Hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, with a hypothesis concerning the role of androgens and progesterone

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Volumn 90, Issue 23, 1998, Pages 1774-1786

  Risch, Harvey A ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ESTROGEN; FOLLITROPIN; INSULIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; PROGESTERONE; PROTEIN P53; SOMATOMEDIN;

BREAST FEEDING; DIABETES MELLITUS; EPITHELIUM CELL; GONADOTROPIN RELEASE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; OBESITY; OVARY CANCER; OVULATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEROIDOGENESIS;

EID: 0032477328     PISSN: 00278874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.23.1774     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures - 1997. Atlanta (GA): American Cancer Society, Inc.; 1997.
2. Risch HA, Marrett LD, Jain M, Howe GR. Differences in risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic type. Results of a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:363-72.
3. Fathalla MF. Incessant ovulation - a factor in ovarian neoplasia? Lancet 1971;2:163.
4. Casagrande JT, Louie EW, Pike MC, Roy S, Ross RK, Henderson BE. "Incessant ovulation" and ovarian cancer. Lancet 1979;2:170-3.
5. Cramer DW, Welch WR. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:717-21.
6. Franceschi S, Parazzini F, Negri E, Booth M, La Vecchia C, Beral V, et al. Pooled analysis of 3 European case-control studies of epithelial ovarian cancer. III. Oral contraceptive use. Int J Cancer 1991;49:61-5.
7. Whittemore AS, Harris R, Itnyre J. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. II. Invasive epithelial ovarian cancers in white women. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1184-203.
8. Wilson JE. Adeno-carcinomata in hens kept in a constant environment. Poultry Sci 1958;37:1253.
9. Godwin AK, Testa JR, Handel LM, Liu Z, Vanderveer LA, Tracey PA, et al. Spontaneous transformation of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells: association with cytogenetic changes and implications of repeated ovulation in the etiology of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1942;84: 592-601.
10. Radisavljevic SV. The pathogenesis of ovarian inclusion cysts and cystomas. Obstet Gynecol 1977;49:424-9.
11. Mittal KR, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Cooper JL, Demopoulos RI. Contralateral ovary in unilateral ovarian carcinoma: a search for preneoplastic lesions. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993;12:59-63.
12. Westhoff C, Murphy P, Heller D, Halim A. Is ovarian cancer associated with an increased frequency of germinal inclusion cysts? Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:90-3.
13. Cruickshank DJ. Aetiological importance of ovulation in epithelial ovarian cancer: a population based study. BMJ 1990;301:524-5.
14. Hartge P, Devesa S. Ovarian cancer, ovulation and side of origin. Br J Cancer 1995;71:642-3.
15. Potashnik G, Insler V, Meizner I, Sternberg M. Frequency, sequence, and side of ovulation in women menstruating normally. Br Med J 1987;294: 19.
16. Balasch J, Penarrubia J, Marquez M, Mirkin SR, Carmona F, Barri PN, et al. Ovulation side and ovarian cancer. Gynecol Endocrinol 1994;8:51-4.
17. Lasko D, Cavenee W, Nordenskjold M. Loss of constitutional heterozygosity in human cancer. Annu Rev Genet 1991;25:281-314.
18. Montesano R, Hollstein M, Hainaut P. Genetic alterations in esophageal cancer and their relevance to etiology and pathogenesis: a review. Int J Cancer 1996;69:225-35.
19. Montesano R, Hainaut P, Wild CP. Hepatocellular carcinoma: from gene to public health. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1844-51.
20. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61:759-67.
21. Marks JR, Davidoff AM, Kerns BJ, Humphrey PA, Pence JC, Dodge RK, et al. Overexpression and mutation of p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:2979-84.
22. Mazars R, Pujol P, Maudelonde T, Jeanteur P, Theillet C. p53 mutations in ovarian cancer: a late event? Oncogene 1991;6:1685-90.
23. Okamoto A, Sameshima Y, Yokoyama S, Terashima Y, Sugimura T, Terada M, et al. Frequent allelic losses and mutations of the p53 gene in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:5171-6.
24. Eccles DM, Brett L, Lessells A, Gruber L, Lane D, Steel CM, et al. Overexpression of the p53 protein and allele loss at 17p13 in ovarian carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1992;65:40-4.
25. Kihana T, Tsuda H, Teshima S, Okada S, Matsuura S, Hirohashi S. High incidence of p53 gene mutation in human ovarian cancer and its association with nuclear accumulation of p53 protein and tumor DNA aneuploidy. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992;83:978-84.
26. Naito M, Satake M, Sakai E, Hirano Y, Tsuchida N, Kanzaki H, et al. Detection of p53 gene mutations in human ovarian and endometrial cancers by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992;83:1030-6.
27. Kohler MF, Kerns BJ, Humphrey PA, Marks JR, Bast RC Jr, Berchuck A. Mutation and overexpression of p53 in early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81(5(Pt 1)):643-50.
28. Kohler MF, Marks JR, Wiseman RW, Jacobs IJ, Davidoff AM, Clarke-Pearson DL, et al. Spectrum of mutation and frequency of allelic deletion of the p53 gene in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1513-9.
