaviour and home range of free-roaming domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, in coastal New South Wales. Wildlife Res. 26, 847-855.
69. Miklosi, A., 2007: Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
70. Mjolsness, E., D. Orendorff, P. Chatelain, and P. Koumoutsakos, 2009: An exact accelerated stochastic simulation algorithm. J. Chem. Phys, 130, 144110
71. Moore, P. R., C. C. Jansen, G. C. Graham, I. L. Smith, and S. B. Craig, 2010: Emerging tropical diseases in Australia. Part 3. Australian bat lyssavirus. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 104, 613-621.
72. Morters, M. K., O. Restif, K. Hampson, S. Cleaveland, J. L. N. Wood, and A. J. K. Conlan, 2013: Evidence-based control of canine rabies: a critical review of population density reduction. J. Anim. Ecol. 82, 6-14.
73. Muller, T., P. Demetriou, J. Moynagh, F. Cliquet, A. R. Fooks, F. J. Conraths, T. C. Mettenleiter, and C. Freuling, 2012: Rabies elimination in Europe - a success story. Compendium of the OIE Global Conference on Rabies Control, Incheon-Seoul, Republic of Korea, 7-9 September 2011. Towards sustainable prevention at the source, 31-43.
74. Murray, J. D., E. A. Stanley, and D. L. Brown, 1986: On the spatial spread of rabies among foxes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 229, 111-150.
75. Newsome, A. E., 2001: The biology and ecology of the dingo. In: Dickman, C. R., and D. Lunney (eds), Proceedings of the Symposium on the Dingo, Sydney, Australia, pp. 20-33.
76. Newsome, A., and P. Catling, 1992: Host range and its implications for wildlife rabies in Australia. In: Brien, P. O., and Berry, G. E. (eds), Wildlife Rabies Contingency Planning in Australia, pp. 97-107. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
77. Newsome, T. M., G.-A. Ballard, C. R. Dickman, P. J. S. Fleming, and R. van de Ven, 2013: Home range, activity and sociality of a top predator, the dingo: a test of the Resource Dispersion Hypothesis. Ecography, 36, 914-925.
78. NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet, 2012: Dog attack reporting.
79. O'Brien, P., and G. E. Berry, 1992: Wildlife Rabies Contingency Planning in Australia: Bureau of Rural Resources Proceedings No. 11. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
80. Oskarsson, M. C. R., C. F. C. Klütsch, U. Boonyaprakob, A. Wilton, Y. Tanabe, and P. Savolainen, 2012: Mitochondrial DNA data indicate an introduction through Mainland Southeast Asia for Australian dingoes and Polynesian domestic dogs. Proc. Biol. Sci. 279, 967-974.
81. Ozanne-Smith, J., K. Ashby, and V. Z. Stathakis, 2001: Dog bite and injury prevention - analysis, critical review, and research agenda. Inj. Prev. 7, 321-326.
82. Pang, J.-F., C. Kluetsch, X.-J. Zou, A.-B. Zhang, L.-Y. Luo, H. Angleby, A. Ardalan, C. Ekström, A. Sköllermo, J. Lundeberg, S. Matsumura, T. Leitner, Y.-P. Zhang, and P. Savolainen, 2009: mtDNA data indicate a single origin for dogs south of Yangtze River, less than 16, 300 years ago, from numerous wolves. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26, 2849-2864.
83. Panjeti, V. G., and L. A. Real, 2011: Mathematical models for rabies. In: Jackson, A. C. (ed.), Advances in Virus Research: Research Advances in Rabies, pp. 377-395, Academic Press, Waltham, MA, USA.
84. Paweska, J. T., L. H. Blumberg, C. Liebenberg, R. H. Hewlett, A. A. Grobbelaar, P. A. Leman, J. E. Croft, L. H. Nel, L. Nutt, and R. Swanepoel, 2006: Fatal human infection with rabies-related Duvenhage virus, South Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12, 1965-1967.
85. Pech, R. P., and J. Hone, 1992: Models of wildlife rabies. In: O'Brien, P., and G. Berry (eds), Wildlife Rabies Contingency Planning in Australia, pp. 147-156. Bureau of Rural Resources, Canberra.
86. Pullar, E., and K. McIntosh, 1954: The relation of Australia to the world rabies problem. Aust. Vet. J. 30, 326-336.
87. Putra, A., D. Dharma, O. Dibia, and H. Scott-Orr, 2009: Rabies on the move in Indonesia: incursion into Bali and response. Proceedings of the 12th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, 152-154.
88. Putra, A. A. G., K. Hampson, J. Girardi, E. Hiby, D. Knobel, I. W. Mardiana, S. Townsend, and H. Scott-Orr, 2013: Response to a rabies epidemic, Bali, Indonesia, 2008-2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19, 648-651.
