The role of body size and physical activity on the risk of breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers

Cancer Causes and Control

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 333-344

  Pettapiece Phillips, Rachael ^a,b   Narod, Steven A ^a,b   Kotsopoulos, Joanne ^a,b  

^a WOMEN S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Body size; BRCA1; BRCA2; Breast cancer; Ovarian cancer; Physical activity

Indexed keywords

BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; HORMONE; MESSENGER RNA;

ADOLESCENCE; ADULTHOOD; BODY SIZE; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; LIFESTYLE; NONHUMAN; PENETRANCE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEM CELL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST NEOPLASMS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; GERMLINE MUTATION; HETEROZYGOTE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUTATION; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BODY SIZE; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENES, BRCA1; GENES, BRCA2; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GERM-LINE MUTATION; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUTATION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84925515471     PISSN: 09575243     EISSN: 15737225     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0521-0     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Lubinski J, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Lynch HT, Cybulski C, Ghadirian P, Stawicka M, Foulkes WD, Kilar E, Kim-Sing C, Neuhausen SL, Armel S, Gilchrist D, Sweet K, Gronwald J, Eisen A, Gorski B, Sun P, Narod SA (2012) The risk of breast cancer in women with a BRCA1 mutation from North America and Poland. Int J Cancer 131(1):229–234. doi:10.1002/ijc.26369
2. Mavaddat N, Peock S, Frost D, Ellis S, Platte R, Fineberg E, Evans DG, Izatt L, Eeles RA, Adlard J, Davidson R, Eccles D, Cole T, Cook J, Brewer C, Tischkowitz M, Douglas F, Hodgson S, Walker L, Porteous ME, Morrison PJ, Side LE, Kennedy MJ, Houghton C, Donaldson A, Rogers MT, Dorkins H, Miedzybrodzka Z, Gregory H, Eason J, Barwell J, McCann E, Murray A, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Embrace (2013) Cancer risks for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from prospective analysis of EMBRACE. J Natl Cancer Inst 105(11):812–822. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt095
3. Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, Risch HA, Eyfjord JE, Hopper JL, Loman N, Olsson H, Johannsson O, Borg A, Pasini B, Radice P, Manoukian S, Eccles DM, Tang N, Olah E, Anton-Culver H, Warner E, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Gorski B, Tulinius H, Thorlacius S, Eerola H, Nevanlinna H, Syrjakoski K, Kallioniemi OP, Thompson D, Evans C, Peto J, Lalloo F, Evans DG, Easton DF (2003) Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 72(5):1117–1130. doi:10.1086/375033
4. Risch HA, McLaughlin JR, Cole DE, Rosen B, Bradley L, Kwan E, Jack E, Vesprini DJ, Kuperstein G, Abrahamson JL, Fan I, Wong B, Narod SA (2001) Prevalence and penetrance of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population series of 649 women with ovarian cancer. Am J Hum Genet 68(3):700–710. doi:10.1086/318787
5. Narod SA (2010) BRCA mutations in the management of breast cancer: the state of the art. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7(12):702–707. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.166
6. Metcalfe K, Gershman S, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Olopade OI, Domchek S, McLennan J, Eisen A, Foulkes WD, Rosen B, Sun P, Narod SA (2011) Predictors of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer 104(9):1384–1392. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.120
7. Metcalfe K, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Olopade OI, Domchek S, Eisen A, Foulkes WD, Rosen B, Vesprini D, Sun P, Narod SA (2011) Risk of ipsilateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 127(1):287–296. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1336-7
8. Da Silva L, Lakhani SR (2010) Pathology of hereditary breast cancer. Mod Pathol 23(Suppl 2):S46–S51. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2010.37