29. Kupryjanczyk J, Thor AD, Beauchamp R, Merritt V, Edgerton SM, Bell DA, et al. p53 gene mutations and protein accumulation in human ovarian cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:4961-5.
30. Milner BJ, Allan LA, Eccles DM, Kitchener HC, Leonard RC, Kelly KF, et al. p53 mutation is a common genetic event in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993;53:2128-32.
31. Sheridan E, Hancock BW, Goyns MH. High incidence of mutations of the p53 gene detected in ovarian tumours by the use of chemical mismatch cleavage. Cancer Lett 1993;68:83-9.
32. Teneriello MG, Ebina M, Linnoila RI, Henry M, Nash JD, Park RC, et al. p53 and Ki-ras gene mutations in epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Cancer Res 1993;53:3103-8.
33. Harlozinska A, Bar JK. Relationship between p53 and c-erbB-2 overexpression in tissue sections and cyst fluid cells of patients with ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 1994;15:223-9.
34. McManus DT, Yap EP, Maxwell P, Russell SE, Toner PG, McGee JO. p53 expression, mutation, and allelic deletion in ovarian cancer. J Pathol 1994;174:159-68.
35. Sheridan E, Silcocks P, Smith J, Hancock BW, Goyns MH. P53 mutation in a series of epithelial ovarian cancers from the U.K., and its prognostic significance. Eur J Cancer 1994;30A:1701-4.
36. Wertheim I, Muto MG, Welch WR, Bell DA, Berkowitz RS, Mok SC. p53 gene mutation in human borderline epithelial ovarian tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1549-51.
37. Hutson R, Ramsdale J, Wells M. p53 protein expression in putative precursor lesions of epithelial ovarian cancer. Histopathology 1995;27: 367-71.
38. Kappes S, Milde-Langosch K, Kressin P, Passlack B, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Rohlke P, et al. p53 mutations in ovarian tumors, detected by temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis, direct sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Int J Cancer 1995;64:52-9.
39. Lee JH, Kang YS, Park SY, Kim BG, Lee ED, Lee KH, et al. p53 mutation in epithelial ovarian carcinoma and borderline ovarian tumor. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1995;85:43-50.
40. Levesque MA, Katsaros D, Yu H, Zola P, Sismondi P, Giardina G, et al. Mutant p53 protein overexpression is associated with poor outcome in patients with well or moderately differentiated ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 1995;75:1327-38.
41. Reles A, Press MF, Schonborn I, Lichtenegger W, Strohmeyer T. Overexpression of p53 protein in ovarian carcinomas: correlation with histopathologic data and clinical course. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 1995;35(Suppl 1):93-7.
42. Goff BA, Shy K, Greer BE, Muntz HG, Skelly M, Gown AM. Overexpression and relationships of HER-2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, p53, Ki-67, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in epithelial ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1996;17:487-92.
43. Skilling JS, Sood A, Niemann T, Lager DJ, Buller RE. An abundance of p53 null mutations in ovarian carcinoma. Oncogene 1996;13:117-23.
44. You Z, Guo Y, Wen H. Mutations of p53 gene exons 5 to 8 in human ovarian cancer and its clinical significance. Chung Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih 1996;31:660-3.
45. Eltabbakh GH, Belinson JL, Kennedy AW, Biscotti CV, Casey G, Tubbs RR, et al. p53 overexpression is not an independent prognostic factor for patients with primary ovarian epithelial cancer. Cancer 1997;80:892-8.
46. Berchuck A, Kohler MF, Hopkins MP, Humphrey PA, Robboy SJ, Rodriguez GC, et al. Overexpression of p53 is not a feature of benign and early-stage borderline epithelial ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 1994;52: 232-6.
47. Eltabbakh GH, Belinson JL, Kennedy AW, Biscotti CV, Casey G, Tubbs RR. p53 and HER-2/neu overexpression in ovarian borderline tumors. Gynecol Oncol 1997;65:218-24.
48. Jacobs IJ, Kohler MF, Wiseman RW, Marks JR, Whitaker R, Kerns BA, et al. Clonal origin of epithelial ovarian carcinoma: analysis by loss of heterozygosity, p53 mutation, and X-chromosome inactivation. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:1793-8.
49. Sood AK, Skilling JS, Buller RE. Ovarian cancer genomic instability correlates with p53 frameshift mutations. Cancer Res 1997;57:1047-9.
50. Glebov OK, McKenzie KE, White CA, Sukumar S. Frequent p53 gene mutations and novel alleles in familial breast cancer. Cancer Res 1994; 54:3703-9.
51. Schildkraut JM, Bastos E, Berchuck A. Relationship between lifetime ovulatory cycles and overexpression of mutant p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:932-8.
52. Risch HA. Re: Relationship between lifetime ovulatory cycles and overexpression of mutant p53 in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1726-7.
53. Harlow BL, Weiss NS, Roth GJ, Chu J, Daling JR. Case-control study of borderline ovarian tumors: reproductive history and exposure to exogenous female hormones. Cancer Res 1988;48:5849-52.
54. Harris R, Whittemore AS, Itnyre J. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. III. Epithelial tumors of low malignant potential in white women. Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:1204-11.
55. Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB. Lactation and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol 1993;22:192-7.
56. Risen HA, Marrett LD, Howe GR. Parity, contraception, infertility, and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:585-97.
