Exposure to selected geogenic trace elements (I, Li, and Sr) from drinking water in Denmark

Geosciences (Switzerland)

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 45-66

  Voutchkova, Denitza Dimitrova ^a,b   Schullehner, Jörg ^a,b,c   Knudsen, Nikoline Nygård ^d   Jørgensen, Lisbeth Flindt ^b   Ersbøll, Annette Kjær ^d   Kristiansen, Søren Munch ^a   Hansen, Birgitte ^b  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND   (Denmark)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Denmark; Drinking wate; Epidemiology; Exposure; Iodine; Lithium; Spatial trends; Strontium; Treated groundwater

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925869436     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20763263     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/geosciences5010045     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Villanueva, C.M.; Kogevinas, M.; Cordier, S.; Templeton, M.R.; Vermeulen, R.; Nuckols, J.R.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; Levallois, P. Assessing exposure and health consequences of chemicals in drinking water: Current state of knowledge and research needs. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122, 213–221.
2. Reimann, C.; Birke, M. Geochemistry of European Bottled Water; Borntraeger Science Publishers: Stuttgart, Germany, 2010.
3. Voutchkova, D.D.; Ernstsen, V.; Hansen, B.; Sørensen, B.L.; Zhang, C.; Kristiansen, S.M. Assessment of spatial variation in drinking water iodine and its implications for dietary intake: A new conceptual model for Denmark. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 493, 432–444.
4. Voutchkova, D.D.; Kristiansen, S.M.; Hansen, B.; Ernstsen, V.; Sørensen, B.L.; Esbensen, K.H. Iodine concentrations in Danish groundwater: Historical data assessment 1933–2011. Environ. Geochem. Health 2014, 36, 1151–1164.
5. Voutchkova, D.D.; Hansen, B.; Ernstsen, V.; Kristiansen, S.M. Hydro-geochemical characterisation of Danish groundwaters in relation to iodine. Paper III in PhD thesis [70].
6. Kesler, S.E.; Gruber, P.W.; Medina, P.A.; Keoleian, G.A.; Everson, M.P.; Wallington, T.J. Global lithium resources: Relative importance of pegmatite, brine and other deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 2012, 48, 55–69.
7. Hinsby, K.; Rasmussen, E.S.; Henriksen, H.J. European Reference Aquifers: The Miocene Sand Aquifers of Western Denmark. In Report for the EU Research Project (‘BASELINE’): Natural Baseline Quality of European Groundwater: A basis for Aquifer Management; Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS): Copenhagen, Denmark, 2003; pp. 1–18.
8. Bonnesen, E.P.; Larsen, F.; Sonnenborg, T.O.; Klitten, K.; Stemmerik, L. Deep saltwater in Chalk of North-West Europe: Origin, interface characteristics and development over geological time. Hydrogeol. J. 2009, 17, 1643–1663.
9. Ramsay, L. Strontium i Grundvand & Drikkevand i Roskilde Amt; Roskilde Amt: Roskilde, Denmark, 2005. (In Danish)
10. Danish Ministry of the Environment (DME). Bekendtgørelse om Vandkvalitet og Tilsyn Med Vandforsyningsanlæg BEK nr 292 af 26/03/2014; Miljøministeriet: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2014. (In Danish)
11. World Health Organization (WHO). Iodine Deficiency in Europe: A Continuing Public Health Problem; World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund: Geneva, Switzerland, 2007; pp. 1–86.
12. World Health Organization (WHO). Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers, 3rd ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2007; pp. 1–97.
13. Soldin, O.P. Iodine Status Reflected by Urinary Concentrations: Comparison with the USA and Other Countries. In Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects; Preedy, V.R., Burrow, G.N., Watson, R., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009; pp 1129–1137.
14. Zimmermann, M.B. Iodine deficiency in industrialized countries. Clin. Endocrinol. 2011, 75, 287–288.
15. Zimmermann, M.B.; Andersson, M. Update on iodine status worldwide. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2012, 19, 382–387.
