The gulf coast tick: A review of the life history, ecology, distribution, and emergence as an arthropod of medical and veterinary importance

Journal of Medical Entomology

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 707-722

  Teel, P D ^a   Ketchum, H R ^b   Mock, D E ^c   Wright, R E ^d   Strey, O F ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^c KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Amblyomma maculatum; ecology; vector; zoogeography

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ECOSYSTEM; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TICK; TICK BORNE DISEASE;

ANIMALS; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; HUMANS; IXODIDAE; TICK-BORNE DISEASES;

ACARI; AMBLYOMMA; AMBLYOMMA MACULATUM; ANIMALIA; ARTHROPODA; BOVIDAE; EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM; IXODIDA; IXODIDAE; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 77956487491     PISSN: 00222585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1603/ME10029     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Allan, S. A., L. A. Simmons, and M. J. Burridge. 2001. Ixodid ticks on white-tailed deer and feral swine in Florida. J. Vector Ecol. 26: 93-102.
2. Anderson, J. F., and L. A. Magnarelli. 1980. Vertebrate host relationships and distribution of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Connecticut, USA. J. Med. Entomol. 17: 314- 323.
3. Barker, R. W., A. A. Kocan, S. A. Ewing, R. P. Wetteman, and M. E. Payton. 2004. Occurrence of the Gulf Coast tick (Acari: Ixodidae) on wild and domestic mammals in north-central Oklahoma. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 170-178.
4. Bell, K. O. 1972. Kansas cooperative economic insect survey report. 19: 3. Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Topeka, KS.
5. Bengaly, S. 1987. Estimating and controlling Gulf Coast ticks,Amblyommamaculatum Koch, on the coastal prairie of Texas. M.S. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station.
6. Bishopp, F. C. 1912. A new species of Dermacentor and notes on other North American Ixodidae. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25: 29-38.
7. Bishopp, F. C., and H. Hixson. 1936. Biology and economic importance of the Gulf Coast tick. J. Econ. Entomol. 29: 1068-1076.
8. Bishopp, F. C., and H. L. Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31: 500-504.
9. J. G. Olson. 2004. Characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in flea and tick specimens from northern Peru. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4961-4967.
10. Blount, K. W. 2007. The occurrence and movement of Francisella tularensis McCoy and Chapin across landscapes. Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station.
11. Boardman, E. T. 1929. Ticks of the Gainesville area. M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
12. Broce, A. B., and M. Dryden. 2005. Gulf Coast ticks make their presence known in Kansas. Kans. Vet. Quart. 8: 2. (http:// www.vet.ksu.edu/features/ VetQuarterly/KVQsum05.pdf).
13. Broce, A. B., and M. Dryden. 2006. Gulf Coast tick outbreak in southeastern Kansas. Kans. Insect Newsl. No. 7: 2-3. (http:// www.entomology.k-state.edu/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid- 698).
14. Brownstein, J. S., T. R. Holford, and D. Fish. 2005. Effect of climate change on Lyme disease risk in North America. Ecohealth 2: 38-46.
15. Burgdorfer, W. 1956. The possible role of ticks as vectors of Leptospirae. II. Infection of the Ixodid ticks, Dermacentor andersonii and Amblyomma maculatum, with Leptospira pomona. Exp. Parasitol. 8: 502-508.
16. Camicas, J. I., J. P. Hervy, F. Adam, and P. C. Morel. 1998. Les Tiques du Monde. Éditions de L'Orstom, Paris, France.
17. Carpenter, S. J., R. W. Chamberlain, and L. Peeples. 1946. Tick collections at army installations in the Fourth Service Command. Entomol. News 57: 71-76.
18. Clark, K. L., and L. A. Durden. 2002. Parasitic arthropods of small mammals in Mississippi. J. Mammal. 83: 1039-1048.
19. Clark, K. L., W. Wills, S. H. Tedders, and D. W. Williams. 1996. Ticks removed from dogs and animal care personnel in Orangeburg County, South Carolina. J. Agromed. 3: 45-55.
