The evolving medical and veterinary importance of the gulf coast tick (Acari: Ixodidae)

Journal of Medical Entomology

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 230-252

  Paddock, Christopher D ^a   Goddard, Jerome ^b  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amblyomma maculatum; Gulf Coast tick; Hepatozoon americanum; Rickettsia parkeri

Indexed keywords

ACARI; AMBLYOMMA MACULATUM; ANIMALIA; ARTHROPODA; HEPATOZOON AMERICANUM; IXODIDA; IXODIDAE; RICKETTSIA PARKERI; VERTEBRATA;

ANIMAL; GULF OF MEXICO; HUMAN; IXODIDAE; PARASITE VECTOR; TICK-BORNE DISEASES; UNITED STATES; VETERINARY;

ANIMALS; ARTHROPOD VECTORS; GULF OF MEXICO; HUMANS; IXODIDAE; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES; TICK-BORNE DISEASES;

EID: 84926644174     PISSN: 00222585     EISSN: 19382928     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju022     Document Type: Article

References (237)

1. Abaraca, K., J. Lopez, G. Acosta-Jamett, P. Lepe, J. F. Soares, and M. B. Labruna. 2012. A third Amblyomma species and the first tick-borne rickettsiosis in Chile. J. Med. Entomol. 49: 219-222
2. Adams, A. 1905. The Outlet, p. 305. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, New York, NY
3. Adamson, S. W., R. E. Browning, K. Budachetri, J. C. Ribeiro, and S. Karim. 2013. Knockdown of selenocysteine-specific elongation factor in Amblyomma maculatum alters the pathogen burden of Rickettsia parkeri with epigenetic control by the Sin3 histone decetylease corepressor complex. PLoS ONE8: E82012
4. Allan, S. A.,L. A. Simmons, andM. J. Burridge. 2001. Ixodid ticks on white-tailed deer and feral swine in Florida. J. Vector Ecol. 26: 93-102
5. Allen, K. E., Y. Li, B. Kaltenboeck, E. M. Johnson, M. V. Reichard, R. J. Panciera, and S. E. Little. 2008. Diversity of Hepatozoon species in naturally infected dogs in the southern United States. Vet. Parasitol. 154: 220-225
6. Allen, K. E., E. M. Johnson, and S. E. Little. 2011. Hepatozoon spp. infections in the United States. Vet. Clin. Small Anim. 41: 1221-1238
7. Anderson, B. E., K. G. Sims, J. G. Olson, J. E. Childs, J. F. Piesman, C. M. Happ, G. O. Maupin, and B. J. B. Johnson. 1993. Amblyomma americanum: A potential vector of human ehrlichiosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 49: 239-244
8. Baldridge, G. D., N. Y. Burkhardt, M. B. Labruna, C. D. Paddock, P. C. Williamson, P. M. Billingsley, R. F. Felsheim, T. J. Kurtti, and U. G. Munderloh. 2010. Wide dispersal and multiple origins of low copy number plasmids in Rickettsia species associated with blood-feeding arthropods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 1718-1731
9. Barker, R. W., A. A. Kocan, S. A. Ewing, R. P. Wettemann, andM. E. Payton. 2004. Occurrence of Gulf Coast ticks on wild and domestic mammals in North-Central Oklahoma. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 170-178
10. Barrett, A. D., S. E. Little, and E. Shaw. 2014. "Rickettsia amblyommii" and Rickettsia montanensis infection in dogs following natural exposure to ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 14: 20-25
11. Barton, C. L., E. A. Russo, T. M. Craig, and R. W. Green. 1985. Canine hepatozoonosis: A retrospective study of 15 naturally occurring cases. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 21: 125-134
12. Bishopp, F. C., and H. Hixson. 1936. Biology and economic importance of the Gulf Coast tick. J. Econ. Entomol. 20: 1068-1076
13. Bishopp, F. C., and H. L. Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certainNorth American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31: 1-54
14. Blakeslee,E. B., A. N. Tissot,W. G. Bruce, andD. A. Sanders. 1947. DDTto control the Gulf Coast tick. J. Econ. Entomol. 40: 664-666
15. Blair,P. J., J. Jiang, G. B. Schoeler,C. Moron,E. Anaya,M. Cespedes,C. Cruz,V. Felices,C. Guevara, L. Mendoza, et al. 2004. Characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in flea and tick specimens from northern Peru. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4961-4967
16. Bloemer, S. R., R. H. Zimmerman, andK. Fairbanks. 1988. Abundance, attachment sites, and density estimators of lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting white-tailed deer. J. Med. Entomol. 25: 295-300
17. Brown, H. E., K. F. Yates, G. Dietricj, K. MacMillan, C. B. Graham, S. M. Reese, W. S. Helterbrand, W. L. Nicholson, K. Blount, P. S. Mead, et al. 2011. An acarologic survey and Amblyomma americanum distribution map with implications for tularemia risk in Missouri. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84: 411-419
18. Browning, R. E., S. W. Adamson, and S. Karim. 2012. Choice of a stable set of reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis in Amblyomma maculatum. J. Med. Entomol. 49: 1339-1346
19. Buckingham, S. C., G. S. Marshall, and G. E. Schultze. 2007. Clinical features, hospital course, and outcome of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children. J. Pediatr. 150: 180-184
20. Budachetri, K., R. B. Browning, S. W. Adamson, S. E. Dowd, C. C. Chao,W. M. Ching, andS. Karim. 2014. An insight into the microbiome of Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 51: 119-129
21. Burgdorfer, W., A. G. Barbour, S. F. Hayes, J. L. Benach, E. E. Grunwaldt, and J. P. Davis. 1982. Lyme disease: A tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 216: 1317-1319
22. Burkhardt, N. Y., G. D. Baldridge, P. C. Williamson, P. M. Billingsly, C. C. Heu, R. F. Felsheim, T. J. Kurtti, and U. G. Munderloh. 2011. Development of shuttle vectors for transformation of diverse Rickettsia species. PLoS ONE 6: E29511
23. Byford, R. L.,M. E. Craig, andB. L. Crosby. 1992. A review of ectoparasites and their effect on cattle production. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 597-602
24. Childs, J. E., and C. D. Paddock. 2003. The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 48: 307-337
25. Cilek, J. E., and M. A. Olson. 2000. Seasonal distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in northwestern Florida. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 439-444
26. Circuttin, G., and S. Nava. 2012. Molecular identification of Rickettsia parkeri infecting Amblyomma triste ticks in an area of Argentina where cases of rickettsiosis were diagnosed. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 107: 314-318