9. Scully R, Livingston DM (2000) In search of the tumour-suppressor functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nature 408(6811):429–432. doi:10.1038/35044000
10. Welcsh PL, Schubert EL, King MC (1998) Inherited breast cancer: an emerging picture. Clin Genet 54(6):447–458
11. Elledge SJ, Amon A (2002) The BRCA1 suppressor hypothesis: an explanation for the tissue-specific tumor development in BRCA1 patients. Cancer Cell 1(2):129–132
12. Monteiro AN (2003) BRCA1: the enigma of tissue-specific tumor development. Trends Genet 19(6):312–315. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00110-0
13. Rosen EM, Fan S, Isaacs C (2005) BRCA1 in hormonal carcinogenesis: basic and clinical research. Endocr Relat Cancer 12(3):533–548. doi:10.1677/erc.1.00972
14. Noruzinia M, Coupier I, Pujol P (2005) Is BRCA1/BRCA2-related breast carcinogenesis estrogen dependent? Cancer 104(8):1567–1574. doi:10.1002/cncr.21367
15. Metcalfe KA, Birenbaum-Carmeli D, Lubinski J, Gronwald J, Lynch H, Moller P, Ghadirian P, Foulkes WD, Klijn J, Friedman E, Kim-Sing C, Ainsworth P, Rosen B, Domchek S, Wagner T, Tung N, Manoukian S, Couch F, Sun P, Narod SA (2008) International variation in rates of uptake of preventive options in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Int J Cancer 122(9):2017–2022. doi:10.1002/ijc.23340
16. Metcalfe KA, Lubinski J, Ghadirian P, Lynch H, Kim-Sing C, Friedman E, Foulkes WD, Domchek S, Ainsworth P, Isaacs C, Tung N, Gronwald J, Cummings S, Wagner T, Manoukian S, Moller P, Weitzel J, Sun P, Narod SA (2008) Predictors of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation: the Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. J Clin Oncol 26(7):1093–1097. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6078
17. Metcalfe KA, Kim-Sing C, Ghadirian P, Sun P, Narod SA (2014) Health care provider recommendations for reducing cancer risks among women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Clin Genet 85(1):21–30. doi:10.1111/cge.12233
18. Narod S, Lynch H, Conway T, Watson P, Feunteun J, Lenoir G (1993) Increasing incidence of breast cancer in family with BRCA1 mutation. Lancet 341(8852):1101–1102
19. King MC, Marks JH, Mandell JB (2003) Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science 302(5645):643–646. doi:10.1126/science.1088759
20. Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Wong N, Goffin J, Chappuis PO (2002) Change in the penetrance of founder BRCA1/2 mutations? A retrospective cohort study. J Med Genet 39(6):407–409
21. Kotsopoulos J, Narod SA (2005) Towards a dietary prevention of hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 16(2):125–138. doi:10.1007/s10552-004-2593-8
22. Chang-Claude J, Becher H, Eby N, Bastert G, Wahrendorf J, Hamann U (1997) Modifying effect of reproductive risk factors on the age at onset of breast cancer for German BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 123(5):272–279
23. Kotsopoulos J, Olopado OI, Ghadirian P, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Isaacs C, Weber B, Kim-Sing C, Ainsworth P, Foulkes WD, Eisen A, Sun P, Narod SA (2005) Changes in body weight and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res 7(5):R833–R843. doi:10.1186/bcr1293
24. McGee J, Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Lynch HT, Rosen B, Tung N, Kim-Sing C, Karlan B, Foulkes WD, Ainsworth P, Ghadirian P, Senter L, Eisen A, Sun P, Narod SA (2012) Anthropometric measures and risk of ovarian cancer among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 20(6):1288–1292. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.394
25. Nkondjock A, Robidoux A, Paredes Y, Narod SA, Ghadirian P (2006) Diet, lifestyle and BRCA-related breast cancer risk among French-Canadians. Breast Cancer Res Treat 98(3):285–294. doi:10.1007/s10549-006-9161-8
26. Manders P, Pijpe A, Hooning MJ, Kluijt I, Vasen HF, Hoogerbrugge N, van Asperen CJ, Meijers-Heijboer H, Ausems MG, van Os TA, Gomez-Garcia EB, Brohet RM, van Leeuwen FE, Rookus MA (2011) Body weight and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 126(1):193–202. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1120-8