16. Pearce, E.N.; Andersson, M.; Zimmermann, M.B. Global iodine nutrition: Where do we stand in 2013? Thyroid 2013, 23, 523–528.
17. World Health Organization (WHO). Salt Reduction and Iodine Fortification Strategies in Public Health: Report of a Joint Technical Meeting; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014; pp. 1–34.
18. Speeckaert, M.M.; Speeckaert, R.; Wierckx, K.; Delanghe, J.R.; Kaufman, J.M. Value and pitfalls in iodine fortification and supplementation in the 21st century. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 106, 964–973.
19. Campbell, N.; Dary, O.; Cappuccio, F.P.; Neufeld, L.M.; Harding, K.B.; Zimmermanne, M.B. Collaboration to optimize dietary intakes of salt and iodine: A critical but overlooked public health issue. Bull. World Health Organ. 2012, 90, 73–74.
20. Fuge, R. Soils and Iodine Deficiency. In Essentials of Medical Geology: Impacts of the Natural Environment on Public Health; Selinus, O., Alloway, B.J., Centeno, J.A., Finkelman, R.B., Fuge, R., Lindh, U., Smedley, P., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005; pp. 417–433.
21. Laurberg, P.; Jørgensen, T.; Perrild, H.; Ovesen, L.; Knudsen, N.; Pedersen, I.B.; Rasmussen, L.B.; Carlé, A.; Vejbjerg, P. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: Status and perspectives. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006, 155, 219–228.
22. Pedersen, A.N.; Fagt, S.; Groth, M.V.; Christensen, T.; Biltoft-Jensen, A.; Matthiessen, J.; Andersen, N.L.; Kørup, K.; Hartkopp, H.; Ygil, K.H.; Hinsch, H.J.; Saxholt, E.; Trolle, E. Danskernes Kostvaner 2003–2008; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Fødevareinstituttet): Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, 2010; pp. 1–200. (In Danish)
23. Rasmussen, L.B.; Larsen, E.H.; Ovesen, L. Iodine content in drinking water and other beverages in Denmark. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 54, 57–60.
24. Rasmussen, L.B.; Ovesen, L.; Bülow, I.; Jørgensen, T.; Knudsen, N.; Laurberg, P.; Perrild, H. Dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in a Danish population: Effect of geography, supplements and food choice. Br. J. Nutr. 2002, 87, 61–69.
25. Pedersen, K.M.; Laurberg, P.; Nøhr, S.; Jørgensen, A.; Andersen, S. Iodine in drinking water varies by more than 100-fold in Denmark. Importance for iodine content of infant formulas. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1999, 140, 400–403.
26. Shen, H.M.; Liu, S.J.; Sun, D.J.; Zhang, S.B.; Su, X.H.; Shen, Y.F.; Han, H.P. Geographical distribution of drinking-water with high iodine level and association between high iodine level in drinking-water and goitre: A Chinese national investigation. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 106, 243–247.
27. Lv, S.; Wang, Y.; Xu, D.; Rutherford, S.; Chong, Z.; Du, Y.; Jia, L.; Zhao, J. Drinking water contributes to excessive iodine intake among children in Hebei, China. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 67, 961–965.
28. Del Grande, C.; Muti, M.; Musetti, L.; Corsi, M.; Pergentini, I.; Turri, M.; Corsini, G.U.; Dell’Osso, L. Lithium and valproate in manic and mixed states: A naturalistic prospective study. J. Psychopathol. 2014, 20, 6–10.
29. Grunze, H.; Vieta, E.; Goodwin, G.M.; Bowden, C.; Licht, R.W.; Möller, H.J.; Kasper, S. The world federation of societies of biological psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2013, 14, 154–219.
30. Cipriani, A.; Pretty, H.; Hawton, K.; Geddes, J.R. Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: A systematic review of randomized trials. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162, 1805–1819.
31. Baldessarini, R.J.; Tondo, L.; Davis, P.; Pompili, M.; Goodwin, F.K.; Hennen, J. Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: A meta-analytic review. Bipolar Disord. 2006, 8, 625–639.