57. Harlow SD, Ephross SA. Epidemiology of menstruation and its relevance to women's health. Epidemiol Rev 1995;17:265-86.
58. Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Gentile A. Menstrual factors and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42:443-8.
59. Wynder EL, Dodo H, Barber HR. Epidemiology of cancer of the ovary. Cancer 1969;23:352-70.
60. McGowan L, Parent L, Lednar W, Norris HJ. The woman at risk for developing ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1979;7:325-44.
61. Cramer DW, Hutchison GB, Welch WR, Scully RE, Ryan KJ. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. I. Reproductive experiences and family history. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:711-6.
62. Purdie D, Green A, Bain C, Siskind V, Ward B, Hacker N, et al. Reproductive and other factors and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: an Australian case-control study. Int J Cancer 1995;62:678-84.
63. Kvale G, Heuch I, Nilssen S, Beral V. Reproductive factors and risk of ovarian cancer: a prospective study. Int J Cancer 1988;42:246-51.
64. Mori M, Kiyosawa H, Miyake H. Case-control study of ovarian cancer in Japan. Cancer 1984;53:2746-52.
65. Shu XO, Brinton LA, Gao YT, Yuan JM. Population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer in Shanghai. Cancer Res 1989;49:3670-4.
66. Chen Y, Wu PC, Lang JH, Ge WJ, Hartge P, Brinton LA. Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer in Beijing, China. Int J Epidemiol 1992;21:23-9.
67. Pike MC. Age-related factors in cancers of the breast, ovary, and endometrium. J Chronic Dis 1987;40(Suppl 2):59S-69S.
68. Ries LA, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Kosary CL, Harras A, Edwards BK, editors. SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1991: tables and graphs. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 1994, NIH Publ No. 94-2789.
69. Risch HA, Weiss NS, Lyon JL, Daling JR, Liff JM. Events of reproductive life and the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117:128-39.
70. Salazar H, Godwin AK, Daly MB, Laub PB, Hogan WM, Rosenblum N, et al. Microscopic benign and invasive malignant neoplasms and a cancer-prone phenotype in prophylactic oophorectomies. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:1810-20.
71. Resta L, Russo S, Colucci GA, Prat J. Morphologic precursors of ovarian epithelial tumors. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:181-6.
72. Coulam CB, Annegers JF, Kranz JS. Chronic anovulation syndrome and associated neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 1983;61:403-7.
73. Resta L, De Benedictis G, Scordari MD, Orlando E, Borraccino V, Milillo F. Hyperplasia and metaplasia of ovarian surface epithelium in women with endometrial carcinoma. Suggestion for a hormonal influence in ovarian carcinogenesis. Tumori 1987;73:249-56.
74. Clement PB. Histology of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 1987;11:277-303.
75. Motta PM, Van Blerkom J, Makabe S. Changes in the surface morphology of ovarian 'germinal' epithelium during the reproductive cycle and in some pathological conditions. A correlative three-dimensional analysis by transmission, scanning and high voltage electron microscopy. J Submicrosc Cytol 1980;12:407-25.
76. Godwin AK, Perez RP, Johnson SW, Hamaguchi K, Hamilton TC. Growth regulation of ovarian cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992;6:829-41.
77. Gondos B. Surface epithelium of the developing ovary. Possible correlation with ovarian neoplasia. Am J Pathol 1975;81:303-21.
78. Brenner PF, Mishell DR Jr, Stanczyk FZ, Goebelsmann U. Serum levels of d-norgestrel, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone in women during and following ingestion of combination oral contraceptives containing dl-norgestrel. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:133-40.
79. Gaspard UJ, Romus MA, Gillain D, Duvivier J, Demey-Ponsart E, Franchimont P. Plasma hormone levels in women receiving new oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol plus levonorgestrel or desogestrel. Contraception 1983;27:577-90.
80. Shearman RP. Oral contraceptive agents. Med J Aust 1986;144:201-5.
81. Biskind MS, Biskind GR. Development of tumors in the rat ovary after transplantation into the spleen. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1944;55:176-9.
82. Biskind GR, Biskind MS. Atrophy of ovaries transplanted to the spleen in unilaterally castrated rats: proliferative changes following subsequent removal of intact ovary. Science 1948;108:137-8.
83. Marchant J. The effect of hypophysectomy on the development of ovarian tumours in mice treated with dimethylbenzanthracene. Br J Cancer 1961; 15:821-7.
84. Michael SD, Taguchi O, Nishizuka Y. Changes in hypophyseal hormones associated with accelerated aging and tumorigenesis of the ovaries in neonatally thymectomized mice. Endocrinology 1981;108:2375-80.
85. Murphy ED. Hyperplastic and early neoplastic changes in the ovaries of mice after genie deletion of germ cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972;48: 1283-95.
86. Terada N, Kitamura Y, Namiki M, Kuroda H, Ito M, Takatsuka D, et al. Production of androgens and estrogens by tubular adenomas which developed in ovaries of mutant mice of Sl/Slt genotype. Cancer Res 1984; 44:1827-30.
87. Blaakær J, Bæksted M, Micic S, Albrectsen P, Rygaard J, Bock J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist suppression of ovarian tumorigenesis in mice of the Wx/Wv genotype. Biol Reprod 1995;53:775-9.