27. Pijpe A, Manders P, Brohet RM, Collee JM, Verhoef S, Vasen HF, Hoogerbrugge N, van Asperen CJ, Dommering C, Ausems MG, Aalfs CM, Gomez-Garcia EB, Hebon Van’t Veer LJ, van Leeuwen FE, Rookus MA (2010) Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 120(1):235–244. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0476-0
28. Salmena L, Narod S (2012) BRCA1 haploinsufficiency: consequences for breast cancer. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 8(2):127–129. doi:10.2217/whe.12.2
29. Berger AH, Pandolfi PP (2011) Haplo-insufficiency: a driving force in cancer. J Pathol 223(2):137–146. doi:10.1002/path.2800
30. Berger AH, Knudson AG, Pandolfi PP (2011) A continuum model for tumour suppression. Nature 476(7359):163–169. doi:10.1038/nature10275
31. Scott R (2004) DNA double strand break repair and its association with inherited predispositions to breast cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2(1):37–43
32. Huen MS, Sy SM, Chen J (2010) BRCA1 and its toolbox for the maintenance of genome integrity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(2):138–148. doi:10.1038/nrm2831
33. Narod SA, Foulkes WD (2004) BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 4(9):665–676. doi:10.1038/nrc1431
34. Schlacher K, Wu H, Jasin M (2012) A distinct replication fork protection pathway connects Fanconi anemia tumor suppressors to RAD51-BRCA1/2. Cancer Cell 22(1):106–116. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2012.05.015
35. Foulkes WD, Shuen AY (2013) In brief: BRCA1 and BRCA2. J Pathol 230(4):347–349. doi:10.1002/path.4205
36. Silver DP, Livingston DM (2012) Mechanisms of BRCA1 tumor suppression. Cancer Discov 2(8):679–684. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0221
37. Friedenreich CM, Neilson HK, Lynch BM (2010) State of the epidemiological evidence on physical activity and cancer prevention. Eur J Cancer 46(14):2593–2604. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.028
38. Olsen CM, Green AC, Whiteman DC, Sadeghi S, Kolahdooz F, Webb PM (2007) Obesity and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 43(4):690–709. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.11.010
39. Wu Y, Zhang D, Kang S (2013) Physical activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 137(3):869–882. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2396-7
40. Amadou A, Ferrari P, Muwonge R, Moskal A, Biessy C, Romieu I, Hainaut P (2013) Overweight, obesity and risk of premenopausal breast cancer according to ethnicity: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Obes Rev 14(8):665–678. doi:10.1111/obr.12028
41. Amadou A, Hainaut P, Romieu I (2013) Role of obesity in the risk of breast cancer: lessons from anthropometry. J Oncol 2013:906495. doi:10.1155/2013/906495
42. Olsen CM, Bain CJ, Jordan SJ, Nagle CM, Green AC, Whiteman DC, Webb PM (2007) Recreational physical activity and epithelial ovarian cancer: a case–control study, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16(11):2321–2330. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0566
43. Calle EE, Kaaks R (2004) Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 4(8):579–591. doi:10.1038/nrc1408
44. Chen WY, Colditz GA (2007) Risk factors and hormone-receptor status: epidemiology, risk-prediction models and treatment implications for breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 4(7):415–423. doi:10.1038/ncponc0851
45. Althuis MD, Fergenbaum JH, Garcia-Closas M, Brinton LA, Madigan MP, Sherman ME (2004) Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(10):1558–1568
46. Suzuki R, Orsini N, Saji S, Key TJ, Wolk A (2009) Body weight and incidence of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status–a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 124(3):698–712. doi:10.1002/ijc.23943
47. Carmichael AR, Bates T (2004) Obesity and breast cancer: a review of the literature. Breast 13(2):85–92. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2003.03.001
48. Research WCRFAIfC (2007) Food, nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC
49. Cancer IAfRo (2002) Weight control and physical activity. IARC handbooks on cancer prevention, vol 6. Lyon, France
50. van den Brandt PA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson L, Folsom AR, Fraser G, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Kushi L, Marshall JR, Miller AB, Rohan T, Smith-Warner SA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Wolk A, Hunter DJ (2000) Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 152(6):514–527
51. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M (2008) Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 371(9612):569–578. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X
52. Potischman N, Swanson CA, Siiteri P, Hoover RN (1996) Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(11):756–758
53. Pierobon M, Frankenfeld CL (2013) Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 137(1):307–314. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2339-3
54. Friedenreich CM, Cust AE (2008) Physical activity and breast cancer risk: impact of timing, type and dose of activity and population subgroup effects. Br J Sports Med 42(8):636–647. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.029132
55. Lynch BM, Neilson HK, Friedenreich CM (2011) Physical activity and breast cancer prevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 186:13–42. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04231-7_2
56. Phipps AI, Chlebowski RT, Prentice R, McTiernan A, Stefanick ML, Wactawski-Wende J, Kuller LH, Adams-Campbell LL, Lane D, Vitolins M, Kabat GC, Rohan TE, Li CI (2011) Body size, physical activity, and risk of triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20(3):454–463. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0974
57. Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR (2002) Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr 132(11 Suppl):3456S–3464S
58. Neilson HK, Conroy SM, Friedenreich CM (2014) The influence of energetic factors on biomarkers of postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Curr Nutr Rep 3:22–34. doi:10.1007/s13668-013-0069-8
59. Roberts DL, Dive C, Renehan AG (2010) Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives. Annu Rev Med 61:301–316. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.080708.082713
60. Lukanova A, Kaaks R (2005) Endogenous hormones and ovarian cancer: epidemiology and current hypotheses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(1):98–107
61. Risch HA (1998) Hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of androgens and progesterone.[comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(23):1774–1786
62. Olsen CM, Green AC, Nagle CM, Jordan SJ, Whiteman DC, Bain CJ, Webb PM (2008) Epithelial ovarian cancer: testing the ‘androgens hypothesis’. Endocr Relat Cancer 15(4):1061–1068. doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0075
63. Wang M, Yu B, Westerlind K, Strange R, Khan G, Patil D, Boeneman K, Hilakivi-Clarke L (2009) Prepubertal physical activity up-regulates estrogen receptor beta, BRCA1 and p53 mRNA expression in the rat mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 115(1):213–220. doi:10.1007/s10549-008-0062-x
64. Magbanua MJ, Richman EL, Sosa EV, Jones LW, Simko J, Shinohara K, Haqq CM, Carroll PR, Chan JM (2014) Physical activity and prostate gene expression in men with low-risk prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control: CCC 25(4):515–523. doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0354-x
65. Kossman DA, Williams NI, Domchek SM, Kurzer MS, Stopfer JE (1985) Schmitz KH (2011) Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer. J Appl Physiol 111(6):1687–1693. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2011
66. Guinan EM, Hussey J, McGarrigle SA, Healy LA, O’Sullivan JN, Bennett K, Connolly EM (2013) A prospective investigation of predictive and modifiable risk factors for breast cancer in unaffected BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene carriers. BMC Cancer 13:138. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-138
67. Pasanisi P, Bruno E, Manoukian S, Berrino F (2014) A randomized controlled trial of diet and physical activity in BRCA mutation carriers. Fam Cancer 13(2):181–187. doi:10.1007/s10689-013-9691-2
68. Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, Ekbom A, Hsieh CC, Lagiou P (2008) Early life events and conditions and breast cancer risk: from epidemiology to etiology. Int J Cancer 122(3):481–485. doi:10.1002/ijc.23303
69. Trichopoulos D, Lipworth L (1995) Is cancer causation simpler than we thought, but more intractable? Epidemiology 6(4):347–349