27. Clark, K. L., W. Wills, S. H. Teddlers, and D. C. Williams. 1996. Ticks removed from dogs and animal care personnel in Orangeburg County, South Carolina. J. Agromed. 3: 45-55
28. Clark, K. L., J. H. Oliver, Jr., D. B. McKechnie, andD. C. Williams. 1998. Distribution, abundance, and seasonal activities of ticks collected from rodents and vegetation in South Carolina. J. Vector Ecol. 23: 89-105
29. Clay, W. H. 2007. Hogs gone wild. Hum. Wildl. Confl. 1: 137-138
30. Cohen, S. B., M. J. Yabsley, and L. E. Garrison. 2009. Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma americanum ticks, Tennessee andGeorgia, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15: 1471-1473
31. Cohen, S. B., J. D. Freye, B. Dunlap, J. R. Dunn, T. F. Jones, and A. C. Moncayo. 2010. Host associations of Dermacentor, Amblyomma, and Ixodes ticks in Tennessee. J. Med. Entomol. 47: 415-420
32. Conlon, P. J., G. W. Procop, V. Fowler, M. A. Eloubeidi, S. R. Smith, and D. J. Sexton. 1996. Predictors of prognosis and risk of acute renal failure in patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am. J. Med. 101: 621-626
33. Conti-Díaz, I. A., J. Moraes-Filho,R. C. Pacheco, andM. B. Labruna 2009. Serological evidence of Rickettsia parkeri as the etiological agent of rickettsiosis in Uruguay. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo 51: 337-339
34. Cooley, R. A., andG. M. Kohls. 1944. The genus Amblyomma in theUnited States. J. Parasitol. 30: 77-111
35. Cowdry, E. V. 1923. The distribution of Rickettsia in the tissues of insects and arachnids. J. Exp. Med. 37: 431-456
36. Cragun, W. C., B. L. Bartlett, M. W. Ellis, A. Z. Hoover, S. K. Tyring, N. Mendoza, T. J. Vento,W. L. Nicholson,M. E. Eremeeva, J. P. Olano, et al. 2010. The expanding spectrum of eschar-associated ricketttsioses in the United States. Arch. Dermatol. 146: 641-648
37. Craig, T. M., J. E. Smallwood, K. W. Knauer, and J. P. McGrath. 1978. Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs: Clinical, radiographic, and hematologic findings. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 173: 967-972
38. (CSTE) Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. 2009. Position statement 09-ID-16, public health reporting and national notification for spotted fever rickettsiosis (including Rocky Mountain spotted fever). (http://www. cste. org/ ps2009/09-id-16. pdf)
39. Cox, G. M., and D. J. Sexton. 1995. Photo quiz. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21: 315, 429
40. Cummings, C. A.,R. J. Panciera, K. M. Kocan, J. S. Mathew, and S. A. Ewing. 2005. Characterization of stages of Hepatozoon americanum and of parasitized canine host cells. Vet. Pathol. 42: 788-796
41. Davis,D. S., R. M. Robinson, and T. M. Craig. 1978. Naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in a coyote. J. Wildl. Dis. 14: 244-246
42. Drummond, R. O., and T. M. Whetstone. 1970. Oviposition of the Gulf Coast tick. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 1547-1551
43. Duell, J. R., R. Carmichael, B. H. Herrin, T. C. Holbrook, J. Talley, and S. E. Little. 2013. Prevalence and species of ticks on horses in central Oklahoma. J. Med. Entomol. 106: 1330-1333
44. Edwards, K. T. 2011. Gotch ear: A poorly-described, local, pathologic condition of livestock associated primarily with the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum. Vet. Parasitol. 183: 1-7
45. Edwards, K. T., J. Goddard, T. L. Jones, C. D. Paddock, and A. S. Varela-Stokes. 2010. Cattle and the natural history of Rickettsia parkeri in Mississippi. Vector Borne ZoonoticDis. 11: 485-491
46. Edwards, K. T., J. Goddard, and A. Varela-Stokes. 2011. Distribution of spotted fever group rickettsiae in select tissues of experimentally infected and field-collected Gulf Coast ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 48: 687-690
47. Ekenna, O., C. D. Paddock, and J. Goddard. 2014. Gulf Coast tick rash illness in Mississippi caused by Rickettsia parkeri. J. Mississippi StateMed. Assoc. July: 216-219
48. Espinoza-Gomez, F., O. Newton-Sanchez, G. Flores-Cazares, V. Melinikov, J. Austria-Tejeda, and F. Rojas-Larios. 2011. Tick paralysis caused by Amblyomma maculatum on the Mexican Pacific Coast. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 11: 945-946
49. Estrada-Pena, A., J. M. Venzal, A. J. Mangold, M. M. Cafrune, and A. A. Guglielmone. 2005. The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae: Amblyomminae) tick group: diagnostic characters, description of the larva of A. parvitarsum Neumann, 1901, 16S rDNA sequences, distribution and hosts. Syst. Parasitol. 60: 99-112
50. Ewing, S. A., and R. J. Panciera. 2003. American canine hepatozoonosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16: 688-697
51. Ewing, S. A., J. S. Mathew, and R. J. Panciera. 2002a. Transmission of Hepatozoon americanum by ixodids. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 631-634
52. Ewing, S. A., J. G. DuBois, J. S. Mathew, and R. J. Panciera. 2002b. Larval Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) [Acari: Ixodidae] as a host for Hepatozoon americanum [Apicomplexa: Adelorina]. Vet. Parasitol. 103: 43-51
53. Ewing, S. A., R. J. Panciera, and J. S. Mathew. 2003. Persistance of Hepatozoon americanum in a naturally infected dog. J. Parasitol. 89: 611-613
54. Felz,M. W., andL. A. Durden. 1999. Attachment sites of four tick species parasitizing humans in Georgia and South Carolina. J. Med. Entomol. 36: 361-364
55. Felz, M. W., L. A. Durden, and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 1996. Ticks parasitizing humans in Georgia and South Carolina. J. Parasitol. 82: 505-508
56. Ferrari, F. A., J. Goddard, C. D. Paddock, and A. S. Varela-Stokes. 2012. Rickettsia parkeri and Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae in Gulf Coast ticks, Mississippi, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 1705-1707
57. Ferrari, F. A., J. Goddard, G. M. Moraru,W. E. Smith, and A. Varela-Stokes. 2013a. Isolation of "Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae" in embryonic cells of naturally infected Amblyommamaculatum. J. Med. Entomol. 50: 1118-1125
58. Ferrari, F. A., J. Goddard, M. A. Caprio,C. D. Paddock, T. Mixson-Hayden, and A. Varela-Stokes. 2013b. Population analysis of Amblyomma maculatum ticks and Rickettsia parkeri using single-strand confirmation polymorphism. Ticks Tick BorneDis. 4: 439-444