88. Lux-Lantos VA, Thyssen SM, Chamson A, Libertun C. Effect of a gonadotropin releasing hormone analog on an experimental ovarian tumor: direct and indirect actions. Life Sci 1995;57:291-300.
89. Cramer DW. Epidemiologic aspects of early menopause and ovarian cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;592:363-75.
90. Clarke EA, Marrett LD, Kreiger N. Twenty years of cancer incidence 1964-1983: the Ontario Cancer Registry. Toronto: The Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation; 1987.
91. Tokuoka S, Kawai K, Shimizu Y, Inai K, Ohe K, Fujikura T, et al. Malignant and benign ovarian neoplasms among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-80. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79:47-57.
92. Carr BR. The ovary. In: Carr BR, Blackwell RE, editors. Textbook of reproductive medicine. Norwalk (CT): Appleton and Lange; 1993. p. 183-207.
93. Chakravarti S, Collins WP, Forecast JD, Newton JR, Oram DH, Studd JW. Hormonal profiles after the menopause. Br Med J 1976;2:784-7.
94. Scaglia H, Medina M, Pinto-Ferreira AL, Vazques G, Gual C, Perez-Palacios G. Pituitary LH and FSH secretion and responsiveness in women of old age. Acta Endocrinol 1976;81:673-9.
95. Blaustein A. Surface (germinal) epithelium and related ovarian neoplasms. Pathol Annu 1981;16 Pt 1:247-94.
96. Rajaniemi H, Kauppila A, Ronnberg L, Selander K, Pystynen P. LH(hCG) receptor in benign and malignant tumors of human ovary. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1981;101:83-6.
97. Osterholzer HO, Streibel EJ, Nicosia SV. Growth effects of protein hormones on cultured rabbit ovarian surface epithelial cells. Biol Reprod 1985;33:247-58.
98. Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, Gordon GB, Longcope C, Bush TL, Hoffman SC, et al. Serum gonadotropins and steroid hormones and the development of ovarian cancer. JAMA 1995;274:1926-30.
99. Guraya SS, Histochemistry of the ovary. In: Motta PM, Hafez ES, editors. Biology of the ovary. New York (NY): Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1980. p. 33-51.
100. Blaustein A, Lee H. Surface cells of the ovary and peritoneum: a histochemical and ultrastructure comparison. Gynecol Oncol 1979;8:34-13.
101. Rembiszewska A, Brynczak A. Steroidogenic activity in surface epithelium of the human ovary. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 1985;23:159-63.
102. Yen SS. Endocrinology of pregnancy. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R, editors. Maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1994, p. 382-412.
103. Gillett WR, Mitchell A, Hurst PR. A scanning electron microscopic study of the human ovarian surface epithelium: characterization of two cell types. Hum Reprod 1991;6:645-50.
104. Kruk PA, Uitto VJ, Firth JD, Dedhar S, Auersperg N. Reciprocal interactions between human ovarian surface epithelial cells and adjacent extracellular matrix. Exp Cell Res 1994;215:97-108.
105. Carcangiu ML, Chambers JT. Sex steroid receptors in gynecologic neoplasms. Pathol Annu 1992;27 Pt 2:121-51.
106. Galli MC, De Giovanni C, Nicoletti G, Grilli S, Nanni P, Prodi G, et al. The occurrence of multiple steroid hormone receptors in disease-free and neoplastic human ovary. Cancer 1981;47:1297-302.
107. Pollow K, Schmidt-Matthiesen A, Hoffmann G, Schweikhart G, Kreienberg R, Manz B, et al. 3H-estradiol and 3H-R5020 binding in cytosols of normal and neoplastic human ovarian tissue. Int J Cancer 1983;31: 603-8.
108. Lantta M. Estradiol and progesterone receptors in normal ovary and ovarian tumors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984;63:497-503.
109. Al-Timimi A, Buckley CH, Fox H. An immunohistochemical study of the incidence and significance of sex steroid hormone binding sites in normal and neoplastic human ovarian tissue. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1985;4:24-41.
110. Punnonen R, Pettersson K, Vanharanta R, Lukola A. Androgen, estrogen and progestin binding in cytosols of benign gynecologic tumors and tumor-like lesions. Horm Metab Res 1985;17:607-9.
111. Toppila M, Tyler JP, Fay R, Baird PJ, Crandon AJ, Eastman CJ, et al. Steroid receptors in human ovarian malignancy. A review of four years tissue collection. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986;93:986-92.
112. Liu J, Rebar RW, Yen SS. Neuroendocrine control of the postpartum period. Clin Perinatol 1983;10:723-36.
113. Luisi M, Franchi F, Argenio GF, Barletta D, Romano MR, Bernini GP, et al. Influence of conjugated oestrogens on circulating oestradiol, oestrone, LH, FSH and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. Int J Tissue React 1981;3:77-81.
114. Annegers JF, Strom H, Decker DG, Dockerty MB, O'Fallon WM. Ovarian cancer: incidence and case-control study. Cancer 1979;43:723-9.
115. Tzonou A, Day NE, Trichopoulos D, Walker A, Saliaraki M, Papapostolou M, et al. The epidemiology of ovarian cancer in Greece: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1984;20:1045-52.
116. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Welch WR, Rosenberg L, Stolley PD, Warshauer ME, et al. Noncontraceptive estrogen use and epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:1142-51.
117. Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Villa A. Estrogen replacement therapy and ovarian cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1994;57:135-6.
118. Rodriguez C, Calle EE, Coates RJ, Miracle-McMahill HL, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. Estrogen replacement therapy and fatal ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:828-35.
119. Purdie D, Green A, Bain C, Siskind V, Ward B, Hacker N, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:S43.
120. Risch HA. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1996;63:254-7.
121. Hoover R, Gray LA Sr, Fraumeni JF Jr. Stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol) and the risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet 1977;2:533-4.
122. Killick S, Eyong E, Elstein M. Ovarian follicular development in oral contraceptive cycles. Fertil Steril 1987;48:409-13.
123. Mishell DR Jr, Thorneycroft IH, Nakamura RM, Nagata Y, Stone SC. Serum estradiol in women ingesting combination oral contraceptive steroids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;114:923-8.
124. Kaufman JM, Thiery M, Vermeulen A. Plasma levels of ethinylestradiol (EE) during cyclic treatment with combined oral contraceptives. Contraception 1981;24:589-602.
125. Humpel M, Tauber U, Kuhnz W, Pfeffer M, Brill K, Heithecker R, et al. Comparison of serum ethinyl estradiol, sex-hormone-binding globulin, corticoid-binding globulin and cortisol levels in women using two low-dose combined oral contraceptives. Horm Res 1990;33:35-9.
126. Dibbelt L, Knuppen R, Jutting G, Heimann S, Klipping CO, ParikkaOlexik H. Group comparison of serum ethinyl estradiol, SHBG and CBG levels in 83 women using two low-dose combination oral contraceptives for three months. Contraception 1991;43:1-21.
127. Zeimet AG, Muller-Holzner E, Marth C, Daxenbichler G. Immunocytochemical versus biochemical receptor determination in normal and tumorous tissues of the female reproductive tract and the breast. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994;49:365-72.
128. Brandenberger AW, Tee MK, Jaffe RB. Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and beta (ER-β) mRNAs in normal ovary, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and ovarian cancer cell lines: down-regulation of ER-β in neoplastic tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:1025-8.
129. Pardridge WM. Serum bioavailability of sex steroid hormones. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;15:259-78.
130. O'Malley BW, Strott CA. Steroid hormones: metabolism and mechanism of action. In: Yen SS, Jaffe RB, editors. Reproductive endocrinology. Physiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. 3rd edition. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1991, p. 156-80.
131. Judd HL, Judd GE, Lucas WE, Yen SS. Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: concentration of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974;39:1020-4.
132. McNatty KP, Makris A, Reinhold VN, De Grazia C, Osathanondh R, Ryan KJ. Metabolism of androstenedione by human ovarian tissues in vitro with particular reference to reductase and aromatase activity. Steroids 1979;34:429-43.
133. Eden JA, Jones J, Carter GD, Alaghband-Zadeh J. Follicular fluid concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha and sex-steroids in volume matched normal and polycystic human follicles. Clin Endocrinol 1990;32:395-405.
134. Mason HD, Willis DS, Beard RW, Winston RM, Margara R, Franks S. Estradiol production by granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries: relationship to menstrual cycle history and concentrations of gonadotropins and sex steroids in follicular fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:1355-60.
135. McNatty KP, Makris A, DeGrazia C, Osathanondh R, Ryan KJ. The production of progesterone, androgens, and estrogens by granulosa cells, thecal tissue, and stromal tissue from human ovaries in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;49:687-99.
136. Rao BR, Slotman BJ. Endocrine factors in common epithelial ovarian cancer. Endocr Rev 1991;12:14-26.
137. Karlan BY, Jones J, Greenwald M, Lagasse LD. Steroid hormone effects on the proliferation of human ovarian surface epithelium in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:97-104.
138. Nakamura M, Katabuchi H, Ohba T, Fukumatsu Y, Okamura H. Isolation, growth and characteristics of human ovarian surface epithelium. Virchows Arch 1994;424:59-67.
139. Silva EG, Tornos C, Pritsche HA Jr, el-Naggar A, Gray K, Ordonez NG, et al. The induction of benign epithelial neoplasms of the ovaries of guinea pigs by testosterone stimulation: a potential animal model. Mod Pathol 1997;10:879-83.
140. Nishizuka Y, Sakakura T, Tsujimura T, Matsumoto K. Steroid biosynthesis in vitro by dysgenetic ovaries induced by neonatal thymectomy in mice. Endocrinology 1973;93:786-92.
141. Schildkraut J, Schwingl PJ, Bastos E, Evanoff A, Hughes C. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88(4 Pt 1):554-9.
142. Insler V, Lunenfeld B. Pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian disease: new insights. Hum Reprod 1991;6:1025-9.
143. Abdel Gadir A, Khatim MS, Mowafi RS, Alnaser HM, Muharib NS, Shaw RW. Implications of ultrasonically diagnosed polycystic ovaries. I. Correlations with basal hormonal profiles. Hum Reprod 1992;7:453-7.
144. Robinson S, Rodin DA, Deacon A, Wheeler MJ, Clayton RN. Which hormone tests for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:232-8.