20. Cooley, R. A., and G. M. Kohls. 1944. The genus Amblyomma (Ixodidae) in the United States. J. Parasitol. 30: 71-111.
21. Correll, D. S., and M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of Vascular Plants of Texas. University of Texas, Austin, TX.
22. Cragun, W. C., B. L. Bartlett, M. W. Ellis, A. Z. Hoover, S. K. Tyring, N. Mendoza, T. J. Vento, W. L. Nicholson, M. E. Eremeeva, J. P. Olano, R. P. Rapini, and C. D. Paddock. 2010. The expanding spectrum of eschar-associated rickettsioses in the United States. Arch. Dermatol. 146: 641- 648.
23. Davidson, W. R., J. L. Blue, L. B. Flynn, S. M. Shea, R. L. Marchinton, and J. A. Lewis. 1987. Parasites, diseases and health status of sympatric populations of sambar deer and white-tailed deer in Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 23: 267-272.
24. Delany, M. F., and D. J. Forrester. 1997. Ticks from Florida grasshopper sparrows. Fla. Field Nat. 25: 58-59.
25. Demarais, S., H. A. Jacobson, and D. C. Guynn. 1987. Effects of season and area on ectoparasites of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Mississippi. J. Wildl. Dis. 23: 261-266.
26. Doss, M., A. Farr, M. M. Roach, F. Katharine, and G. Anastos. 1978. Index Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology Special Publication No. 3: Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. IV. Geographical Distribution of Ticks. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
27. Doster, G. L., N. Wilson, and F. E. Kellogg. 1980. Ectoparasites collected from bobwhite quail in the southeastern United States. J. Wildl. Dis. 16: 515-520.
28. Drummond, R. O. 1987. Economic aspects of ectoparasites of cattle in North America, pp. 9-24. In W.H.D. Leaning and J. Guerrero (eds.), Proceedings, The Economic Impact of Parasitism in Cattle. MSD AGVET Symposium XXIII of the World Veterinary Congress, 19 August 1987, Montreal, Canada. Veterinary Learning Systems Co., Inc., Lawrenceville, NJ.
29. Drummond,R. O. 1988. Susceptibility of the Gulf Coast tick (Acari: Ixodidae) to acaricides. J. Econ. Entomol. 81: 1140-1142.
30. Drummond, R. O., and T. M. Whetstone. 1970. Oviposition of the Gulf Coast tick. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 1547-1551.
31. Drummond, R. O., T. M. Whetstone, S. E. Ernst, and W. J. Gladney. 1969. Biology and colonization of the winter tick in the laboratory. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 235-238.
32. Durden, L. A., S. Luckhart, G. R. Mullen, and S. Smith. 1991. Tick infestations on white-tailed deer in Alabama. J. Wildl. Dis. 27: 606-614.
33. Durden, L. A., C. W. Banks, K. L. Clark, B. V. Belbey, and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 1997a. Ectoparasite fauna of the eastern woodrat, Neotoma floridana: Composition, origin, and comparison with ectoparasite faunas of western woodrat species. J. Parasitol. 83: 374-381.
34. Durden, L. A., R. G. McLean, J. H. Oliver, Jr., S. R. Ubico, and A. M. James. 1997b. Ticks, Lyme disease spirochetes, trypanosomes, and antibody to encephalitis viruses in wild birds from coastal Georgia and South Carolina. J. Parasitol. 83: 1178-1182.
35. Durden, L. A., J. H. Oliver, Jr., and A. A. Kinsey. 2001. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and spirochetes (Spirochaetaceae: Spirochaetales) recovered from birds on a Georgia barrier island. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 231-236.
36. Estrada-Peñ a, A., J. M. Venzal, A. J. Mangold, M. M. Cafrune, and A. A. Guglielmone. 2005. The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae: Amblyomminae) tick group: Diagnostic characters, description of the larva of A. parvitarsum Neumann, 1901, 16S rDNA sequences, distribution and hosts. Syst. Parasitol. 60: 99-112.
37. Ewing, S. A., and R. J. Panciera. 2003. American canine hepatozoonosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16: 688-697.
38. Ewing, S. A., R. J. Panciera, J. S. Mathew, C. A. Cummings, and A. A. Kocan. 2000. American canine hepatozoonosis: An emerging disease in theNewWorld. Ann.NYAcad. Sci. 916: 81-92.
