Kinetics and active surfaces for co oxidation on pt-group metals under oxygen rich conditions

Topics in Catalysis

Volumn 56, Issue 15-17, 2013, Pages 1299-1313

  Chen, Mingshu ^a   Zheng, Yanping ^a   Wan, Huilin ^a  

^a XIAMEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Active surface; Chemisorbed oxygen; CO oxidation; In situ characterization; Palladium; Platinum; Rhodium; Surface oxide

Indexed keywords

CATALYSTS; CHEMISORPTION; MASS TRANSFER; METALLIC COMPOUNDS; OXIDATION; PALLADIUM; PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; PLATINUM; REACTION RATES; RHODIUM; SURFACE MEASUREMENT; X RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY; X RAY DIFFRACTION;

ACTIVE SURFACES; CHEMISORBED OXYGEN; CO OXIDATION; IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION; SURFACE OXIDE;

OXYGEN;

EID: 84925503467     PISSN: 10225528     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0140-0     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Langmuir I (1922) The mechanism of the catalytic action of platinum in the reactions 2CO + O2 = 2CO2 and 2H2 + O 2 = 2H2O. Trans Faraday Soc 17:621-654
2. Berlowitz PJ, Peden CHF, Goodman DW (1988) Kinetics of CO oxidation on single-crystal Pd, Pt, and Ir. J Phys Chem 92(18):5213-5221
3. Rodriguez JA, Goodman DW (1991) High-pressure catalytic reactions over single-crystal metal-surfaces. Surf Sci Rep 14(1-2):1-107
4. Somorjai GA, McCrea KR (2000) Sum frequency generation: surface vibrational spectroscopy studies of catalytic reactions on metal single-crystal surfaces. Adv Catal 45:385-483
5. Cant NW, Angove DE (1986) The origin of apparent deactivation during the oxidation of carbon monoxide over silica-supported platinum at moderate temperatures. J Catal 97(1):36-42
6. Kummer JT (1986) Use of noble-metals in automobile exhaust catalysts. J Phys Chem 90(20):4747-4752
7. Jones Z, Bennett RA, Bowker M (1999) CO oxidation on Pd(110): a high-resolution XPS and molecular beam study. Surf Sci 439(1-3):235-248
8. Liu J, Xu M, Zaera F (1996) Determination of the rate limiting step in the oxidation of CO on Pt(111) surfaces. Catal Lett 37(1-2):9-13
9. Schalow T, Brandt B, Laurin M, Schauermann S, Libuda J, Freund HJ (2006) CO oxidation on partially oxidized Pd nanoparticles. J Catal 242(1):58-70
10. Penner S, Bera P, Pedersen S, Ngo LT, Harris JJW, Campbell CT (2006) Interactions of O2 with Pd nanoparticles on alpha-Al 2O3(0001) at low and high O2 pressures. J Phys Chem 110(48):24577-24584
11. Gabasch H, Knop-Gericke A, Schlogl R, Borasio M, Weilach C, Rupprechter G, Penner S, Jenewein B, Hayek K, Klotzer B (2007) Comparison of the reactivity of different Pd-O species in CO oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9(4):533-540
12. Engel T, Ertl G (1979) Elementary steps in the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum metals. Adv Catal 28:1-78
13. Campbell CT, Ertl G, Kuipers H, Segner J (1980) A molecular-beam study of the catalytic-oxidation of CO on a Pt(111) surface. J Chem Phys 73(11):5862-5873
14. Xu JZ, Yates JT (1993) Catalytic-oxidation of CO on Pt(335) - a study of the active-site. J Chem Phys 99(1):725-732
15. Chen MS, Cai Y, Yan Z, Gath KK, Axnanda S, Goodman DW (2007) Highly active surfaces for CO oxidation on Rh, Pd, and Pt. Surf Sci 601(23):5326-5331
16. Su XC, Cremer PS, Shen YR, Somorjai GA (1997) High-pressure CO oxidation on Pt(111) monitored with infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG). J Am Chem Soc 119(17):3994-4000
17. Ackermann MD, Pedersen TM, Hendriksen BLM, Robach O, Bobaru SC, Popa I, Quiros C, Kim H, Hammer B, Ferrer S, Frenken JWM (2005) Structure and reactivity of surface oxides on Pt(110) during catalytic CO oxidation. Phys Rev Lett 95(25):255505
18. Chen MS, Wang XV, Zhang LH, Tang ZY, Wan HL (2010) Active surfaces for CO oxidation on palladium in the hyperactive state. Langmuir 26(23):18113-18118
