School based education programme to reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt): Cluster randomised controlled trial

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 350, Issue , 2015, Pages

  He, Feng J ^a   Wu, Yangfeng ^b,c   Feng, Xiang Xian ^d   Ma, Jun ^b   Ma, Yuan ^a,b   Wang, Haijun ^b   Zhang, Jing ^b   Yuan, Jianhui ^d   Lin, Ching Ping ^b,e   Nowson, Caryl ^f   MacGregor, Graham A ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b PEKING UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (China)

^c PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d CHANGZHI MEDICAL COLLEGE   (China)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^f DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SODIUM; SALT INTAKE; SODIUM INTAKE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHINA; CONTROLLED STUDY; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION PROGRAM; FAMILY; FEMALE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SALT INTAKE; SCHOOL CHILD; SODIUM RESTRICTION; SODIUM URINE LEVEL; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; PHYSIOLOGY; PROGRAM EVALUATION; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL; SODIUM INTAKE; URINE;

ADULT; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHILD; CHINA; DIET, SODIUM-RESTRICTED; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMANS; PROGRAM EVALUATION; RISK FACTORS; SCHOOLS; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; SODIUM, DIETARY;

EID: 84926220837     PISSN: 09598146     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/BMJ.h770     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet 2008;371:1513-8.
2. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988;297:319-28.
3. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010;52:363-82.
4. He FJ, Li J, MacGregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2013;346:f1325.
5. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP, Meerpohl JJ. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013;346:f1326.
6. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2011;378:380-2.
7. He FJ, Pombo-Rodrigues S, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: its relationship to blood pressure, stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality. BMJ Open 2014;4:e004549.
8. Asaria P, Chisholm D, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Beaglehole R. Chronic disease prevention: health effects and financial costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use. Lancet 2007;370:2044-53.
9. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, Moran A, Lightwood JM, Pletcher MJ, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:590-9.
10. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the prevention of cardiovascular disease at the population level. NICE, 2010.http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PH25
11. First global ministerial conference on healthy lifestyles and noncommunicable disease control, 28-29 April 2011, Moscow. www. who.int/nmh/events/moscow-ncds-2011/en/
12. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, Adams C, Alleyne G, Asaria P, et al. Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet 2011;377:1438-47.
13. Lauer RM, Clarke WR. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics 1989;84:633-41.
14. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Circulation 2008;117:3171-80.
15. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Importance of salt in determining blood pressure in children: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Hypertension 2006;48:861-9.
16. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, Anna V, Xie G, Yao C, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation 2008;118:2679-86.
17. Zhao L, Stamler J, Yan LL, Zhou B, Wu Y, Liu K, et al. Blood pressure differences between northern and southern Chinese: role of dietary factors: the International Study on Macronutrients and Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2004;43:1332-7.
18. Anderson CA, Appel LJ, Okuda N, Brown IJ, Chan Q, Zhao L, et al. Dietary sources of sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, women and men aged 40 to 59 years: the INTERMAP study. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110:736-45.
19. Xu J, Wang M, Chen Y, Zhen B, Li J, Luan W, et al. Estimation of salt intake by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a cross-sectional study in Yantai, China. BMC Public Health 2014;14:136.
20. He FJ, Wu Y, Ma J, Feng X, Wang H, Zhang J, et al. A school-based education programme to reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt): protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2013;3:pii:e003388.
21. Marrero NM, He FJ, Whincup P, Macgregor GA. Salt intake of children and adolescents in South London: consumption levels and dietary sources. Hypertension 2014;63:1026-32.
22. Wu Y, Cai R, Zhou B, Xu X. Effects of genetic factors and dietary electrolytes on blood pressure of rural secondary school students in Hanzhong. Chin Med Sci J 1991;6:148-52.
23. He FJ, Marciniak M, Visagie E, Markandu ND, Anand V, Dalton RN, et al. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure, urinary albumin, and pulse wave velocity in white, black, and Asian mild hypertensives. Hypertension 2009;54:482-8.
24. Li N, Yan LL, Niu W, Labarthe D, Feng X, Shi J, et al. A large-scale cluster randomized trial to determine the effects of community-based dietary sodium reduction-the China Rural Health Initiative Sodium Reduction Study. Am Heart J 2013;166:815-22.
25. Maldonado-Martin A, Garcia-Matarin L, Gil-Extremera B, Avivar-Oyonarte C, Garcia-Granados ME, Gil-Garcia F, et al. Blood pressure and urinary excretion of electrolytes in Spanish schoolchildren. J Hum Hypertens 2002;16:473-8.
26. Chen J, Tian Y, Liao Y, Yang S, Li Z, He C, et al. Salt-restriction-spoon improved the salt intake among residents in China. PLoS One 2013;8:e78963.
27. Zhang JY, Yan LX, Tang JL, Ma JX, Guo XL, Zhao WH, et al. Estimating daily salt intake based on 24 h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18-69 years in Shandong, China. BMJ Open 2014;4:e005089.
28. Lewington S, Li L, Sherliker P, Guo Y, Millwood I, Bian Z, et al. Seasonal variation in blood pressure and its relationship with outdoor temperature in 10 diverse regions of China: the China Kadoorie Biobank. J Hypertens 2012;30:1383-91.
29. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-193.
30. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009;338:b1665.
31. Yang G, Wang Y, Zeng Y, Gao GF, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. Rapid health transition in China, 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2013;381:1987-2015.
32. Liu Q, Wang B, Kong Y, Cheng KK. China's primary health-care reform. Lancet 2011;377:2064-6.
33. Du S, Batis C, Wang H, Zhang B, Zhang J, Popkin BM. Understanding the patterns and trends of sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium to potassium ratio and their effect on hypertension in China. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:334-43.
34. He FJ, Brinsden HC, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction in the United Kingdom: a successful experiment in public health. J Hum Hypertens 2014;28:345-52.