A School-based Education Programme to Reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt): Protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open

Volumn 3, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  He, Feng J ^a   Wu, Yangfeng ^b,c   Ma, Jun ^b   Feng, Xiangxian ^d   Wang, Haijun ^b   Zhang, Jing ^b   Lin, Ching Ping ^e   Yuan, Jianhui ^d   Ma, Yuan ^b   Yang, Yide ^b   Yan, Lijing L ^b,f   Jan, Stephen ^g   Nowson, Caryl ^h   Macgregor, Graham A ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b PEKING UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (China)

^c PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d CHANGZHI MEDICAL COLLEGE   (China)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^f NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g GEORGE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^h DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CHILD; CHINA; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COOKING; ECONOMIC EVALUATION; EDUCATION PROGRAM; FAMILY; FEMALE; FOOD PROCESSING; HOME; HUMAN; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIMARY SCHOOL; SALT INTAKE; SCHOOL; SCHOOL CHILD; SODIUM URINE LEVEL;

EID: 84880582246     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003388     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet 2008;371:1513-18.
2. World Health Report. Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation, 2002. http://www.who.int/whr/2002 (accessed 3 Jun. 2013).
3. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988;297:319-28.
4. He FJ, MacGregor Ga. Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2010;52:363-82.
5. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2013;346:f1325.
6. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, et al. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013;346:f1326.
7. He FJ, MacGregor GA. Salt reduction lowers carxfdiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2011;378:380-2.
8. Asaria P, Chisholm D, Mathers C, et al. Chronic disease prevention: health effects and financial costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use. Lancet 2007;370:2044-53. (Pubitemid 50007973)
9. Bibbins-Domingo K, Chertow GM, Coxson PG, et al. Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:590-9.
10. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Guidance on the prevention of cardiovascular disease at the population level. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PH25 (accessed 3 Jun. 2013).
11. Lauer RM, Clarke WR. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics 1989;84:633-41. (Pubitemid 19237563)
12. He FJ, Macgregor GA. Importance of salt in determining blood pressure in children. Meta-analysis of controlled trials. Hypertension 2006;48:861-9. (Pubitemid 44610998)
13. He FJ, Marrero NM, MacGregor GA. Salt intake is related to soft drink consumption in children and adolescents: a link to obesity? Hypertension 2008;51:629-34. (Pubitemid 351301513)
14. Simons-Morton DG, Obarzanek E. Diet and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 1997;11:244-9. (Pubitemid 27122703)
15. Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V, et al. Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:791-813.
16. Zhou BF, Stamler J, Dennis B, et al. Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s: the INTERMAP study. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17:623-30. (Pubitemid 37265100)
17. He J, Gu D, Chen J, et al. Premature deaths attributable to blood pressure in China: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2009;374:1765-72.
18. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, et al. Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet 2011;377:1438-47.
19. Wu Y, Cai R, Zhou B, et al. Effects of genetic factors and dietary electrolytes on blood pressure of rural secondary school students in Hanzhong. Chin Med Sci J 1991;6:148-52.
20. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation 2008;118:2679-86.
21. The China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group. Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial. J Hypertens 2007;25:2011-18.
22. Chang HY, Hu YW, Yue CS, et al. Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1289-96.
23. Ji C, Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. Comparisons of spot v 24 h urine samples for population estimates of salt intake. J Human Hypertens 2011;25:S5.
24. Girgis S, Neal B, Prescott J, et al. A one-quarter reduction in the salt content of bread can be made without detection. EurJ Clin Nutr 2003;57:616-20. (Pubitemid 36553602)
25. Anderson CA, Appel LJ, Okuda N, et al. Dietary sources of sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, women and men aged 40 to 59 years: the INTERMAP study. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110:736-45.
26. EQ-5D. http://www.euroqol.org/ (accessed 3 Jun. 2013).
27. Briggs A, Sculpher M, Claxton K. Decision modelling for health economic evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
28. He FJ, Marciniak M, Visagie E, et al. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure, urinary albumin, and pulse wave velocity in white, black, and Asian mild hypertensives. Hypertension 2009;54:482-8.
29. World Action on Salt and Health. http://www.worldactiononsalt.com (accessed 3 Jun. 2013).