19. Zhdanov VP, Kasemo B (1997) Kinetics of rapid heterogeneous reactions on the nanometer scale. J Catal 170(2):377-389
20. Anderson JA (1991) CO oxidation on Rh/Al2O3 catalysts. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 87(24):3907-3911
21. Haruta M, Yamada N, Kobayashi T, Iijima S (1989) Au catalysts prepared by coprecipitation for low-temperature oxidation of hydrogen and of carbon-monoxide. J Catal 115(2):301-309
22. Valden M, Lai X, Goodman DW (1998) Onset of catalytic activity of gold clusters on titania with the appearance of nonmetallic properties. Science 281(5383):1647-1650
23. Chen MS, Goodman DW (2004) The structure of catalytically active Au on titania. Science 306(5694):252-255
24. Campbell CT (2004) The active site in nanoparticle Au catalysis. Science 306(5694):234-235
25. Chen MS, Goodman DW (2006) Catalytically active gold: from nano-particles to ultra-thin films. Acc Chem Res 39(10):739-746
26. Chen MS, Goodman DW (2006) Active structure of supported Au catalysts. Catal Today 111(1):22-33
27. Gao F, Goodman DW (2012) Reaction kinetics and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy investigations of CO oxidation over planar Pt-group model catalysts. Langmuir 26(21):16540-16551
28. Gao F, Cai Y, Gath KK, Wang Y, Chen, Guo QL, Goodman DW (2009) CO oxidation on Pt-group metals from ultrahigh vacuum to near atmospheric pressures. 1. Rhodium. J Phys Chem C 113(1):182-192
29. Gao F, Wang Y, Cai Y, Goodman DW (2009) CO oxidation on Pt-group metals from ultrahigh vacuum to near atmospheric pressures. 2. Palladium and platinum. J Phys Chem C 113(1):174-181
30. Gao F, McClure SM, Cai Y, Gath KK, Wang Y, Chen MS, Guo QL, Goodman DW (2009) CO oxidation trends on Pt-group metals from ultrahigh vacuum to near atmospheric pressures: a combined in situ PM-IRAS and reaction kinetics study. Surf Sci 603(1):65-70
31. Gao F, Wang Y, Goodman DW (2010) Reply to Comment on "CO oxidation on Pt group metals from ultrahigh vacuum to near atmospheric pressures II. Palladium and platinum". J Phys Chem C 114(14):6874
32. Gao F, McClure S, Chen MS, Goodman DW (2010) Comment on "Catalytic activity of the Rh surface oxide: CO oxidation over Rh(111) under realistic conditions". J Phys Chem C 114(50):22369-22371
33. Salmeron M, Brewer L, Somorjai GA (1981) The structure and stability of surface platinum oxide and of oxides of other noble-metals. Surf Sci 112(3):207-228
34. Bennett RA, Poulston S, Jones IZ, Bowker M (1998) High-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy studies of oxygen-induced reconstructions of Pd(110). Surf Sci 401(1):72-81
35. Carlisle CI, Fujimoto T, Sim WS, King DA (2000) Atomic imaging of the transition between oxygen chemisorption and oxide film growth on Ag(111). Surf Sci 470(1-2):15-31
36. Lundgren E, Kresse G, Klein C, Borg M, Andersen JN, Santis MD, Gauthier Y, Konvicka C, Schmid M, Varga P (2002) Two-dimensional oxide on Pd(111). Phys Rev Lett 88(24):246103
37. Zheng G, Altman EI (2002) The oxidation mechanism of Pd(100). Surf Sci 504:253-270
38. Chen MS, Santra AK, Goodman DW (2004) Structure of thin SiO2 films grown on Mo(112). Phys Rev B 69(15):155404
39. Gustafson J, Mikkelsen A, Borg M, Andersen JN, Lundgren E, Klein C, Hofer W, Schmid M, Varga P, Kohler L, Kresse G, Kasper N, Stierle A, Dosch H (2005) Structure of a thin oxide film on Rh(100). Phys Rev B 71(11):115442
40. Stierle A, Kasper N, Dosch H, Lundgren E, Gustafson J, Mikkelsen A, Andersen JN (2005) A surface X-ray study of the structure and morphology of the oxidized Pd(001) surface. J Chem Phys 122(4):044706
41. Zemlyanov D, Aszalos-Kiss B, Kleimenov E, Teschner D, Zafeiratos S, Havecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Schlogl R, Gabasch H, Unterberger W, Hayek K, Koltzer B (2006) In-situ XPS study of Pd(111) oxidation. Part 1: 2D oxide formation in 10-3 mbar O2. Surf Sci 600(5):983-994
