Training-related risk of common illnesses in elite swimmers over a 4-yr period

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 698-707

  Hellard, Philippe ^a,b   Avalos, Marta ^c,d,e   Guimaraes, Fanny ^d,f   Toussaint, Jean François ^b,g   Pyne, David B ^h  

^a Research Department   (France)

^b Université Sorbonne Paris Cité   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

^d INSERM   (France)

^e INRIA SISTM   (France)

^f INSA   (France)

^g ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE HÔPITAUX DE PARIS   (France)

^h AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF SPORT   (Australia)

Author keywords

mixed effects logistic regression; muscular affections; professional swimmers; sport epidemiology; upper respiratory tract and pulmonary infections

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MUSCULAR DISEASES; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PLYOMETRICS; PROCEDURES; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RESISTANCE TRAINING; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RISK FACTOR; SEASON; SWIMMING; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MUSCULAR DISEASES; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RESISTANCE TRAINING; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; SEASONS; SWIMMING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84925595841     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: 15300315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000461     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Avalos M, Hellard P, Chatard JC. Modeling the training-performance relationship using a mixed model in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(5):838-46.
2. Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS. Infectious diseases epidemiology and control. In: Pickering LK, editor. Red Book Atlas of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases; 2009. pp. 131-38.
3. Costill DL, Maglischo EW, Richardson AB. Swimming. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992. p. 214.
4. Cox AJ, Gleeson M, Pyne D, Callister R, Fricker PA, Scott RJ. Cytokine gene polymorphisms and risk for upper respiratory symptoms in elite athletes. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2010;16:8-21.
5. Downing JE, Miyan JA. Neural immunoregulation: emerging roles for nerves in immune homeostasis and disease. Immunol Today. 2000;21(6):281-9.
6. Ekblom B, Ekblom O , Malm C. Infectious episodes before and after a marathon race. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16:287-293.
7. Foster C. Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(7):1164-68.
8. Fricker PA, Pyne DB, Saunders PU, Cox AJ, Gleeson M, Telford RD. Influence of training loads on patterns of illness in elite distance runners. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(4):244-50.
9. Fry AC, Schilling BK, Weiss LW, Chiu LZF. A2-Adrenergic receptor down regulation and performance decrements during highintensity resistance exercise overtraining. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101: 1664-72.
10. Gabriel H, Kindermann W. The acute immune response to exercise: what does it mean? Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(1 Suppl):28-45.
11. Gleeson M. Mucosal immune responses and risk of respiratory illness in elite athletes. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2000;6:5-42.
12. Gleeson M. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103:693-99.
13. Gleeson M, Bishop N, Oliveira M, Tauler P. Influence of training load on upper respiratory tract infection incidence and antigen-stimulated cytokine production. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(4):451-7.
14. Gleeson M, McDonald WA, Cripps AW, Pyne DB, Clancy RL, Fricker PA. The effect on immunity of long-Term intensive training in elite swimmers. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995;102(1):210-16.
15. Gleeson M, McDonald WA, Pyne DB, et al. Salivary IgA levels and infection risk in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(1):67-73.
16. Gleeson M, McDonald WA, Pyne DB, et al. Immune status and respiratory illness for elite swimmers during a 12-week training cycle. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21(4):302-7.
17. Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Austin JP, et al. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and upper-respiratory illness in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(3):411-7.
18. Gleeson M, Walsh NP. The bases expert statement on exercise, immunity, and infection. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(3):321-24.
19. He CS, Handzlik M, Fraser WD, et al. Influence of vitamin D status on respiratory infection incidence and immune function during 4 months of winter training in endurance sport athletes. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2013;19:86-101.
20. Heath GW, Ford ES, Craven TE, Macera CA, Jackson KL, Pate RR. Exercise and the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(2):152-7.
21. Hellard P, Guimaraes F, Avalos M, Houel N, Hausswirth C, Toussaint JF. Modeling the association between HR variability and illness in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6): 1062-70.
22. MacKinnon LT. Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000 32(7):369-76.
23. Mujika I, Busso T, Lacoste L, Barale F, Geyssant A, Chatard JC. Modeled responses to training and taper in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(2):251-8.
24. Nieman DC. Is infection risk linked to exercise workload? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(7):406-11.
25. Nieman DC. Marathon training and immune function. Sports Med. 2007;37(4-5):412-5
26. Nieman DC. Immunonutrition support for athletes. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(6):310-20.
27. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Sampson CS, et al. The acute immune response to exhaustive resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1995;16(5):322-8.
28. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration and adaptation. Physiol Rev. 2000;80: 1055-81.
29. Peters EM, Bateman ED. Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections. An epidemiological survey. S Afr Med J. 1983;64(15):582-4.
30. Pyne DB. Effects of an intensive 12-wk training program by elite swimmers on neutrophil oxidative activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(4):535-42.
31. Pyne DB, Gleeson M, McDonald WA, Clancy RL, Perry C Jr, Fricker PA. Training strategies to maintain immunocompetence in athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2000;21(1):51-60.
32. Rama L, Teixeira AM, Matos A, et al. Changes in natural killer cell subpopulations over a winter training season in elite swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 2013;113(4):859-68.
33. Ronsen O, Pedersen BK, Kritsland TR, Bahr R, Kjeldsen-Kragh J. Leukocyte counts and lymphocyte responsiveness associated with repeated bouts of strenuous endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001;91(1):425-34.
34. Shahar DR, Froom P, Harari G, Yerushalmi N, Lubin F, Kristal-Boneh E. Changes in dietary intake account for seasonal changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(5):395-400.
35. Spence L, Brown WJ, Pyne DB, et al. Incidence, etiology, and symptomatology of upper respiratory illness in elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(4):577-86.
36. Trammell RA, Toth LA. Genetic susceptibility and resistance to influenza infection and disease in humans and mice. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2008;8(4):515-29.
37. Verbeke G, Molenberghs G. Models for Discrete Longitudinal Data. New York: Springer; 2006. pp. 265-277. pp. 290-293.
38. Verde TJ, Thomas SG, Moore RW, Shek P, Shephard RJ. Immune responses and increased training of the elite athlete. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73(4):1494-99.
39. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, et al. Position Statement: part one: immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011; 17:6-63.
40. Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, et al. Position Statement: part two: maintaining immune health. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17: 64-103.