59. Fleetwood, S. C., and P. D. Teel. 1983. Variation in activity of ageing Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae) larvae in relation to vapor pressure deficits in pasture vegetation complexes. Prot. Ecol. 5: 343-352
60. Flores-Mendoza, C.,D. Florin, V. Felices, E. J. Pozo, P. C. F. Graf, R. G. Burrus, and A. L. Richards. 2013. Detection of Rickettsia parkeri from within Piura, Peru, and the first reported presence of Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13: 505-508
61. Florin, D., J. Jiang, R. G. Robbins, and A. L. Richards. 2013. Infection of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum with Rickettsia parkeri: First report from the state of Delaware. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 18: 27-29
62. Florin,D. A., R. J. Brinkerhoff, H. Gaff, J. Jiang, R. G. Robbins, W. Eickmeyer, J. Butler, D. Nielsen, C. Wright, E. White, M. E. Gimpel, and A. L. Richards. 2014. Additional collections of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) from the State of Delaware, the first reported field collections of adult specimens from the State of Maryland, and data regarding the tick species from surveillance ofmigratory song birds inMaryland. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 19: 257-262
63. Fornadel, C. M.,X. Zhang, J. D. Smith,C. D. Paddock, J. R. Arias, and D. E. Norris. 2011. High rates of Rickettsia parkeri infection in Gulf Coast ticks and identification of Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae from Fairfax County, Virginia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12: 1535-1538
64. Fritzen, C. M., J. Huang, K. Westby, J. D. Freye, B. Dunlap, M. J. Yabsley, M. Schardein, J. R. Dunn, T. F. Jones, and A. C. Moncayo. 2011. Infection prevalences of common tick-borne pathogens in adult lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in Kentucky. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 85: 718-723
65. Frost, C. C. 1998. Presettlement fire frequency regimes of the United States: A first approximation. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. Proc. 20: 70-81
66. Fryxell, R. T., C. D. Steelman, A. L. Szalanski, K. L. Kvamme, P. M. Billingsley, and K. C. Williamson. 2012. Survey of borreliae in ticks, canines, and white-tailed deer from Arkansas. Parasites Vectors 5: 139-140
67. Gaines, D. N., D. J. Operario, S. Stroup, E. Stromdahl, C. Wright, H. Gaff, J. Broyhill, J. Smith, D. N. Norris, T. Henning, et al. 2014. Ehrlichia and spotted fever group rickettsiae surveillance in Amblyomma americanum in Virginia through use of a novel six-plex real-time PCR assay. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis; 14: 307-316
68. Garrett, J. J., A. A. Kocan,M. V. Reichard, R. J. Panciera, R. J. Bahr, and S. A. Ewing. 2005. Experimental infection of adult and juvenile coyotes with domestic dog and wild coyote isolates of Hepatozoon americanum. J. Wildl. Dis. 41: 588-592
69. Gladney, W. 1976. Field trials of insecticides in controlled-release devices for control of the Gulf Coast tick and prevention of screwworm in cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 757-760
70. Gladney, W., M. A. Price, and O. H. Graham. 1977. Field tests of insecticides for control of the Gulf Coast tick on cattle. J. Med. Entomol. 13: 579-586
71. Gleim,E. R., L. M. Conner, andM. J. Yabsley. 2013. The effects of Solenopsis invicta and burned habitat on the survival of Amblyomma americanum and Amblyomma maculatum. J. Med. Entomol. 50: 270-276
72. Goddard, J. 1997. Clustering effects of lone star ticks in nature: Implications for control. J. Environ. Health 59: 8-11
73. Goddard, J. 2002. A ten-year study of tick biting in Mississippi: implications for human disease transmission. J. Agromed. 8: 25-32
74. Goddard, J. 2003. Experimental infection of lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L. ), with Rickettsia parkeri and exposure of guinea pigs to the agent. J. Med. Entomol. 40: 686-689
75. Goddard, J. 2004. American boutonneuse fever-a new spotted fever rickettsiosis. Infect. Med. 21: 207-210
76. Goddard, J. 2007. Seasonal activity of Amblyomma spp. in Mississippi. J. Vector Ecol. 32: 157-158
77. Goddard, J., and B. R. Norment. 1983. Notes on the geographical distribution of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum. Entomol. News 94: 103-104
78. Goddard, J., and B. R. Norment. 1986. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in the lone star tick. J. Med. Entomol. 23: 465-472
79. Goddard, J., andC. D. Paddock. 2005. Observations on distribution and seasonal activity of the Gulf Coast tick in Mississippi. J. Med. Entomol. 42: 176-179
80. Goddard, J., and A. S. Varela-Stokes. 2009. The discovery and pursuit of American boutonneuse fever: A new spotted fever group rickettsiosis. Midsouth Entomol. 2: 47-52
81. Goddard, J., A. Varela-Stokes, and J. Schneider. 2011. Observations on questing activity of adult Gulf Coast ticks, Amblyomma maculatum, in Mississippi. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 16: 195-200
82. Grasperge, B. J., W. Wolfson, and K. R. Macaluso. 2012. Rickettsia parkeri in domestic dogs, southern Louisiana, 2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 995-997
83. Grasperge, B. J., T. W. Morgan, C. D. Paddock, K. E. Peterson, and K. R. Macaluso. 2014. Feeding by Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) enhances Rickettsia parkeri (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) infection in the skin. J. Med. Entomol. 51: 855-863
84. Greiner, E. C., P. P. Humphrey, R. C. Belden, W. B. Frakenberger, D. H. Austin, and E. P. J. Gibbs. 1984. Ixodid ticks on feral swine in Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 20: 114-119
85. Guglielmone, A. A., A. J. Mangold, and A. Hadani. 1982. Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 en la Argentina. Su diagnóstico erróneo como Amblyomma maculatum y su distributión geográfica. Gac. Vet. B Aires 44: 57-63
86. Hair, J. A., J. R. Saur, and K. A. Durham. 1975. Water balance and humidity preference in three species of ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 12: 37-47
87. Hanson, R. P., andL. Karstad. 1959. Feral swine in the southeasternUnited States. J. Wildl. Manage. 23: 64-74
88. Harrison, B. A., B. R. Engber, and C. S. Apperson. 1997. Ticks uncommonly found biting humans in North Carolina. J. Vector Ecol. 22: 6-12