42. Campbell CT (2006) Transition metal oxides: extra thermodynamic stability as thin films. Phys Rev Lett 96(6):066106
43. Chen MS, Goodman DW (2006) The structure of monolayer SiO2 on Mo(112): a 2-D[Si-O-Si] network or isolated [SiO4] units? Surf Sci 600(19):L255-L259
44. Chen MS, Goodman DW (2005) An investigation of the TiO x -SiO2/Mo(112) interface. Surf Sci 574(2-3):259-268
45. Hendriksen BLM, Frenken JWM (2002) CO oxidation on Pt(110): scanning tunneling microscopy inside a high-pressure flow reactor. Phys Rev Lett 89(4):046101
46. Chung JY, Aksoy F, Grass ME, Kondoh H, Ross JP, Liu Z, Mun BS (2009) In-situ study of the catalytic oxidation of CO on a Pt(110) surface using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surf Sci 603(5):L35-L38
47. Gustafson J, Westerstroem R, Mikkelsen A, Torrelles X, Balmes O, Bovet N, Andersen JN, Baddeley CJ, Lundgren E (2008) Sensitivity of catalysis to surface structure: the example of CO oxidation on Rh under realistic conditions. Phys Rev B 78(4):045423
48. Gustafson J, Westerstrom R, Balmes O, Resta A, van Rijn R, Torrelles X, Herbschleb CT, Frenken JWM, Lundgren E (2010) Catalytic activity of the Rh surface oxide: CO oxidation over Rh(111) under realistic conditions. J Phys Chem C 114(10):4580-4583
49. Gustafson J, Westerstrom R, Resta A, Mikkelsen A, Andersen JN, Balmes O, Torrelles X, Schmid M, Varga P, Hammer B, Kresse G, Baddeley CJ, Lundgren E (2009) Structure and catalytic reactivity of Rh oxides. Catal Today 145(3-4):227-235
50. van Rijn R, Balmes O, Resta A, Wermeille D, Westerstrom R, Gustafson J, Felici R, Lundgren E, Frenken JWM (2011) Surface structure and reactivity of Pd(100) during CO oxidation near ambient pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13(29):13167-13171
51. Hendriksen BLM, Ackermann MD, van Rijn R, Stoltz D, Popa I, Balmes O, Resta A, Wermeille D, Felici R, Ferrer S, Frenken JWM (2010) The role of steps in surface catalysis and reaction oscillations. Nat Mater 2(9):730-734
52. Nehasil V, Stará I, Matolín V (1996) Size effect study of carbon monoxide oxidation by Rh surfaces. Surf Sci 352:305-309
53. Stará I, Nehasil V, Matolín V (1995) The influence of particle-size on CO oxidation on Pd alumina model catalyst. Surf Sci 331(1):173-177
54. Matolin V, Gillet E (1986) The surface diffusion in CO oxidation on small supported Pd particles: experimental evidence. Surf Sci Lett 166(1):L115-L118
55. Christou SY, Efstathiou AM (2007) Effects of Pd particle size on the rates of oxygen back-spillover and CO oxidation under dynamic oxygen storage and release measurements over Pd/CeO2 catalysts. Top Catal 42-43(1-4):351-355
56. Wang ZW, Li B, Chen MS, Weng WZ, Wan HL (2010) Size and support effects for CO oxidation on supported Pd catalysts. Sci China Chem 53(9):2047-2056
57. Jin MS, Liu HY, Zhang H, Xie ZX, Liu JY, Xia YN (2011) Synthesis of Pd nanocrystals enclosed by {100} facets and with sizes < 10 nm for application in CO oxidation. Nano Res 4(1):83-91
58. Chen XN, Chen JY, Zhao Y, Chen MS, Wan HL (2012) Effect of dispersion on catalytic performance of supported Pt catalysts for CO oxidation. Chin J Catal 33(12):1901-1905
59. Fu Q, Li WX, Yao YX, Liu HY, Su HY, Ma D, Gu XK, Chen LM, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang B, Bao XH (2010) Interface-confined ferrous centers for catalytic oxidation. Science 328(5982):1141-1144
60. Tian N, Zhou ZY, Sun SG, Ding Y, Wang ZL (2007) Synthesis of tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystals with high-index facets and high electro-oxidation activity. Science 316(5825):732-735
61. Bell AT (2003) The impact of nanoscience on heterogeneous catalysis. Science 299(5613):1688-1691
62. Shaikhutdinov S, Freund H (2012) Ultrathin oxide films on metal supports: structure-reactivity relations. J Annu Rev Phys Chem 63:619-633
63. Toyoshima R, Yoshida M, Monya Y, Suzuki K, Mun BS, Amemiya K, Mase K, Kondoh H (2012) Active surface oxygen for catalytic CO oxidation on Pd(100) proceeding under near ambient pressure conditions. J Phys Chem Lett 3(21):3182-3187