145. Singh KB, Mahajan DK, Wortsman J. Effect of obesity on the clinical and hormonal characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Reprod Med 1994;39:805-8.
146. Browning MC, Anderson J. Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma testosterone concentration [letter]. Br Med J 1977;1:107.
147. Murphy A, Cropp CS, Smith BS, Burkman RT, Zacur HA. Effect of low-dose oral contraceptive on gonadotropins, androgens, and sex hormone binding globulin in nonhirsute women. Fertil Steril 1990;53: 35-9.
148. van der Vange N, Blankenstein MA, Kloosterboer HJ, Haspels AA, Thijssen JH. Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total and free testosterone. Contraception 1990;41:345-52.
149. Kuhnz W, Sostarek D, Gansau C, Louton T, Mahler M. Single and multiple administration of a new triphasic oral contraceptive to women: pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and free and total testosterone levels in serum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:596-602.
150. Mink PJ, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH. Physical activity, waist-to-hip ratio, and other risk factors for ovarian cancer: a follow-up study of older women. Epidemiology 1996;7:38-45.
151. Evans DJ, Hoffmann RG, Kalkhoff RK, Kissebah AH. Relationship of androgenic activity to body fat topography, fat cell morphology, and metabolic aberrations in premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:304-10.
152. Kaye SA, Folsom AR, Soler JT, Prineas RJ, Potter JD. Associations of body mass and fat distribution with sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20:151-6.
153. Kirschner MA, Samojlik E. Sex hormone metabolism in upper and lower body obesity. Int J Obes 1991;15(Suppl 2):101-8.
154. Luthold WW, Borges MF, Marcondes JAM, Hakohyama M, Wajchenberg BL, Kirschner MA. Serum testosterone fractions in women: normal and abnormal clinical states. Metabolism 1993;42:638-43.
155. Williams DP, Boyden TW, Pamenter RW, Lohman TG, Going SB. Relationship of body fat percentage and fat distribution with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in premenopausal females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:80-5.
156. Ballard-Barbash R. Anthropometry and breast cancer. Body size - a moving target. Cancer 1994;74(3 Suppl):1090-100.
157. De Pergola G, Triggiani V, Giorgino F, Cospite MR, Garruti G, Cignarelli M, et al. The free testosterone to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate molar ratio as a marker of visceral fat accumulation in premenopausal obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994;18:659-64.
158. Barrett-Connor E, Ferrara A. Dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, obesity, waist-hip ratio, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:59-64.
159. Mantzoros CS, Georgiadis EI, Evangelopoulou K, Katsilambros N. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone are independently associated with body fat distribution in premenopausal women. Epidemiology 1996;7:513-6.
160. Lapidus L, Helgesson O, Merck C, Bjorntorp P. Adipose tissue distribution and female carcinomas. A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Int J Obes 1988;12: 361-8.
161. Sonnichsen AC, Lindlacher U, Richter WO, Schwandt P. Obesity, body fat distribution and the incidence of breast, cervical, endometrial and ovarian carcinomas. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1990;115:1906-10.
162. Jaffe RB. Protein hormones of the placenta, decidua, and fetal membranes. In: Yen SS, Jaffe RB, editors. Reproductive endocrinology. Physiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. 3rd edition. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1991. p. 920-35.
163. Ellis J. Low-dose oral contraceptives: progestin potency, androgenicity, and atherogenic potential. Clin Ther 1986;8:607-18.
164. The reduction in risk of ovarian cancer associated with oral contraceptive use. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987;316:650-5.
165. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Zauber AG, Warshauer ME, Lewis JL Jr, Strom BL, et al. A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:654-61.
166. Stubblefield PG. Contraception. In: Copeland LJ, Jarrell JF, McGregor JA, editors. Textbook of gynecology. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1993. p. 156-88.
167. King RJ, Whitehead MI. Assessment of the potency of orally administered progestins in women. Fertil Steril 1986;46:1062-6.
168. Ryder TA, Mobberley MA, Whitehead MI. The endometrial nucleolar channel system as an indicator of progestin potency in HRT. Maturitas 1995;22:31-6.
169. King RJ. Biology of female sex hormone action in relation to contraceptive agents and neoplasia. Contraception 1991;43:527-42.
170. Mishell DR Jr. Pharmacokinetics of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. J Reprod Med 1996;41(5 Suppl):381-90.
171. Liang AP, Lesenson AG, Layde PM, Shelton JD, Hatcher RA, Potts M, et al. Risk of breast, uterine corpus, and ovarian cancer in women receiving medroxyprogesterone injections. JAMA 1983;249:2909-12.
172. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk ot epithelial ovarian cancer. The WHO Collaborate Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1991;49:191-5.
173. Polychronopoulou A, Tzonou A, Hsieh CC, Kaprinis G, Rebelakos A, Toupadaki N, et al. Reproductive variables, tobacco, ethanol, coffee and somatometry as risk factors for ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 1993;55: 402-7.
174. Pukkala E, Poskiparta M, Apter D, Vihko V. Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993; 2:369-76.
175. Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Vetter R, Hoover RN, Tucker M, Engin K, et al. Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control 1993;4:313-21.
176. Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Kuller LH, LeDonne D, Powell JG. The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:1120-31.