89. Hasle, G. 2013. Transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 3: 1-6
90. Hazard, G. W., R. N. Ganz, R. W. Nevin, A. H. Nauss, E. Curtis, E. J. Bell, and E. S. Murray. 1969. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the eastern United States: Thirteen cases from the Cape Cod area of Massachusetts. N. Engl. J. Med. 280: 57-62
91. Henning,T. C., J. M. Orr, J. D. Smith, J. R. Arias, andD. E. Norris. 2014. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in multiple hard tick species from Fairfax County, Virginia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 14: 1-4
92. Hixson, H. 1940. Field biology and environmental relationships of the Gulf Coast tick in southern Georgia. J. Econ. Entomol. 33: 179-189
93. Hooker, W. A., F. C. Bishopp, and H. P. Wood. 1912. The life history and bionomics of some North American ticks. USDA, Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin No. 106, 214 pp
94. Hubalek, Z. 2004. An annotated checklist of pathogenic microorganisms associated with migratory birds. J Wildl. Dis. 40: 639-659
95. Hunter,W. C., D. A. Buehler, R. A. Canterberry, J. L. Confer, and P. B. Hamel. 2001. Conservation of disturbance dependent birds in eastern North America. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 29: 440-455
96. Ivy,M. C., J. S. Palmer,andE. C. Hooten. 1978. Chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: Residues in the body tissues of cattle wearing chlorpyrifos-impregnated plastic ear bands. J. Econ. Entomol. 71: 697-700
97. Jiang, J., E. Stromdahl, and A. L. Richards. 2012. Detection of Rickettsia parkeri and Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae in Amblyomma maculatum Gulf Coast ticks collected from humans in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12: 175-182
98. Johnson,E. M., K. E. Allen,R. J. Panciera, S. E. Little, and S. A. Ewing. 2008a. Infectivity of Hepatozoon americanum cystozoites for a dog. Vet. Parasitol. 154: 148-150
99. Johnson,E. M., K. E. Allen,M. A. Breshears,R. J. Panciera, S. E. Little, and S. A. Ewing. 2008b. Experimental transmission of Hepatozoon americanum to rodents. Vet. Parasitol. 151: 164-169
100. Johnson, E. M., R. J. Panciera,K. E. Allen,M. E. Sheets, J. D. Beal, S. A. Ewing, and S. E. Little. 2009. Alternate pathway of infection with Hepatozoon americanum and the epidemiologic importance of predation. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 23: 1315-1318
101. Kaplowitz, L. G., J. J. Fischer, and P. F. Spalding. 1981. Rocky Mountin spotted fever: A clinical dilemma. Curr. Clin. Trop. Infect. Dis. 2: 89-108
102. Karim, S., P. Singh, and J. M. Ribeiro. 2011. A deep insight into the sialotranscriptome of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyommamaculatum. PLoS ONE6: E28525
103. Kaskas, N. M., J. J. Ledet,A. Wong, C. A. Munzy,L. Elopre, and L. Hughey. 2014. Rickettsia parkeri: Eschar diagnosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 71: E87-e89
104. Kellogg, F. E., T. P. Kistner, R. K. Strickland, and R. R. Gerrish. 1971. Arthropod parasites collected from whitetailed deer. J. Med. Entomol. 8: 495-498
105. Ketchum, H. R.,P. D. Teel,C. J. Coates,O. F. Strey, andM. T. Longnecker. 2009. Genetic variation in 12S and 16S mitochondrial rDNA genes our four geographically isolated populations of Gulf Coast ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46: 482-489
106. Kirk, J. L.,D. P. Fine, D. J. Sexton, and H. G. Muchmore. 1990. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A clinical review based on 48 confirmed cases, 1943-1986. Medicine 69: 35-45
107. Kocan, A. A., M. Breshears, C. Cummings, R. J. Panciera, S. A. Ewing, and R. W. Barker. 1999. Naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in coyotes from Oklahoma. J. Wildl. Dis. 35: 86-89
108. Kocan,A. A.,C. A. Cummings,R. J. Panciera, J. S. Mathew, S. A. Ewing, and R. W. Barker. 2000. Naturally occurring and experimentally transmitted Hepatozoon americanum in coyotes from Oklahoma. J. Wildl. Dis. 36: 149-153
109. Koch, C. L. 1844. Systematische uebersicht uber die ordnung der Zechen. Arch. Naturgesch. 10: 217-239
110. Koch, H. G. 1982. Seasonal incidence and attachment sites of ticks on domestic dogs in southeastern Oklahoma and northwest Arkansas. J. Med. Entomol. 19: 293-298
111. Koch, H. G., andJ. A. Hair. 1975. The effect of host species on engorgement, molting success, and molted weight of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum. J. Med. Entomol. 12: 213-219
112. Kohls, G. M. 1956. Concerning the identity of Amblyomma maculatum, A. tigrinum, A. triste, and A. ovatum of Koch, 1944. Proc. Entmol. Soc. Washington 58: 143-147
113. Komarek, E. V. 1968. Lightning and lightning fires as ecological forces. Proc. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 8: 169-197
114. Krusell, A., J. A. Comer, andD. J. Sexton. 2002. Rickettsialpox in North Carolina: A case report. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8: 727-728
115. Lackman,D. B., E. J. Bell,H. G. Stoenner, and E. G. Pickens. 1965. The Rocky Mountain spotted fever group of rickettsias. Hlth. Lab Sci. 2: 235-141
116. Lancaster, J. L. 1973. A guide to the ticks of Arkansas. Univ. Arkansas Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 779
117. Lavender, D. R., and J. H. Oliver. 1996. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Bulloch County, Georgia. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 224-231
118. Lee, J.-K., W. E. Smith, C. McIntosh, F. A. Ferrari, B. Moore-Henderson, and A. Varela-Stokes. 2014. Detection of a Borrelia species in questing Gulf Coast ticks, Amblyommamaculatum. Ticks Tick BorneDis. 5: 449-452
119. Leydet, B. F., Jr., and F. T. Liang. 2013. Detection of human bacterial pathogens in ticks collected from Louisiana black bears. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 4: 191-196
120. Li, Y.,C. Wang, K. E. Allen, S. E. Little, S. K. Ahluwalia, D. Gao, D. K. Macintire, B. L. Blagburn, and B. Kaltenboeck. 2008. Diagnosis of canine Hepatozoon spp. infection by quantitative PCR. Vet. Parasitol. 157: 50-58
121. Loftis, A. D., P. J. Kelly, C. D. Paddock, K. W. Blount, and L. Beati. 2010. Detection of the Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp. in Amblyomma maculatum from the USA and Amblyomma variegatum from the Caribbean and Africa. 24th Meeting of the American Society for Rickettsiology, July 31-August 3, 2010, Stevenson,WA. Abstract 123