32. Schrauzer, G.N.; Shrestha, K.P. Lithium in drinking water and the incidences of crimes, suicides, and arrests related to drug addictions. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1990, 25, 105–113.
33. Ohgami, H.; Terao, T.; Shiotsuki, I.; Ishii, N.; Iwata, N. Lithium levels in drinking water and risk of suicide. Br. J. Psychiatry 2009, 194, 464–465.
34. Blüml, V.; Regier, M.D.; Hlavin, G.; Rockett, I.R.H.; König, F.; Vyssoki, B.; Bschor, T.; Kapusta, N.D. Lithium in the public water supply and suicide mortality in Texas. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2013, 47, 407–411.
35. Helbich, M.; Leitner, M.; Kapusta, N.D. Geospatial examination of lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2012, 11, 1–8.
36. Kapusta, N.D.; Mossaheb, N.; Etzersdorfer, E.; Hlavin, G.; Thau, K.; Willeit, M.; Praschak-Rieder, N.; Sonneck, G.; Leithner-Dziubas, K. Lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality. Br. J. Psychiatry 2011, 198, 346–350.
37. Kabacs, N.; Memon, A.; Obinwa, T.; Stochl, J.; Perez, J. Lithium in drinking water and suicide rates across the East of England. Br. J. Psychiatry 2011, 198, 406–407.
38. Kovacsics, C.E.; Gottesman, I.I.; Gould, T.D. Lithium’s Antisuicidal Efficacy: Elucidation of Neurobiological Targets Using Endophenotype Strategies. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2009, 49, 175–198.
39. Hernlund, E.; Svedbom, A.; Ivergård, M.; Compston, J.; Cooper, C.; Stenmark, J.; McCloskey, E.V.; Jönsson, B.; Kanis, J.A. Osteoporosis in the European Union: Medical management, epidemiology and economic burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch. Osteoporos. 2013, 8, doi:10.1007/s11657-013-0136-1.
40. Svedbom, A.; Hernlund, E.; Ivergård, M.; Compston, J.; Cooper, C.; Stenmark, J.; McCloskey, E.V.; Jönsson, B.; Kanis, J.A. Osteoporosis in the European Union: A compendium of country-specific reports. Arch. Osteoporos. 2013, 8, doi:10.1007/s11657-013-0137-0.
41. Skoryna, S.C. Effects of oral supplementation with stable strontium. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1981, 125, 703–712.
42. Dahl, S.G.; Allain, P.; Marie, P.J.; Mauras, Y.; Boivin, G.; Ammann, P.; Tsouderos, Y.; Delmas, P.D.; Christiansen, C. Incorporation and distribution of strontium in bone. Bone 2001, 28, 446–453.
43. Watts, P.; Howe, P. Strontium and Strontium Compounds (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document, No 77); World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 1–67.
44. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Strontium; Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2004.
45. Shahnazari, M.; Sharkey, N.A.; Fosmire, G.J.; Leach, R.M. Effects of strontium on bone strength, density, volume, and microarchitecture in laying hens. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2006, 21, 1696–1703.
46. Dawson, E.B.; Frey, M.J.; Moore, T.D.; McGanity, W.J. Relationship of metal metabolism to vascular disease mortality rates in Texas. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978, 31, 1188–1197.
47. Polyakova, E.V. Strontium in water-supply sources of arkhangelsk region and its impact on human health. Hum. Ecol. 2012, 2, 9–14.
48. Curzon, M.E. The relation between caries prevalence and strontium concentrations in drinking water, plaque, and surface enamel. J. Dent. Res. 1985, 64, 1386–1388.
49. Rygaard, M.; Albrechtsen, H.-J. Redegørelse om Sundhedseffekter af Blødgøring i København Specielt Med Fokus på Caries; Technical University of Denmark (DTU): Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, 2012. (In Danish)
50. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). JUPITER—Danmarks geologiske & hydrologiske database 2011. Available online: http://www.geus.dk/DK/data-maps/jupiter/Sider/ default.aspx (accessed on 6 December 2012).