89. Rees, E. E., B. A. Pond, R. R. Tinline, and D. Belanger, 2013: Modelling the effect of landscape heterogeneity on the efficacy of vaccination for wildlife infectious disease control. J. Appl. Ecol. 50, 881-891.
90. Rhodes, C. J., R. P. D. Atkinson, R. M. Anderson, and D. W. Macdonald, 1998: Rabies in Zimbabwe: reservoir dogs and the implications for disease control. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 353, 999-1010.
91. Robley, A., A. Gormley, D. M. Forsyth, A. N. Wilton, and D. Stephens, 2010: Movements and habitat selection by wild dogs in eastern Victoria. Aust. Mammal. 32, 23-32.
92. Rosatte, R., K. Sobey, D. Donovan, L. Bruce, M. Allan, A. Silver, K. Bennett, M. Gibson, H. Simpson, C. Davies, A. Wandeler, and F. Muldoon, 2006: Behavior, movements, and demographics of rabid raccoons in Ontario, Canada: management implications. J. Wildl. Dis. 42, 589-605.
93. Rupprecht, C. E., J. S. Smith, M. Fekadu, and J. E. Childs, 1995: The ascension of wildlife rabies - a cause for public-health concern or intervention. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1, 107-114.
94. Russell, C. A., L. A. Real, and D. L. Smith, 2006: Spatial control of rabies on heterogeneous landscapes. PLoS One 1, e27.
95. Saunders, G., 1999: Wildlife and Exotic Disease Preparedness in Australia: Rabies. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
96. Saunders, G. R., M. N. Gentle, and C. R. Dickman, 2010: The impacts and management of foxes Vulpes vulpes in Australia. Mammal Rev. 40, 181-211.
97. Schneider, M. C., A. Belotto, M. P. Ade, S. Hendrickx, L. F. Leanes, M. J. de Freitas Rodrigues, G. Medina, and E. Correa, 2007: Current status of human rabies transmitted by dogs in Latin America. Cadernos De Saude Publica 23, 2049-2063.
98. Schnell, M. J., J. P. McGettigan, C. Wirblich, and A. Papaneri, 2010: The cell biology of rabies virus: using stealth to reach the brain. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8, 51-61.
99. Shigesada, N., and K. Kawasaki, 1997: Biological Invasions: Theory and Practice, pp. 205. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
100. Shwiff, S. A., K. N. Kirkpatrick, and R. T. Sterner, 2008: Economic evaluation of an oral rabies vaccination program for control of a domestic dog-coyote rabies epizootic: 1995-2006. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 233, 1736-1741.
101. Sidwa, T. J., P. J. Wilson, G. M. Moore, E. H. Oertli, B. N. Hicks, R. E. Rohde, and D. H. Johnston, 2005: Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 227, 785-792.
102. da Silva, L.H., C.E ., Bissoto, A.C. Delbem, C.I. Ferrari, S.H. Perri, and C.M. Nunes, 2004: Canine rabies epidemiology in Aracatuba and neighborhood, Northwestern Sao Paulo State - Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 37, 139-142.
103. Smith, J. S., 1996: New aspects of rabies with emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of the disease in the United States. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9, 166-176.
104. Smith, G. C., and D. Wilkinson, 2002: Modelling disease spread in a novel host: Rabies in the European badger Meles meles. J. Appl. Ecol. 39, 865-874.
105. Smith, D. L., B. Lucey, L. A. Waller, J. E. Childs, and L. A. Real, 2002: Predicting the spatial dynamics of rabies epidemics on heterogeneous landscapes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3668-3672.
106. Stephens, D., 2011: The molecular ecology of Australian wild dogs: hybridsation, gene flow and genetic structure at multiple geographic scales. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Western Australia, Perth.
107. Sterner, R. T., M. I. Meltzer, S. A. Shwiff, and D. Slate, 2009: Tactics and economics of wildlife oral rabies vaccination, Canada and the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 1176-1184.
108. Susilawathi, N. M., A. E. Darwinata, I. B. N. P. Dwija, N. S. Budayanti, G. A. K. Wirasandhi, K. Subrata, N. K. Susilarini, R. A. A. Sudewi, F. S. Wignall, and G. N. K. Mahardika, 2012: Epidemiological and clinical features of human rabies cases in Bali 2008-2010. BMC Infect. Dis. 12, 81.
109. Takahashi-Omoe, H., K. Omoe, and N. Okabe, 2008: Regulatory systems for prevention and control of rabies, Japan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1368-1374.
110. Tenzin, and M. P. Ward, 2012: Review of rabies epidemiology and control in South, South East and East Asia: past, present and prospects for elimination. Zoonoses Public Health 59, 451-467.
111. Tepsumethanon, V., 2005: Six criteria for rabies diagnosis in living dogs. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 88, 419-422.
112. Tepsumethanon, V., B. Lumlertdacha, and C. Mitmoonpitak, 2010: Does history-taking help predict rabies diagnosis in dogs? Asian Biomed. 4, 811-815.