122. Loftis, A. D., M. L. Levin, and J. P. Spurlock. 2008a. Two USA Ehrlichia spp. cause febrile illness in goats. Vet. Microbiol. 130: 398-402
123. Loftis, A. D., T. R. Mixson, E. Y. Stromdahl, M. J. Yabsley, L. E. Garrison, P. C. Williamson, R. R. Fitak, P. A. Fuerst, D. J. Kelly, andK. W. Blount. 2008b. Geographic distribution and genetic diversity of the Ehrlichia sp. from Panola Mountain in Amblyomma americanum. BMC Infect. Dis. 8: 5-7
124. Loving, S. M., A. B. Smith, A. F. DiSalvo, and W. Burgdorfer. 1978. Distribution and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from South Carolina, with an epidemiological survey of persons bitten by infected ticks. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27: 1255-1260
125. Luce-Fedrow, A., C. L. Wright, H. D. Gaff, D. E. Sonenshine, W. L. Hynes, and A. L. Richards. 2012. In vitro propagation of Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae isolated from Amblyomma maculatum. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 64: 74-81
126. MacIntire, D. K., V. Vincent-Johnson, A. R. Dillon, B. Blagburn, D. L. Lindsay, E. M. Whitley, and C. Banfield. 1997. Hepatozoonosis in dogs: 22 cases. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 210: 916-922
127. Madden, E. M., A. J. Hansen, and R. K. Murphy. 1999. Influence of prescribed fire history on habitat and abundance of passerine birds in northern mixed-grass prairie. Can. Field Nat. 113: 627-640
128. Mahan, S. M., T. F. Peter, B. H. Simbi, K. Kocan, E. Camus, A. F. Barbet, and M. J. Burridge. 2000. Comparison of efficacy of American and African Amblyomma ticks as vectors of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium) infection by molecular analyses and transmission trials. J. Parasitol. 86: 44-49
129. Mathew, J. S., S. A. Ewing, R. J. Panciera, and J. P. Woods. 1998. Experimental transmission of Hepatazoon americanum to dogs by the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch. Vet. Parasitol. 80: 1-14
130. Mathew, J. S., S. A. Ewing,R. J. Panciera, andK. M. Kocan. 1999. Sporogonic development of Hepatozoon americanum (Apicomplexa) in its definitive host, Amblyomma maculatum (Acarina). J. Parasitol. 85: 1023-1031
131. Mendoza-Uribe, L., and J. Chávez-Chorocco. 2004. Ampliación geográfica de siete especies de Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) y primer reporte de A. oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844 para Perú . Rev. Per. Entomol. 44: 69-72
132. Mercer, S. H., L. P. Jones, J. H. Rappole, D. Tewdt, L. L. Lack, and T. M. Craig. 1988. Hepatozoon sp. inwild carnivores in Texas. J. Wildl. Dis. 24: 574-576
133. Merten, H., and L. Durden. 2000. A state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the United States. J. Vector Ecol. 25: 102-113
134. Mertins, J. W., A. S. Moorhouse, J. T. Alfred, and J. H. Hutcheson. 2010. Amblyomma triste (Acari: Ixodidae): new North American collection records, including the first from the United States. J. Med . Entomol. 47: 536-542
135. Meyers, T., T. Lalani, M. Dent, J. Jiang, P. L. Daly, J. D. Maguire, and A. L. Richards. 2013. Detecting Rickettsia parkeri infection from eschar swab samples. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19: 778-780
136. Moraru, G. M., J. Goddard, C. D. Paddock, and A. Varela-Stokes. 2013a. Experimental infection of cotton rats and bobwhite quail with Rickettsia parkeri. Parasites Vectors 6: 70-75
137. Moraru, G. M., J. Goddard, A. Murphy, D. Link, J. L. Belant, and A. Varela-Stokes. 2013b. Evidence of antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae in small mammals and quail from Mississippi. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13: 1-5
138. Mukherjee, N., L. Beati,M. Sellers, L. Burton, S. W. Adamson, R. G. Robbins, F. Moore, and S. Karim. 2013. Importation of exotic ticks and tick-borne spotted fever group rickettsiae into the United States by migrating songbirds. Ticks Tick BorneDis. 5: 127-134
139. Mullens, B. A. 2003. Veterinary entomology, pp. 1345-1398. In V. H. Resh and R. T. Carde (eds. ). Encyclopedia of insects. Academic Press, New York, NY
140. Nadolny, R. M., C. L. Wright, D. E. Sonenshine, W. L. Hynes, andH. D. Gaff 2014. Ticks and spotted fever group rickettsiae of southeastern Virginia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 5: 53-57
141. Nava, S., Y. Elshewany,M. E. Eremeeva, J. W. Sumner,M. Mastropaolo, and C. D. Paddock. 2008a. Rickettsia parkeri in Argentina. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14:1894-1897
142. Nava, S., M. P. J. Szabo, A. J. Mangold, and A. A. Guglielmone. 2008b. Distribution, hosts, 16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic position of the Neotropical tick Amblyomma parvum (Acari: Ixodidae). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 102: 409-425
143. Nowacki, G. J., and M. D. Abrams. 2008. The demise of fire and "mesophication" of forests in the eastern United States. BioScience 58: 123-138
144. Needham, G. R., and P. D. Teel. 1986. Water balance by ticks between bloodmeals, pp. 100-151. In J. R. Sauer and J. A. Hair (eds. ). Morphology, physiology, and behavioral biology of ticks. EllisHorwood, Ltd. Chichester, England
145. Needham, G. R. and P. D. Teel. 1991. Off-host physiological ecology of ixodid ticks. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 36: 659-681
146. Nieri-Bastros, F. A., M. P. J. Szabó, R. C. Pacheco, J. F. Soares, H. S. Soares, J. Moraes-Filho,R. A. Dias, andM. B. Labruna. 2013. Comparative evaluation of infected and noninfected Amblyomma triste ticks with Rickettsia parkeri, the agent of an emerging rickettsiosis in the New World. Biomed. Res. Int. 402737
147. Nieri-Bastros, F. A., M. G. Lopes, P. H. D. Cançado, G. A. R. Rossa, J. L. H. Faccini, S. M. Gennari, and M. B. Labruna. 2014. Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae, a spotted fever group agent infecting Amblyomma parvum ticks in two Brazilian biomes. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 109: 259-261
148. Niles, E. P. 1898. A preliminary study of ticks. Bull. Virginia Agric. Exp. Stat. 7: 25-30
149. Openshaw, J. J., D. L. Swerdlow, J. W. Krebs, R. C. Holman, E. Mandel, A. Harvey, D. Haberling, R. F. Massung, and J. H. McQuiston. 2010. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 2000-2007: interpreting contemporary increases in incidence. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83: 174-182