51. Danish Nature Agency (DNA). Kvaliteten af Det Danske Drikkevand for Perioden 2008–2010. Available online: http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/Attachments/Indberetningsrapportdrikkevand20082010.pdf (accessed on 17 February 2015).
52. Sørensen, B.L.; Møller, R.R. Evaluation of total groundwater abstraction from public waterworks in Denmark using principal component analysis. Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl. Bull. 2013, 28, 37–40.
53. Union of European Soft Drinks Associations (UNESDA). Sales Volume Statistics by Industry Analyst “Canadean”. Available online: http://www.unesda.eu/products-ingredients/consumption/ (accessed on 17 February 2015).
54. Marcussen, H.; Holm, P.E.; Hansen, H.C.B. Composition, Flavor, Chemical Foodsafety, and Consumer Preferences of Bottled Water. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2013, 12, 333–352.
55. Danish Nature Agency (DNA). Videregående Vandbehandling; Danish Nature Agency (Naturstyrelsen), Ministry of the Environment (Miljøministeriet): Copenhagen, Denmark, 2012; pp. 1–65. (In Danish)
56. Voutchkova, D.D.; Hansen, B.; Ernstsen, V.; Kristiansen, S.M. Design of a nationwide drinking-water sampling campaign for assessment of dietary iodine intake and human health outcomes. Technical Note I in PhD thesis [70].
57. Schullehner, J.; Hansen, B. Nitrate exposure from drinking water in Denmark over the last 35 years. Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 095001.
58. Thygesen, M. Geocoding of All Danish Addresses from the Residence Database (Version 2). Available online: http://cirrau.au.dk/data-resources/data-documentation/ (accessed on 17 February 2015).
59. Pedersen, C.B. The Danish civil registration system. Scand. J. Public Health 2011, 39, 22–25.
60. Bivand, R.S.; Pebesma, E.J.; Gómez-Rubio, V. Applied Spatial Data Analysis with R; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2008.
61. Waller, L.A.; Gotway, C.A. Applied Spatial Statistics for Public Health Data; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004.
62. Pfeiffer, D.; Robinson, T.; Stevenson, M.; Stevens, K.B.; Rogers, D.J.; Clements, A.C. Spatial Analysis in Epidemiology; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2008.
63. Kulldorff, M. A spatial scan statistic. Commun. Stat. Theory Methods 1997, 26, 1481–1496.
64. Kulldorff, M.; Huang, L.; Konty, K. A scan statistic for continuous data based on the normal probability model. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2009, 8, doi:10.1186/1476-072X-8-58.
65. Andersen, S.; Lauberg, P. The Nature of Iodine in Drinking Water. In Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects; Preedy, V.R., Burrow, G.N., Watson, R., Eds.; Academic Press: London, UK, 2009; pp. 125–134.
66. Thygesen, L.C.; Daasnes, C.; Thaulow, I.; Brønnum-Hansen, H. Introduction to Danish (nationwide) registers on health and social issues: Structure, access, legislation, and archiving. Scand. J. Public Health 2011, 39, 12–16.
67. Dahl, C.; Søgaard, A.J.; Tell, G.S.; Flaten, T.P.; Hongve, D.; Omsland, T.K.; Holvik, K.; Meyer, H.E.; Aamodt, G. Nationwide data on municipal drinking water and hip fracture: Could calcium and magnesium be protective? A NOREPOS study. Bone 2013, 57, 84–91.
68. Kirkeskov, L.; Kristiansen, E.; Bøggild, H.; Von Platen-Hallermund, F.; Sckerl, H.; Carlsen, A.; Larsen, M.J.; Poulsen, S. The association between fluoride in drinking water and dental caries in Danish children. Linking data from health registers, environmental registers and administrative registers. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2010, 38, 206–212.
69. GEUS. Interactive Map on Water Hardness as an Average per Municipality. Available online: http://www.geus.dk/DK/data-maps/Sider/haardhedskort-dk.aspx (accessed on 17 February 2015).
70. Voutchkova, D.D. Iodine in Danish Groundwater and Drinking Water. Ph.D. Thesis, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, 2014.