113. Thanomsridetchai, N., N. Singhto, V. Tepsumethanon, S. Shuangshoti, S. Wacharapluesadee, S. Sinchaikul, S.-T. Chen, T. Hemachudha, and V. Thongboonkerd, 2011: Comprehensive proteome analysis of hippocampus, brainstem, and spinal cord from paralytic and furious dogs naturally infected with rabies. J. Proteome Res. 10, 4911-4924.
114. Thompson, P. G., 1997: The public health impact of dog attacks in a major Australian city. Med. J. Aust. 167, 129-132.
115. Thomson, P. C., 1992: The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. IV. Social and spatial organisation, and movements. Wildlife Res. 19, 543-563.
116. Thomson, P. C., and P. R. Marsack, 1992: Aerial baiting of dingoes in arid pastoral areas with reference to rabies control. In: O'Brien, P., and G. Berry (eds), Wildlife Rabies Contingency Planning in Australia. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
117. Thomson, P. C., K. Rose, and N. E. Kok, 1992a: The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. V. Population dynamics and variation in the social system. Wildlife Res. 19, 565-584.
118. Thomson, P. C., K. Rose, and N. E. Kok, 1992b: The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. VI. Temporary extraterritorial movements and dispersal. Wildlife Res. 19, 585-595.
119. Vaidya, S. A., S. E. Manning, P. Dhankhar, M. I. Meltzer, C. Rupprecht, H. F. Hull, and D. B. Fishbein, 2010: Estimating the risk of rabies transmission to humans in the US: a Delphi analysis. BMC Public Health 10, 278.
120. Velasco-Villa, A., S. A. Reeder, L. A. Orciari, P. A. Yager, R. Franka, J. D. Blanton, L. Zuckero, P. Hunt, E. H. Oertli, L. E. Robinson, and C. E. Rupprecht, 2008: Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 1849-1854.
121. Waltnertoews, D., A. Maryono, B. T. Akoso, S. Wisynu, and D. H. A. Unruh, 1990: An epidemic of canine rabies in central Java, Indonesia. Prevent. Vet. Med. 8, 295-303.
122. Wandeler, A. I., S. Capt, A. Kappeler, and R. Hauser, 1988: Oral immunization of wildlife against rabies - concept and 1st field experiments. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10, S649-S653.
123. Wandeler, A. I., J. Bingham, and F. X. Meslin, 2013: Dogs and rabies. In: Macpherson, C. N. L., F. X. Meslin, and A. I. Wandeler (eds), Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
124. Wang, X., C. M. Brown, S. Smole, B. G. Werner, L. Han, M. Farris, and A. DeMaria, 2010a: Aggression and rabid coyotes, Massachusetts, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16, 357-359.
125. Wang, X., S. Smole, A. DeMaria, and M. J. Gilchrist, 2010b: Factors associated with rabid animals since the introduction of raccoon rabies variant in Massachusetts, 1992-2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10, 275-281.
126. Wang, X. T., B. G. Werner, S. Smole, V. Pani, and L. L. Han, 2011: Signs observed among animal species infected with raccoon rabies variant virus, Massachusetts, USA, 1992-2010. Animals 1, 396-401.
127. Warrell, M. J., and D. A. Warrell, 2004: Rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. Lancet 363, 959-969.
128. West, P., 2008: Assessing Invasive Animals in Australia, pp. 98. National Land & Water Resources Audit, Canberra.
129. Whitehouse, S. J. O., 1977: Movements of dingoes in Western Australia. J. Wildl. Manage. 41, 575-576.
130. Wilton, A. N., D. J. Steward, and K. Zafiris, 1999: Microsatellite variation in the Australian dingo. American Gen. Assoc. 90, 108-111.
131. Woodroffe, R., and C. A. Donnelly, 2011: Risk of contact between endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus and domestic dogs: opportunities for pathogen transmission. J. Appl. Ecol. 48, 1345-1354.
132. World Health Organization, 2005: WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies First Report. WHO Technical Report Series; 931. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
133. World Health Organization, 2007: Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies: Guidance for Research on Oral Rabies Vaccines and Field Application of Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
134. World Organization for Animal Health, 2012: Disease distribution map - Rabies. World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) - Version 1.4. Available at: www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Wahidhome/Home (accessed 11 May 2013).
135. Yang, Z. W., and L. G. Dong, 2012: Current status of canine rabies in China. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 25, 602-605.
136. Zhang, J., Z. Jin, G.-Q. Sun, T. Zhou, and S. Ruan, 2011: Analysis of rabies in China: transmission dynamics and control. PLoS One 6, e20891.
137. Zinsstag, J., S. Duerr, M. A. Penny, R. Mindekem, F. Roth, S. M. Gonzalez, S. Naissengar, and J. Hattendorf, 2009: Transmission dynamics and economics of rabies control in dogs and humans in an African city. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 14996-15001.