150. Orr, J. M., J. D. Smith, S. G. Zawada, and J. R. Arias. 2013. Diel and seasonal activity and trapping of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in northern Virginia, U. S. A. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 18: 105-111
151. Pagac, B. B., M. K. Miller, M. C. Mazzei, D. H. Nielsen, J. Jiang, and A. L. Richards. 2014. Rickettsia parkeri and Rickettsia montanensis, Tennessee and Kentucky. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 20: 1750-1752
152. Pacheco, R. C., J. M. Venzal, L. J. Richtzenhain, and M. B. Labruna. 2006. Rickettsia parkeri in Uruguay. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12: 1804-1805
153. Paddock, C. D. 2005. Rickettsia parkeri as a paradigm for multiple causes of tick-borne rickettsioses in the Western Hemisphere. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1063: 315-326
154. Paddock, C. D., and M. J. Yabsley. 2007. Ecological havoc, the rise of white-tailed deer, and the emergence of Amblyomma americanum-associated zoonoses in the United States. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 315:289-314
155. Paddock, C. D., and S. R. Telford III. 2011. Through a glass, darkly: The global incidence of tick-borne diseases, pp. 221-266. In Institute of Medicine. Critical needs and gaps in understanding prevention, amelioration, and resolution of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases: The short-term and long-term outcomes. The National Academies Press, Washington,DC
156. Paddock, C. D., J. W. Sumner, J. A. Comer, S. R. zaki,C. S. Goldsmith, J. Goddard, S. L. F. McLellan, C. L. Tamminga, and C. A. Ohl. 2004. Rickettsia parkeri: A newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38: 805-811
157. Paddock, C. D.,R. W. Finley, C. S. Wright,H. N. Robinson, B. J. Schrodt, C. C. Lane, O. Ekenna, M. A. Blass, C. L. Tamminga, C. A. Ohl, et al. 2008. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis and its clinical distinction from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47: 1188-1196
158. Paddock, C. D., P. E. Fournier, J. W. Sumner, J. Goddard, Y. Elshenawy, M. G. Metcalfe, A. D. Loftis, A. Varela-Stokes. 2010. Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 2689-2696
159. Paffenbarger, R. S. 1951. Tick paralysis: implicating Amblyomma maculatum. New Orleans Med. Surg. J. 103: 329-332
160. Panciera, R. J., S. A. Ewing, J. S. Mathew, C. A. Cummings, A. A. Kocan, M. A. Breshears, and J. C. Fox. 1998. Observations on tissue stages of Hepatozoon americanum in 19 naturally infected dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 78: 265-276
161. Panciera, R. J., J. S. Mathew, S. A. Ewing, C. A. Cummings, W. T. Drost, and A. A. Kocan. 2000. Skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon americanum. Vet. Pathol. 37: 225-230
162. Parker, R. R. 1940. A pathogenic rickettsia from the Gulf Coast tick, pp. 390-391. Proc. Third Int. Cong. forMicrobiol. New York,NY
163. Parker, R. R., G. M. Kohls, G. W. Cox, and G. E. Davis. 1939. Observations on an infectious agent in Amblyomma maculatum. Pub. Hlth. Rep. 54: 1482-1484
164. Philip, C. B., and J. S. White. 1955. Disease agents recovered incidental to a tick survey of the Mississippi Gulf Coast. J. Econ. Entomol. 48: 396-400
165. Piesman, J. and A. Spielman. 1980. Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island; prevalence of Babesia microti in ticks. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29: 218-234
166. Portillo, A., C. García-García, M. M. Sanz, S. Santibáñez, J. M. Venzal, and J. A. Oteo. 2013. Case report: A confirmed case of Rickettsia parkeri infection in a traveler fromUruguay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89: 1203-1205
167. Potter, T. M., and D. K. Macintire. 2010. Hepatozoon americanum: An emerging disease in the south-central/southeastern United States. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care. 20: 70-76
168. Pritt,B. S., L. M. Sloan, D. K. Johnson, U. G. Munderloh, S. M. Paskewitz, K. M. McElroy, J. D. McFadden, M. J. Binnicker, D. F. Neitzel, G. Liu, et al. 2011. Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009. N. Engl. J. Med. 365: 422-429
169. Qurollo, B. A., A. C. Davenport, B. M. Sherbert, C. B. Grindem, A. J. Birkenheur, and E. B. Breitschwerdt. 2013. Infection with Panola Mountain Ehrlichia sp. in a dog with atypical lymphocytes and clonal T-cell expansion. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 27: 1251-1255
170. Rand, P. W. E. H. Lacombe, R. P. Smith, and J. Ficker. 1998. Participation of birds (Aves) in the emergence of Lyme disease in southernMaine. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 270-276
171. Raoult, D. andC. D. Paddock. 2005. Rickettsia parkeri infection and other spotted fevers in theUnited States. N. Engl. J. Med. 353: 626-627
172. Reed, S. C. O.,A. W. Serio, andM. D. Welch. 2012. Rickettsia parkeri invasion of diverse host cells involves an Arp2/3 complex, WAVE complex, and Rho-family GTPase-dependent pathway. Cell Microbiol. 14: 529-545
173. Reed, S. C. O., R. L. Lamason, V. I. Risca, E. Abernathy, and M. D. Welch. 2014. Rickettsia actin-basedmotility occurs in distinct phases mediated by different actin mediators. Curr. Biol. 24: 98-103
174. Reeves, W., L. Durden, and W. Wills. 2002. New records of ticks (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae) from South Carolina. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 19: 197-204
175. Reichard, M. V., A. C. Edwards, J. H. Meinkoth, T. A. Snider, K. R. Meinkoth, R. E. Heinz, and S. E. Little. 2010. Confirmation of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) as a vector for Cytauxzoon felis (Piroplasmorida: Theileriidae) to domestic cats. J. Med. Entomol. 47: 890-896
176. Riley, P. J., R. L. Byford, D. M. Hallford, J. W. Campbell, and E. Perez-Eguia. 1995. Physiological responses of beef cattle to Gulf Coast tick infestations. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 320-325
177. Robbins, R. G., S. G. Platt, and S. M. Miller. 2010. First record of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, from the Lark Bunting, Calamospizamelanocorys. NorthAm. Bird Bander. 35: 22-23