39. Felz, M. W., and L. A. Durden. 1999. Attachment sites of four tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans in Georgia and South Carolina. J. Med. Entomol. 36: 361- 364.
40. Felz, M. W., L. A. Durden, and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 1996. Ticks parasitizing humans in Georgia and South Carolina. J. Parasitol. 82: 505-508.
41. Finley, R. W., J. Goddard, D. Raoult, M. E. Eremeeva, R. D. Cox, and C. D. Paddock. 2006. Rickettsia parkeri: A case of tick-borne, eschar-associated spotted fever in Mississippi, p. 110. In Proceedings, International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, 19-22March2006, Atlanta, GA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
42. Fleetwood, S. C. 1985. The environmental influences in selected vegetation microhabitats on the various life stages of Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae). Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station.
43. Fleetwood, S. C., and P. D. Teel. 1983. Variation in activity of ageing Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae) larvae in relation to vapor pressure deficits in pasture vegetation complexes. Prot. Ecol. 5: 343-352.
44. Forrester, D. J. 1992a. Black bears, pp. 163-173. In D. J. Forrester (ed.), Parasites and Diseases of Wild Mammals in Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
45. Forrester, D. J. 1992b. Florida panthers and bobcats, pp. 195-198. In D. J. Forrester (ed.), Parasites and Diseases of Wild Mammals in Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
46. Forrester, D. J. 1992c. Foxes and coyotes, pp. 212-213. In D. J. Forrester (ed.), Parasites and Diseases of WildMammals in Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
47. Forrester, D. J. 1992d. White-tailed deer, pp. 332-334, 337- 339. In D. J. Forrester (ed.), Parasites and Diseases of Wild Mammals in Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
48. Forrester, D. J. 1992e. Wild hogs, pp. 382-384. In D. J. Forrester (ed.), Parasites and Diseases of Wild Mammals in Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
49. Forrester, D. J., G. S. McLaughlin, S. R. Telford, Jr., G. W. Foster, and J. W. McCown. 1996. Ectoparasites (Acari, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Diptera) of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from southern Florida. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 96-101.
50. Friedman, S. M. 2008. The inflation calculator. (http:// www.westegg.com/inflation/).
51. Galenson, D. 1974. The end of the Chisholm Trail. J. Econ. Hist. 34: 350-364.
52. Garnett, W. H., and E. H. Ahrens. 1979. A tick survey of white-tailed deer in eight south Texas counties. Southw. Entomol. 4: 192-194.
53. Gates, D. E., and H. L. Brooks. 1972. Gulf Coast tick. Kans. Insect Newsl. No. 11. Kansas State University Cooperative Extension Service, Manhattan, KS.
54. Gladney, W. J. 1971. Mate-seeking by female Amblyomma maculatum (Acarina: Ixodidae) on a bovine. Nature 232: 401-402.
55. Gladney, W. J. 1976. Field trials of insecticides in controlled- release devices for control of the Gulf Coast tick and prevention of screwworm in cattle. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 757-760.
56. Gladney, W. J. 1978. Ticks, pp. 102-113. In A. Bram (ed.), Surveillance and Collection of Arthropods of Veterinary Importance, pp. 102-113. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, No. 518, Washington, DC.
57. Gladney, W. J., R. R. Grabbe, S. E. Ernst, and D. D. Oehler. 1974a. The Gulf Coast tick: Evidence of a pheromone produced by males. J. Med. Entomol. 3: 303-306.
58. Gladney, W. J., S. E. Ernst, and R. R. Grabbe. 1974b. The aggregation response of the Gulf Coast tick on cattle. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67: 750-752.
59. Gladney, W. J., M. A. Price, and O. H. Graham. 1977. Field tests of insecticides for control of the Gulf Coast tick on cattle. J. Med. Entomol. 13: 579-586.
60. Goddard, J. 2002. A ten-year study of tick biting in Mississippi: Implications for human disease transmission J. Agromed. 8: 25-32.