177. Newcomb PA, Klein R, Klein BE, Haffner S, Mares-Perlman J, Cruickshanks KJ, et al. Association of dietary and life-style factors with sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology 1995;6:318-21.
178. Bernstein L, Ross RK, Lobo RA, Hanisch R, Krailo MD, Henderson BE. The effects of moderate physical activity on menstrual cycle patterns in adolescence: implications for breast cancer prevention. Br J Cancer 1987; 55:681-5.
179. Keizer HA, Rogol AD. Physical exercise and menstrual cycle alterations. What are the mechanisms? Sports Med 1990;10:218-35.
180. Loucks AB. Effects of exercise training on the menstrual cycle: existence and mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22:275-80.
181. Prior JC, Vigna YM, Schechter MT, Burgess AE. Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1724]. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1221-7.
182. Greene JW. Exercise-induced menstrual irregularities. Compr Ther 1993; 19:116-20.
183. Pirke KM, Schweiger U, Broocks A, Tuschl RJ, Laessle RG. Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone secretion patterns in female athletes with and without menstrual disturbances. Clin Endocrinol 1990; 33:345-53.
184. Beitins IZ, McArthur JW, Turnbull BA, Skrinar GS, Bullen BA. Exercise induces two types of human luteal dysfunction: confirmation by urinary free progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:1350-8.
185. Ellison PT, Lager C. Moderate recreational running is associated with lowered salivary progesterone profiles in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986;154:1000-3.
186. Mathor MB, Achado SS, Wajchenberg BL, Germek OA. Free plasma testosterone levels during the normal menstrual cycle. J Endocrinol Invest 1985;8:437-41.
187. Mathur RS, Neff MR, Landgrebe SC, Moody LO, Kirk RF, Gadsden RH Sr, et al. Time-related changes in the plasma concentrations of prolactin, gonadotropins, sex hormone-binding globulin, and certain steroid hormones in female runners after a long-distance race. Fertil Steril 1986;46: 1067-70.
188. McKenna NJ, Kieback DG, Carney DN, Fanning M, McLinden J, Headon DR. A germline TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene in ovarian carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1995;71: 451-5.
189. Manolitsas TP, Englefield P, Eccles DM, Campbell IG. No association of a 306-bp insertion polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene with ovarian and breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1997;75:1398-9.
190. Nylander PP. Serum levels of gonadotrophins in relation to multiple pregnancy in Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1973;80:651-3.
191. Martin NG, Olsen ME, Theile H, El Beaini JL, Handelsman D, Bhatnagar AS. Pituitary-ovarian function in mothers who have had two sets of dizygotic twins. Fertil Steril 1984;41:878-80.
192. Martin NG, Robertson DM, Chenevix-Trench G, de Kretser DM, Osborne J, Burger HG. Elevation of follicular phase inhibin and luteinizing hormone levels in mothers of dizygotic twins suggests nonovarian control of human multiple of ovulation. Fertil Steril 1991;56:469-74.
193. Lambakl CB, Boomsma DI, De Boer L, De Koning CH, Schoute E, Popp-Snijders C, et al. Increased levels and pulsatility of follicle-stimulating hormone in mothers of hereditary dizygotic twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:481-6.
194. Thomas HV, Murphy MF, Key TJ, Fentiman IS, Allen DS, Kinlen LJ. Pregnancy and menstrual hormone levels in mothers of twins compared to mothers of singletons. Ann Hum Biol 1998;25:69-75.
195. Gilfillan CP, Robertson DM, Burger HG, Leoni MA, Hurley VA, Martin NG. The control of mutation in mothers of dizygotic twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1557-62.
196. Wyshak G, Honeyman MS, Flannery JT, Beck AS. Cancer in mothers of dizygotic twins. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;70:593-9.
197. Urwin VE, Allen WR. Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and progesterone concentrations in the blood of thoroughbred mares exhibiting single and twin ovulations. Equine Vet J 1983;15:325-9.
198. Batra S, Sjoberg NO, Aberg A. Human placental lactogen, estradiol-17β. and progesterone levels in the third trimester and their respective values for detecting twin pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1478;131:69-72.
199. Jawan B, Lee JH, Chong ZK, Chang CS. Spread of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in singleton and twin pregnancies. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70:639-41.
200. Yong EL, Baird DT, Yates R, Reichert LE Jr, Hillier SG. Hormonal regulation of the growth and steroidogenic function of human granulosa cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:842-9.
201. Garzo VG, Dorrington JH. Aromatase activity in human granulosa cells during follicular development and the modulation by follicle-stimulating hormone and insulin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:657-62.
202. Dorrington JH, Bendell JJ, Lobb DK. Aromatase activity in granulosa cells: regulation by growth factors. Steroids 1987;50:411-21.
203. Poretsky L, Glover B, Laumas V, Kalin M, Dunaif A. The effects of experimental hyperinsulinemia on steroid secretion, ovarian [1251]insulin binding, and ovarian [125I]insulin-like growth-factor I binding in the rat. Endocrinology 1988;122:581-5.
204. Erickson GF, Garzo VG, Magoffin DA. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulates aromatase activity in human granulosa and granulosa luteal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:716-24.
205. Saragueta P, Krimer AR, Charreau EH, Tesone M. Insulin regulation of steroidogenic activity in rat culture luteal cells. J Steroid Biochem 1989; 32:393-7.