178. Romer,Y., A. C. Seijo, F. Crudo,W. L. Nicholson, A. Varela-Stokes, R. R. Lash, and C. D. Paddock. 2011. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis in Argentina. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17: 1169-1173
179. Romer, Y., S. Nava,F. Govedic,G. Cicuttin, A. M. Denison, J. Singleton, C. Y. Kato, and C. D. Paddock. 2014. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis in different ecological regions of Argentina and its association with Amblyomma tigrinum as a potential vector. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91: 1156-1160
180. Rounds,M. A., C. D. Crowder, H. E. Matthews, C. A. Philipson, G. A. Scoles, D. J. Ecker, S. E. Schutzer, and M. W. Eshoo. 2012. Identification of endosymbionts in ticks by broad-range polymerase chain reaction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Med. Entomol. 49: 843-850
181. Samuel, W. M., andD. O. Trainer. 1970. Amblyomma (Acarina: Ixodidae) on white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), from South Texas with implications for theileriasis. J. Med. Entomol. 7: 567-574
182. Sanders, D. M., A. L. Schuster, P. W. McCardle,O. F. Strey, T. L. Blankenship, and P. D. Teel 2013. Ixodid ticks associated with feral swine in Texas. J. Vector Ecol. 38: 361-373
183. Savage,H. M.,M. S. Godsey, A. Lambert,N. A. Panella, K. L. Burkhalter, J. R. Harmon, R. R. Lash, D. C. Ashley, andW. L. Nicholson. 2013. First detection of Heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89: 445-452
184. Scoles, G. A. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the Francisella-like endosymbionts of Dermacentor ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 277-286
185. Scoles, G. A.,M. Papero, L. Beati, andD. Fish. 2001. A relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by Ixodes scapularis ticks. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 1: 21-34
186. Scott, J. D., J. F. Anderson, and L. A. Durden. 2012. Widespread dispersal of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks collected from songbirds across Canada. J. Parasitol. 98: 49-59
187. Scrifres, C. J., T. W. Oldham, P. D. Teel, andD. L. Drawe. 1988. Gulf Coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum) populations and responses to burning of coastal prairie habitats. Southwest Nat. 133: 55-64
188. Semtner, P. J., and J. A. Hair. 1973. Distribution, seasonal abundance, and hosts of the Gulf Coast tick in Oklahoma. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 1264-1268
189. Serio, A. W., R. L. Jeng, C. M. Haglund, S. C. Reed, and M. D. Welch. 2010. Defining a core set of actin cytoskeletal proteins critical for actin-based motility of Rickettsia. Cell Host Microbe 7: 388-398
190. Shender,L. A., R. G. Botzler, andT. L. George. 2002. Analysis of serum and whole blood values in relation to helminth and ectoparasite infections of feral pigs in Texas. J. Wildl. Dis. 38: 385-394
191. Shipley, P. G. 1932. Tick-bite fever in children. Bull. Johns HopkinsHosp. 51: 83-101
192. Shriver, W. G., P. D. Vickery, and D. W. Perkins. 1996. Effects of summer burns on Florida grasshopper sparrows. Florida Field Nat. 24: 68-73
193. Silveira, I., R. C. Pacheco, M. P. J. Szabó,H. G. C. Ramos, and M. B. Labruna. 2007. Rickettsia parkeri in Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 1111-1113
194. Smith, H. M. Jr, W. R. Davidson, V. F. Nettles, and R. R. Gerrish. 1982. Parasitisms among wild swine in the southeastern United States. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 181: 1281-1284
195. Sonenshine, D. E. 1979. The ticks of Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Res. Div. Bull. No. 139, 42
196. Sonenshine, D. E., J. T. Lamb, and G. Anastos. 1965. The distribution, hosts, and seasonal activity of Virginia ticks. Virgina J. Sci. 16: 26-91
197. Spencer, R. R. 1926. A case of typhus-like fever following tick bite. Pub. Hlth. Rep. 41: 2523-2524
198. Spicer, W. J., andW. E. Dove. 1938. The screwworm and the Gulf Coast tick in Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 31: 642-646
199. Spielman, A., S. R. Telford III, and R. J. Pollack. 1993. The origins and course of the present outbreak of Lyme disease, pp. 83-96. In H. S. Ginsberg (ed). Ecology and environmental management of Lyme disease. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick,NJ
200. Stacey, B. R., R. W. Williams, R. G. Buckner, and J. A. Hair. 1978. Changes in weight and blood composition of Hereford and Brahman steers in dry-lot and infested with adult Gulf Coast ticks. J. Econ. Entomol. 71: 967-970
201. Starkey, L. A., R. J. Panciera, K. Paras, K. E. Allen, M. H. Reiskind, M. V. Reichard, E. M. Johnson, and S. E. Little. 2013. Genetic diversity of Hepatozoon spp. in coyotes from the south-central United States. J. Parasitol. 99: 375-378
202. Strickland, R. K., R. R. Gerrish, and J. S. Smith. 1981. Arthropods. In W. R. Davidson, F. A. Hayes, V. F. Nettles, and F. E. Kellogg. Diseases and Parasites of White-tailed Deer. Tall Timbers Res. Stat. Misc. Pub. 7: 363-389
203. Stromdahl, E. Y., and G. J. Hickling. 2012. Beyond Lyme: Aetiology of tick-borne human diseases with emphasis on the south-eastern United States. Zoonoses Pub. Health 59: 48-64
204. Sumner, J. W., L. A. Durden, J. Goddard, E. Y. Stromdahl, K. L. Clark, W. K. Reeves, and C. D. Paddock. 2007. Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) and Rickettsia parkeri, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 751-753
205. Teel, P. D., S. C. Fleetwood, S. W. Hopkins, and D. Cruz. 1988. Ectoparasites of eastern and western meadowlarks from the Rio Grande Plains of South Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 25: 32-38
206. Teel, P. D., S. W. Hopkins, W. A. Donahue, and O. F. Strey. 1998. Population dynamics of immature Amblyomma maculatum and other ectoparasites on meadowlarks and northern bobwhite quail resident to the coastal prairie of Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 483-488
207. Teel, P. D.,H. R. Ketchum,D. E. Mock, R. E. Wright, and O. F. Strey. 2010. The Gulf Coast tick: A review of the life history, ecology, distribution, and emergence as an arthropod of medical and veterinary importance. J. Med. Entomol. 47: 707-722
208. Telford, S. R. III, and H. K. Goethert. 2008. Emerging and emergent tick-borne infections. In: Ticks. Biology, Disease and Control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 344-376