61. Goddard, J. 2007. Seasonal activity of Amblyomma spp. in Mississippi. J. Vector Ecol. 32: 157-158.
62. Goddard, J., and B. R. Norment. 1983. Notes on the geographical distribution of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Koch) (Acari: Ixodidae). Entomol. News 94: 103-104.
63. Goddard, J., and C. D. Paddock. 2005. Observations on distribution and seasonal activity of the Gulf Coast tick in Mississippi. J. Med. Entomol. 42: 176-179.
64. Goldberg, M., Y. Rechav, and L. A. Durden. 2002. Ticks parasitizing dogs in northwestern Georgia. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 112-114.
65. Gonzales-Acuña, D., J. Venzal, O. Skewes-Ramm, L. Rubilar- Contreras, A. Daugschies, and A. A. Guglielmone. 2004. First record of immature stages of Amblyomma tigrinum (Acari: Ixodidae) on wild birds in Chile. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 33: 153-156.
66. Gothe, R., K. Kunze, and H. Hoogstraal. 1979. The mechanisms of pathogenicity in the tick paralyses. J. Med. Entomol. 16: 357-369.
67. Gray, J. S. 2007. Ixodes ricinus seasonal activity: Implications of global warming indicated by revisiting tick and weather data. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 298: 19-24.
68. Greiner, E. C., P. P. Humphrey, R. C. Belden, W. B. Frankenberger, D. H. Austin, and E.P.J. Gibbs. 1984. Ixodid ticks on feral swine in Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 20: 114-119.
69. Guzmán-Cornejo, C., T. M. Pérez, S. Nava, and A. A. Guglielmone. 2006. Confirmation of the presence of Amblyomma triste Koch 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) in Mexico. Syst. Appl. Acarol. 11: 47-50.
70. Hanson, R. P., and L. Karstad. 1959. Feral swine in the southeastern United States. J. Wildl. Manage. 23: 64-74.
71. Harlow, R. F., and F. K. Jones, Jr. 1965. The white-tailed deer in Florida. Fla. Game and Fresh Water Fish Comm. Tech. Bull. No. 9.
72. Harrison, B. A., B. R. Engber, and C. S. Apperson. 1997. Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) uncommonly found biting humans in North Carolina. J. Vector Ecol. 22: 6-12.
73. Hewadikaram, K. A. 1993. Survey of ixodid tick species in Missouri and their association with pathogens causing Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and human ehrlichiosis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.
74. Hixson, H. 1940. Field biology and environmental relationships of the Gulf Coast tick in southern Georgia. J. Econ. Entomol. 33: 179-189.
75. Hooker, W. A. 1908. Life history, habits and methods of study of the Ixodoidea. J. Econ. Entomol. 1: 34-51.
76. Hooker,W.A. 1909. The geographical distribution of American ticks. J. Econ. Entomol. 2: 403-428.
77. Hooker,W.A., F. C. Bishopp, and H. P.Wood. 1912. Thelife history and bionomics of some North American ticks. U.S. Dep. Agr. Bur. Entomol. Bull. 106.
78. Hornaday, W. T. 1889. The extermination of the American bison. U.S. National Museum Report, pp. 369-549. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. (http://www. gutenberg.org/files/17748/17748-h/17748-h.htm).
79. Hunter, W. D., and W. A. Hooker. 1907. Information concerning the North American fever tick, with notes on other species. U.S. Dep. Agr. Bur. Entomol. Bull. 72.
80. Johnson, B. J. 1990. Seasonal distribution and population dynamics of Amblyomma maculatum Koch: Ixodidae in Oklahoma. M.S. thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
81. Kellogg, F. E., T. P. Kistner, R. K. Strickland, and R. R. Gerrish. 1971. Arthropod parasites collected from white-tailed deer. J. Med. Entomol. 8: 495-498.
82. Ketchum, H. R., P. D. Teel, O. F. Strey, and M. T. Longnecker. 2005. Feeding predilection of Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, nymphs on cattle. J. Vet. Parasitol. 133: 349-356.
83. Ketchum, H. R., P. D. Teel, C. J. Coates, O. F. Strey, and M. T. Longnecker. 2009. Genetic variation in 12S and 16S mitochondrial rDNA genes of four geographically isolated populations of Gulf Coast ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46: 482-489.