70. Trichopoulos D, Lipman RD (1992) Mammary gland mass and breast cancer risk. Epidemiology 3(6):523–526
71. Narod SA (2012) A model for breast cancer risk based on stem-cell theory. Curr Oncol 19(1):9–11. doi:10.3747/co.19.1003
72. Pollak M (2012) The insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor family in neoplasia: an update. Nat Rev Cancer 12(3):159–169. doi:10.1038/nrc3215
73. Shafrir AL, Zhang X, Poole EM, Hankinson SE, Tworoger SS (2014) The association of reproductive and lifestyle factors with a score of multiple endogenous hormones. Horm Cancer 5(5):324–335. doi:10.1007/s12672-014-0191-0
74. Di LJ, Fernandez AG, De Siervi A, Longo DL, Gardner K (2010) Transcriptional regulation of BRCA1 expression by a metabolic switch. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17(12):1406–1413. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1941
75. Mavaddat N, Barrowdale D, Andrulis IL, Domchek SM, Eccles D, Nevanlinna H, Ramus SJ, Spurdle A, Robson M, Sherman M, Mulligan AM, Couch FJ, Engel C, McGuffog L, Healey S, Sinilnikova OM, Southey MC, Terry MB, Goldgar D, O’Malley F, John EM, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Hansen TV, Nielsen FC, Osorio A, Stavropoulou A, Benitez J, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Barile M, Volorio S, Pasini B, Dolcetti R, Putignano AL, Ottini L, Radice P, Hamann U, Rashid MU, Hogervorst FB, Kriege M, van der Luijt RB, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Brewer C, Walker L, Rogers MT, Side LE, Houghton C, Weaver J, Godwin AK, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Meindl A, Kast K, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Varon-Mateeva R, Schonbuchner I, Gevensleben H, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Belotti M, Barjhoux L, Isaacs C, Peshkin BN, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Canadas C, Heikkinen T, Heikkila P, Aittomaki K, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Brunet J, Agnarsson BA, Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Dumont M, Simard J, Montagna M, Agata S, D’Andrea E, Yan M, Fox S, Rebbeck TR, Rubinstein W, Tung N, Garber JE, Wang X, Fredericksen Z, Pankratz VS, Lindor NM, Szabo C, Offit K, Sakr R, Gaudet MM, Singer CF, Tea MK, Rappaport C, Mai PL, Greene MH, Sokolenko A, Imyanitov E, Toland AE, Senter L, Sweet K, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Kruse T, Caligo M, Aretini P, Rantala J, von Wachenfeld A, Henriksson K, Steele L, Neuhausen SL, Nussbaum R, Beattie M, Odunsi K, Sucheston L, Gayther SA, Nathanson K, Gross J, Walsh C, Karlan B, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Antoniou AC (2012) Pathology of Breast and Ovarian Cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Results from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21(1):134–147. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0775
76. Digianni LM, Rue M, Emmons K, Garber JE (2006) Complementary medicine use before and 1 year following genetic testing for BRCA1/2 mutations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15(1):70–75. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0646
77. Emmons KM, Kalkbrenner KJ, Klar N, Light T, Schneider KA, Garber JE (2000) Behavioral risk factors among women presenting for genetic testing. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9(1):89–94
78. Spector D (2007) Lifestyle behaviors in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutation: an exploratory study guided by concepts derived from the health belief model. Cancer Nurs 30(1):E1–10
79. O’Neill SC, Kaufman E, DeMarco T, Peshkin BN, McKenna K, Shelby R, Valdimarsdottir H, Rispoli J, Schwartz MD (2008) Changes in diet and physical activity following BRCA1/2 testing. J Psychosoc Oncol 26(3):63–80
80. Quach J, Porter K, Leventhal H, Kelly KM (2009) Health behaviors among Ashkenazi Jewish individuals receiving counseling for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Fam Cancer 8(3):241–250. doi:10.1007/s10689-009-9235-y
81. Pasanisi P, Bruno E, Venturelli E, Manoukian S, Barile M, Peissel B, De Giacomi C, Bonanni B, Berrino J, Berrino F (2011) Serum levels of IGF-I and BRCA penetrance: a case–control study in breast cancer families. Fam Cancer. doi:10.1007/s10689-011-9437-y