206. Erickson GF, Garzo VG, Magoffin DA. Progesterone production by human granulosa cells cultured in serum free medium: effects of gonadotrophins and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Hum Reprod 1991;6: 1074-81.
207. Costrici N, Lunenfeld B, Pariente C, Dor J, Rabinovici J, Kanety H, et al. Induction of aromatase in human granulosa cells by both follicle stimulating hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I involves tyrosine phosphorylation. Gynecol Endocrinol 1994;8:183-9.
208. Nyholm H, Djursing H, Hagen C, Agner T, Bennett P, Svenstrup B. Androgens and estrogens in postmenopausal insulin-treated diabetic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:946-9.
209. Henry RR. Glucose control and insulin resistance in nun-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1996;124(1 Pt 2):97-103.
210. Taylor SI, Dons RF, Hernandez E, Roth J, Gorden P. Insulin resistance associated with androgen excess in women with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:851-5.
211. Barbieri RL, Smith S, Ryan KJ. The role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of ovarian hyperandrogenism. Fertil Steril 1988;50: 197-212.
212. Toscano V, Bianchi P, Balducci R, Guglielmi R, Mangiantini A, Lubrano C, et al. Lack of linear relationship between hyperinsulinaemia and hyperandrogenism. Clin Endocrinol 1992;36:197-202.
213. Walker M. Obesity, insulin resistance, and its link to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1995;44(9 Suppl 3):18-20.
214. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Fasting plasma glucose levels and endogenous androgens in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. Clin Sci 1991; 80:199-203.
215. Wajchenberg BL, Marcondes JA, Mathor MB, Achando SS, Germak OA, Kirschner MA. Free testosterone levels during the menstrual cycle in obese versus normal women. Fertil Steril 1989;51:535-7.
216. Westhoff C, Gentile G, Lee J, Zacur H, Helbig D. Predictors of ovarian steroid secretion in reproductive-age women. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144: 381-8.
217. Seidell JC, Cigolini M, Deurenberg P, Oosterlee A, Doornbos G. Fat distribution, androgens, and metabolism in nonobese women. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:269-73.
218. Adashi EY. Insulin and related peptides in hyperandrogenism. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1991;34:872-81.
219. Buffington CK, Givens JR, Kitabchi AE. Enhanced adrenocortical activity as a contributing factor to diabetes in hyperandrogenic women. Metabolism 1994;43:584-90.
220. Dunaif A. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS): a unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1995;98:33S-39S.
221. Ehrmann DA, Sturis J, Byrne MM, Karrison T, Rosenfield RL, Polonsky KS. Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1995;96:520-7.
222. O'Mara BA, Byers T, Schoenfeld E. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: a multisite case-control study. J Chronic Dis 1985;38:435-41.
223. Adami HO, McLaughlin J, Ekbom A, Berne C, Silverman D, Hacker D, et al. Cancer risk in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cancer Causes Control 1991;2:307-14.
224. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, D'Avanzo B, Boyle P. A case-control study of diabetes mellitus and cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1994;70: 950-3.
225. Ragozzino M, Melton LJ 3d, Chu CP, Palumbo PJ. Subsequent cancer risk in the incidence cohort of Rochester, Minnesota, residents with diabetes mellitus. J Chronic Dis 1982;35:13-9.
226. Kessler II. Cancer mortality among diabetics. J Natl Cancer Inst 1970; 44:673-86.
227. Lau H-U, Petschelt E, Poehls H, Pollex G, Unger HH, Zegenhagen V. An epidemiological study of cancer of the ovary. Arch Geschwulstforsch 1977;47:57-66.
228. Byers T, Marshall J, Graham S, Mettlin C, Swanson M. A case-control study of dietary and nondietary factors in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71:681-6.
229. Hartge P, Schiffman MH, Hoover R, McGowan L, Lesher L, Norris HJ. A case-control study of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:10-6.
230. Levine W, Dyer AR, Shekelle RB, Schoenberger JA, Stamler J. Post-load plasma glucose and cancer mortality in middle-aged men and women. 12-year follow-up findings of the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131:254-62.
231. Adler AI, Weiss NS, Kamb ML, Lyon JL. Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for ovarian cancer? A case-control study in Utah and Washington (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1996;7:475-8.
232. Wideroff L, Gridley G, Mellemkjaer L, Chow WH, Linet M, Keehn S, et al. Cancer incidence in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized with diabetes mellitus in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1360-5.
233. Koch M, Jenkins H, Gaedke H. Risk factors for ovarian cancer of epithelial origin: a case control study. Cancer Detect Prev 1988;13:131-6.
234. Slattery ML, Schuman KL, West DW, French TK, Robison LM. Nutrient intake and ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:497-502.
235. Cramer DW, Welch WR, Hutchison GB, Willett W, Scully RE. Dietary animal fat in relation to ovarian cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 1984;63: 833-8.
236. Lew EA, Garfinkel L. Variations in mortality by weight among 750 000 men and women. J Chronic Dis 1979;32:563-76.
237. Moller H, Mellemgaard A, Lindvig K, Olsen JH. Obesity and cancer risk: a Danish record-linkage study. Eur J Cancer 1994;30A:344-50.