84. Kim, H. J. 2004. Potential application of a Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, aggregation-attachmentpheromone for surveillance of free-living adults. M.S. thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station.
85. Kinsey, A. A., L. A. Durden, and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 2000. Tick infestations of birds in coastal Georgia and Alabama. J. Parasitol. 86: 251-254.
86. Kocan, A. A., M. Breshears, C. Cummings, R. J. Panciera, S. A. Ewing, and R. W. Barker. 1999. Naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in coyotes from Oklahoma. J. Wildl. Dis. 35: 86-89.
87. Koch, H. G. 1982. Seasonal incidence and attachment sites of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on domestic dogs in southeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, USA. J. Med. Entomol. 19: 293-298.
88. Koch, C. L. 1844. Systematische Uebersicht uber die Ordnung der Zecken. Arch. f. Naturg., Berlin, Jahrg. x., Bd. 1: 217-239.
89. Koch, H. G., and J. A. Hair. 1975. The effect of host species on the engorgement, molting success, and molted weight of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 12: 213-219.
90. Kohls, G. M. 1956. Concerning the identity of Amblyomma maculatum, A. tigrinum, A. tiste, and A. ovatum of Kochs 1844. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 58: 143-157.
91. Lahille, F. 1905. Contribution á l'étude des Ixodidés de la République Argentine. Anales del Minist. de Agric. Seccio ́n de Zootecnia, Bacteriologia, Veterinaria y Zoologia. 2: 1-166.
92. Launchbaugh, J. L., and C. E. Owensby. 1978. Kansas rangelands: Their management based on a half century of research. Kans. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 622.
93. Lavender, D. R., and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 1996. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Bulloch County, Georgia. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 224-231.
94. Layne, J. N. 1963. A study of the parasites of the Florida mouse, Peromyscus floridanus, in relation to host and environmental factors. Tulane Stud. Zool. 11: 3-27.
95. Loftis, A. D., W. K. Reeves, J. P. Spurlock, S. M. Mahan, D. R. Troughton, G. A. Dasch, and M. L. Levin. 2006. Infection of a goat with a tick-transmitted Ehrlichia from Georgia, U.S.A., that is closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium. J. Vector Ecol. 31: 213-223.
96. Lohmeyer, K. H., J. M. Pound, and J. E. George. 2009. Effects of photoperiod on reproduction, nymphal developmental timing, and diapause in Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46: 1299-1302.
97. Mahan, S. M., T. F. Peter, B. H. Simbi, K. Kocan, E. Camus, A. F. Barbet, and M. J. Burridge. 2000. Comparison of efficacy of American and African Amblyomma ticks as vectors of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium) infection by molecular analyses and transmission trials. J. Parasitol. 86: 44-49.
98. Mathew, J. S., S. A. Ewing, R. J. Panciera, and J. P. Woods. 1998. Experimental transmission of Hepatozoon americanum Vincent-Johnson et al. 1997, to dogs by the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch. Vet. Parasitol. 80: 1-14.
99. Mendoza-Uribe, L., and J. Chávez-Chorocco. 2004. Ampliacio ́n geográfica de siete especies de Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) y primer reporte de A. oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844 para Perú . Rev. Per. Entomol. 44: 69-72.
100. Merten, H. A., and L. A. Durden. 2000. A state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the United States. J. Vector Ecol. 25: 102-113.
101. Mertins, I. W., A. S. Moorhouse, J. T. Alfred, and H. J. Hutcheson. 2010. Amblyomma triste (Acari: Ixodidae): NewNorth America collection records, including the first from the United States. J. Med. Entomol. 47: 536-542.
102. Moore, J. C. 1957. The natural history of the fox squirrel, Sciurus niger Shermani. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 113: 1-72.
103. Morel, P. C. 1966. Étude sur les tiques du bétail en Guadeloupe et Martinique. I. Les tiques et leur distribution (Acariens, Ixodoidea). Rev.E ́ lev.Mé d.Vé t. Pays Trop. 19: 307-321.
104. Morlan, H. B. 1952. Host relationships and seasonal abundance of some southwest Georgia ectoparasites. Amer. Midl. Nat. 48: 74-93.