209. Telford, S. R. III, J. E. Dawson, P. Katavolos, C. K. Warner, C. P. Kolbert, and D. H. Persing. 1996. Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 6209-6214
210. Telford, S. R. III, P. A. Armstrong, P. Katalvolos, I. Foppa, A. S. Olmeda Garcia, M. L. Wilson, and A. Spielman. 1997. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3: 165-170
211. Thatcher, B. S., D. G. Krementz, and M. S. Woodrey. 2006. Henslow's sparrow winter-survival estimates and response to prescribed burning. J. Wildl. Manage. 70: 198-206
212. Tomassone, L., V. Conte, G. Parrilla, and D. De Meneghi. 2010. Rickettsia infection in dogs and Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma tigrinum ticks, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. Vector Borne ZoonoticDis. 10: 953-958
213. Trout, R. T., and C. D. Steelman. 2010. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing canines and deer in Arkansas. J. Entomol. Sci. 45: 140-149
214. Trout,R. T., C. D. Steelman, A. L. Szalanski, and K. Loftin. 2010a. Establishment of Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick) in Arkansas, U. S. A. Florida Entomol. 93:120-122
215. Trout, R., C. D. Steelman, A. L. Szalanski, and P. C. Williamson. 2010b. Rickettsiae in Gulf Coast ticks, Arkansas, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16: 830-832
216. Tucker, J. W., W. D. Robinson, and J. B. Grand. 2004. Influence of fire on Bachman's sparrow, an endemic North American songbird. J. Wildl. Manage. 68: 1114-1123
217. Uilenberg, G. H., 1982. Experimental transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum: danger of introducing heartwater and benign African theileriasis onto the American mainland. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 1279-1282
218. Varela-Stokes,A. S., C. D. Paddock,B. Engber, andM. Toliver. 2011. Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma maculatum ticks, North Carolina, USA, 2009-2010. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17: 2350-2353
219. Vaughn, M. F., J. Delisle, J. Johnson, G. Daves, C. Williams, J. Reber, N. L. Mendell, D. H. Bouyer,W. L. Nicholson, A. C. Moncayo, and S. R. Meshnick. 2014. A seroepidemiologic study of human infections with spotted fever group rickettsiae inNorth Carolina. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52: 3960-3966
220. Venzal, J. M., A. Portillo, A. Estrada-Peña, O. Castro, P. A. Cabrera, and J. A. Oteo. 2004. Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma triste from Uruguay. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 1493-1495
221. Venzal, J. M., A. Estrada-Peña, A. Portillo, A. J. Mangold, O. Castro, C. G. De Souza, M. L. Félix, L. Pérez-Martí-nez, L. Santibánez, and J. A. Oteo . 2012. Rickettsia parkeri: A rickettsial pathogen transmitted by ticks in endemic areas for spotted fever rickettsiosis in southern Uruguay. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo 54: 131-134
222. Vincent-Johnson, N. A., D. K. Macintire, D. S. Lindsay, S. D. Lenz, G. Baneth, and V. Shkap. 1997. A new Hepatozoon species from dogs: description of the causative agent of canine hepatozoonosis in North America. J. Parasitol. 83: 1165-1172
223. Welch, M. D., S. C. O. Reed, R. L. Lamason, and A. W. Serio. 2012. Expression of an epitope-tagged virulence protein in Rickettsia parkeri using transposon insertion. PLoS ONE7: E37310
224. Wells, A. B., L. A. Durden, and J. H. Smoyer III. 2004. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing domestic dogs in southeastern Georgia. J. Entomol. Sci. 39: 426-432
225. Whitman, T. J., A. L. Richards, C. D. Paddock, C. L. Yamminga, P. J. Sniezek, J. Jiang, D. K. Byers, and J. W. Sanders. 2007. Rickettsia parkeri infection after tick bite, Virginia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 334-336
226. Wilcox, E. V., andW. M. Giuliano. 2011. Avian community response to pine flatwoods management. Forest Ecol. Manag. 261: 1928-1935
227. Williams, R. E., J. A. Hair, and R. W. McNew. 1978. Effects of Gulf Coast ticks on blood composition and weights of pasturedHereford steers. J. Parasitol. 64: 336-342
228. Williams, D. C., W. Wills, L. A. Durden, and E. W. Gray. 1999. Ticks of South Carolina (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Vector Ecol. 24: 224-232
229. Williams-Newkirk, A. J., L. A. Rowe, C. D. Paddock, and G. A. Dasch. 2014. Bacterial communities of four sympatric tick species from the eastern United States. Mecahnisms and Consequences of Invertebrate-Microbe Interactions. Keystone Symposium, Tahoe City CA, January 26-30. Abstract 2039
230. Williamson, P. C., P. G. Billingsley, G. J. Teltow, J. P. seals, M. A. Turnbough, and S. F. Atkinson. 2010. Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. in ticks removed from persons, Texas, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16: 441-446
231. Wilson, N., andW. W. Baker. 1972. Ticks of Georgia (Acarina: Metastigmata). Bull. Tall Timbers Res. Station. 10:1-29
232. Wolf, L., T. McPherson,B. Harrison, B. Engber, A. Anderson, and P. Whitt. 2000. Prevalence of Ehrlichia ewingii in Amblyomma americanum in North Carolina. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2795
233. Wright, J. C.,M. Chambers, G. C. Mullen, L. J. Swango, G. H. D'Andrea, and A. J. Boyce. 1997. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in Alabama, USA. Prev. Vet. Med. 31:127-131
234. Wright, C. L.,R. M. Nadolny, J. Jiang, A. L. Richards, D. E. Sonenshine, H. D. Graff, and W. L. Hynes. 2011. Rickettsia parkeri in Gulf Coast ticks, southeastern Virginia, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17: 896-898
235. Yabsley, M. J., A. D. Loftis, and S. E. Little. 2008. Natural and experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the United States with an Ehrlichia sp. closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium. J. Wildl. Dis. 44: 381-387
236. Yabsley, M. J., T. N. Nims, M. Y. Savage, and L. A. Durden. 2009. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens and putative symbionts of black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus) from Georgia and Florida. J Parasitol. 95: 1125-1128
237. Yoder, J. A., B. S. Christensen, T. J. Croxall, L. K. Schumaker, and J. L. Tank. 2008. Moisture requirements for activity/survival of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae), based on a water balance study of all life cycle stages. Internat. J. Acarol. 34: 285-292.