105. Nava, S., A. A. Guglielmone, and A. J. Mangold. 2009. An overview of systematics and evolution of ticks. Front. Biosci. 14: 2857-2877.
106. Neumann, L. G. 1911. Ixodidae. Das Tierreich, No. 26. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin, Germany.
107. Newstead, R. 1909. Ticks and other blood-sucking Arthropoda (in Jamaica). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 3: 446.
108. Niles, E. P. 1898. A preliminary study of ticks. Vir. Agric. Exp. Sta., Bull. 86.
109. Norris, D. E., J.S.H. Klompen, J. E. Keirans, and W. C. Black. 1996. Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S genes. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 78-89.
110. Novy, J. E. 1991. Screwworm control and eradication in the southern United States of America. In New World Screwworm Response to an Emergency. World Anim. Rev. Special Issue FAO Corp. Docum. Repository. (http:// www.fao.org/docrep/U4220T/U4220T00.htm).
111. [NRCS MIADS] Natural Resources Conservation Service, Map Information Assembly and Display System. 2009. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Geographic Information Systems. (http://www.ok.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/GIS/ index.html).
112. [OCES] Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. 1955- 1992. Oklahoma Cooperative Economic Insect Survey and Detection Report. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
113. Ogden, N. H., L. R. Lindsay, K. Hanincov'a, I. K. Barker, M. Bigras-Poulin, D. F. Charron, A. Heagy, C. M. Francis, C. J. O'Callaghan, I. Schwartz, and R. A. Thompson. 2008. Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 74: 1780-1790.
114. Paddock, C. D., J. W. Sumner, J. A. Comer, S. R. Zaki, C. S. Goldsmith, J. Goddard, S. L. McMellan, C. L. Tamminga, and C. A. Ohl. 2004. Rickettsia parkeri: A newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38: 812-813.
115. Paddock, C. D., R. W. Finley, and C. S. Wright. 2008. Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis and its clinical distinction from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47: 1188- 1196.
116. Paddock, C. D., P. E. Fournier, J. W. Sumner, J. Goddard, Y. Elshenawy, M. G. Metcafe, A. D. Loftis, and A. Varela- Stokes. 2010. Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 2689-2696.
117. Panciera, R. J., S. A. Ewing, J. S. Mathew, T. W. Lehenbauer, C. A. Cummings, and J. P. Woods. 1999. Canine hepatozoonosis: A comparison of lesions and parasites in skeletal muscle of dogs experimentally or naturally infected with Hepatozoon americanum. Vet. Parasitol. 82: 261-272.
118. Parker, R. R., G. M. Kohls, G. W. Cox, and G. E. Davis. 1939. Observations of an infectious agent from Amblyomma maculatum. Publ. Health Repts. 54: 1482-1484.
119. Peters, H. S. 1936. A list of external parasites from birds of the eastern part of the United States. Bird-Banding 7: 9-27.
120. Potter, B. A., S. C. Gerlach, C. C. Gates, D. P. Boyd, G. A. Oetelaar, and J. H. Shaw. 2010. History of bison in North America, pp. 5-12. In C. C. Gates, C. H. Freese, P.J.P. Gogan, and M. Kotzman (eds.), American Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland. (http://cmsdata. iucn.org/ downloads/american-bison-report.pdf).
121. Pung, O. J., L. A. Durden, M. J. Patrick, T. Conyers, and L. R. Mitchell. 2000. Ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminthes of southern flying squirrels in southeast Georgia. J. Parasitol. 86: 1051-1055.
122. Rainwater, T. R., R. G. Robbins, J. L. Ingold, S. G. Platt, and T. L. Walker. 2007. First record of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, from Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii (Audubon), with a review of tick parasitism of this sparrow. N. Am. Bird Band 32: 118-119.
123. Rand, P. W., E. H. Lacombe, R. Dearborn, B. Cahill, S. Elias, C. B. Lubelczyk, G. A. Beckett, and R. P. Smith, Jr. 2007. Passive surveillance in Maine, an area emergent for tickborne diseases. J. Med. Entomol. 44: 1118-1129.
124. Raoult, D., and C. D. Paddock. 2005. Rickettsia parkeri infection and other spotted fevers in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 353: 626-627.
125. Rechav, Y. S., H. Parolis, G. B. Whitehead, and M. M. Knight. 1977a. Evidence for an assembly pheromone(s) produced by males of the Bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 14: 71-78.
126. Rechav, Y. S., M. M. Knight, and R.H.M. Cross. 1977b. Chemoreceptor organs used in detection of pheromone(s) of the tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 14: 395-400.
127. Rechav, Y. S., R.A.I. Norval, J. Tannock, and J. Colborne. 1978. Attraction of the tick Ixodes neitizi to twigs marked by the Klipspringer antelope. Nature 275: 310-311.
128. Rechav, Y. S., C. Drey, L. J. Fielden, and M. Goldberg. 2000. Production of pheromones by artificially fed males of the tick Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 37: 761-765.
129. Riley, P. J., R. L. Byford, D. M. Hallford, J. W. Campbell, and E. Perez-Eguia. 1995. Physiological responses of beef cattle to Gulf Coast tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 320-325.
130. Robinson, L. E. 1926. The Genus Amblyomma, pp. 40-44, 285-286. In G.H.F. Nuttall, C. Warburton, and L. E. Robinson (eds.), Ticks:AMonograph of the Ixodoidea, vol. II. Cambridge University Press, London, United Kingdom.
131. Rogers, A. J. 1953. A study of the Ixodid ticks of northern Florida, including the biology and life history of Ixodes scapularis Say (Ixodidae: Acarina). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
132. Samuel, W. M., and D. O. Trainer. 1970. Amblyomma (Acarina: Ixodidae) on white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), from south Texas with implications for Theileriasis. J. Med. Entomol. 7: 567-574.
133. Santos Dias, J.A.T. 1963. Contribuiçao para o estudo da sistemática dos ácaros da suborden Ixodoidea Banks, 1894. Mémorias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade da Coimbra, No. 285.
134. Scott, J. D., K. Fernando, S. N. Banerjee, L. A. Durden, S. K. Byrne, M. Banerjee, R. B. Mann, and M. G. Morshed. 2001. Birds disperse Ixodid (Acari: Ixodidae) and Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks in Canada. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 493-500.
135. Semtner, P. J., and J. A. Hair. 1973. Distribution, seasonal abundance, and hosts of the Gulf Coast tick in Oklahoma. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66: 1264-1268.
136. Sleeba, S. B., P. D. Teel, M. T. Longnecker, and O. F. Strey. 2010. Host selectionbyquesting femaleAmblyommamaculatum Koch, to cattle with feeding male ticks in southern Texas. Vet. Parasitol. (doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.031).
137. Smith, J. S. 1977. A survey of ticks infesting white-tailed deer in 12 southeastern states. M.S. thesis, University of Georgia, Athens.
138. Smith, H. M., Jr., W. R. Davidson, V. F. Nettles, and R. R. Gerrish. 1982. Parasitisms among wild swine in southeastern United States. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 181: 1281- 1284.
139. Smith, R. P., Jr., P. W. Rand, E. H. Lacombe, S. R. Morris, D. W. Holmes, and D. A. Caporale. 1996. Role of bird migration in the long-distance dispersal of Ixodes dammini, the vector of Lyme disease. J. Infect. Dis. 174: 221-224.
140. Snoddy, E. L., and J. C. Cooney. 1984. A new distribution record for the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 21: 242.
141. Sonenshine, D. E. 1979. Ticks of Virginia (Acari: Metastigmata): The insects of Virginia. VA Polytechnic Inst. State Univ. Res. Div. Bull. no. 13.
142. Sonenshine, D. E. 1991. Biology of Ticks, vol. 1. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
143. Sonenshine, D. E. 1993. Biology of Ticks, vol. 2. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
144. Sonenshine, D. E., J. T. Lamb, Jr., and G. Anastos. 1965. The distribution, hosts and seasonal activity of Virginia ticks. VA J. Sci. 16: 26-91.
145. Spicer,W.J., andW.E. Dove. 1938. The screwworm and the Gulf Coast tick in southern Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 31: 642-646.
146. Stacey, B. R. 1971. Season and habitat effect on Gulf Coast tick biology in Central Oklahoma. M.S. thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
147. Stacey, B. R., R. W. Williams, R. G. Buckner, and J. A. Hair. 1978. Changes in weight and blood composition of Hereford and Brahman steers in dry-lot and infested with adult Gulf Coast ticks. J. Econ. Entomol. 71: 967-970.
148. Statistical Abstract of the United States: The National Data Book. 1920-2003. United States Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
149. Sumner, J. W., L. A. Durden, J. Goddard, E. Y. Stromdahl, K. L. Clark, W. K. Reeves, and C. D. Paddock. 2007. Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyommamaculatum) and Rickettsia parkeri, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 751-753.
150. Taylor, D. J. 1951. The distribution of ticks in Florida. M.S. thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville.
151. Teel, P. D., S. C. Fleetwood, S. W. Hopkins, and D. Cruz. 1988. Ectoparasites of Eastern and Western meadowlarks from the Rio Grande Plains of South Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 25: 32-38.
152. Teel, P. D., S. W. Hopkins, W. A. Donahue, and O. F. Strey. 1998. Population dynamics of immature Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) and other ectoparasites on meadowlarks and northern bobwhite quail resident to the coastal prairie of Texas. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 483-488.
153. Travis, B. V. 1941. Examinations of wild animals for the cattle tick Boophilus annulatus microplus (Can.) in Florida. J. Parasitol. 27: 465-467.
154. Trout, R. T., C. D. Steelman, A. L. Szalanski, and K. Loftin. 2010. Establishment of Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast tick) in Arkansas, U.S.A. Fla. Entomol. 93: 120-122.
155. Uilenberg, G. 1982. Experimental transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum: Danger of introducing heartwater and benign African theileriasis into the Am. mainland. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43: 1279-1282.
156. Walker, J. B., and A. Olwage. 1987. The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminatium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 54: 353-379.
157. Wehinger, K. A., M. E. Roelke, and E. C. Greiner. 1995. Ixodid ticks from panthers and bobcats in Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 31: 480-485.
158. Whitman, T. J., A. L. Richards, C. D. Paddock, C. L. Tamminga, P. J. Sniezek, J. Jiang, D. K. Byers, and J. W. Sanders. 2007. Rickettsia parkeri infection following tick bite, Virginia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13: 334-336.
159. Wiedl, S. 1981. A new distribution record for Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 18: 170.
160. Williams, R. E., and J. A. Hair. 1976. Influence of Gulf Coast ticks on blood composition and weights of eastern meadowlarks in Oklahoma. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69: 403- 404.
161. Williams, R. E., J. A. Hair, and R. G. Buckner. 1977. Effects of the Gulf Coast tick on blood composition and weights of drylot Hereford steers. J. Econ. Entomol. 70: 229-233.
162. Williams, R. E., J. A. Hair, and R. W. McNew. 1978. Effect of Gulf Coast ticks on blood composition and weights of pastured Hereford steers. J. Parasitol. 64: 336-342.
163. Williams, H. R., P. D. Teel, O. F. Strey, R. E. Wright, and D. E. Mock. 1999. Zoogeography of the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, Koch. (http://ticsys.tamu.edu/ HEATHERSPROJ.htm).
164. Wilson, N., and L. A. Durden. 2003. Ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting the Georgia Barrier Islands, USA: An inventory and preliminary biogeographical analysis. J. Biogeog. 30: 1207-1220.
165. Wilson, N., and H. W. Kale II. 1972. Ticks collected from Indian River County, Florida (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodidae). Fla. Entomol. 55: 53-57.
166. Worth, C. B. 1950a. Observations on ectoparasites of some small mammals in Everglades National Park and Hillsborough County, Florida. J. Parasitol. 36: 326-335.
167. Worth, C. B. 1950b. A preliminary host-parasite register for some small mammals of Florida. J. Parasitol. 36: 497-498.
168. Worth, C. B. 1950c. Field and laboratory observations on roof rats, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus), in Florida. J. Mammal. 31: 293-304.
169. Wright, J. E. 1971. Response of ovipositing Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae) to photoperiod. J. Med. Entomol. 5: 529-531.