64. Toyoshima R, Yoshida M, Monya Y, Kousa Y, Suzuki K, Abe H, Mun BS, Mase K, Amemiya K, Kondoh H (2012) In-situ ambient pressure XPS study of CO oxidation reaction on Pd(111) surfaces. J Phys Chem C 116(35):18691-18697
65. Grass ME, Zhang YW, Butcher DR, Park JY, Li YM, Bluhm H, Bratlie KM, Zhang TF, Somorjai GA (2008) A reactive oxide overlayer on rhodium nanoparticles during CO oxidation and its size dependence studied by in situ ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 47(46):8893-8896
66. Gustafson J, Mikkelsen A, Borg M, Lundgren E, Kohler L, Kresse G, Schmid M, Varga P, Yuhara J, Torrelles X, Quiros C, Andersen JN (2004) Self-limited growth of a thin oxide layer on Rh(111). Phys Rev Lett 92(12):126102
67. Gustafson J, Westerstrom R, Balmes O, Resta A, van Rijn R, Torrelles X, Herbsehleb CT, Frenken JWM, Lundgren E (2010) Reply to "Comment on 'Catalytic activity of the Rh surface oxide: CO oxidation over Rh(111) under realistic conditions' ". J Phys Chem C 114(50):22372-22373
68. Alayon EMC, Singh J, Nachtegaal M, Harfouche M, van Bokhoven JA (2009) On highly active partially oxidized platinum in carbon monoxide oxidation over supported platinum catalysts. J Catal 263(2):228-238
69. Ligthart DAJM, van Santen RA, Hensen EJM (2011) Supported rhodium oxide nanoparticles as highly active CO oxidation catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(23):5306-5310
70. Singh J, van Bokhoven JA (2010) Structure of alumina supported platinum catalysts of different particle size during CO oxidation using in situ IR and HERFD XAS. Catal Today 155(3-4):199-205
71. Singh J, Nachtegaal M, Alayon EMC, Stotzel J, van Bokhoven JA (2010) Dynamic structure changes of a heterogeneous catalyst within a reactor: oscillations in CO oxidation over a supported platinum catalyst. ChemCatChem 2(6):653-657
72. Kliche G (1985) Far-infrared reflection spectra of PdO, PdS, PdSe and PtS. Infrared Phys 25(1-2):381-383
73. McBride JR, Hass KC, Weber WH (1991) Resonance-Raman and lattice-dynamics studies of single-crystal PdO. Phys Rev B 44(10):5016-5028
74. Frank M, Wolter K, Magg N, Heemeier M, Kuhnemuth R, Baumer M, Freund H (2001) Phonons of clean and metal-modified oxide films: an infrared and HREELS study. Surf Sci 492(3):270-284
75. Imbihl R, Demuth JE (1986) Adsorption of oxygen on a Pd(111) surface studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Surf Sci 173(2-3):395-410
76. Stuve EM, Madix RJ (1984) CO oxidation on Pd(100): a study of the coadsorption of oxygen and carbon monoxide. Surf Sci 146(1):155-178
77. Hinojosa JA, Kan HH, Weaver JF (2008) Molecular chemisorption of O 2 on a PdO(101) thin film on Pd(111). J Phys Chem C 112(22):8324-8331
78. Kostelník P, Seriani N, Kresse G, Mikkelsen A, Lundgren E, Blum V, Šikola T, Varga P, Schmid M (2007) The Pd(100)-(5 × 5)R27 surface oxide: a LEED, DFT and STM study. Surf Sci 601(6):1574-1581
79. Zheng G, Altman EI (2000) The oxidation of Pd(111). Surf Sci 462(1-3):151-168
80. Chen MS et al (unpublished data)
81. Deshlahra P, Pfeifer K, Bernstein GH, Wolf EE (2011) CO adsorption and oxidation studies on nanofabricated model catalysts using multilayer enhanced IRAS technique. Appl Catal A 391(1-2):22-30
82. van Rijn R, Balmes O, Felici R, Gustafson J, Wermeille D, Westerström R, Lundgren E, Frenken JWM (2010) Comment on "CO oxidation on Pt-group metals from ultrahigh vacuum to near atmospheric pressures. 2. Palladium and platinum". J Phys Chem C 114(14):6875-6876
83. Engel T, Ertl G (1978) A molecular beam investigation of the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on palladium(111). J Chem Phys 69(3):1267-1281
84. Goodman DW, Peden CHF (1986) Carbon monoxide oxidation over rhodium and ruthenium: a comparative study. J Phys Chem 90(20):4839-4843
85. Xu X, Goodman DW (1993) An infrared and kinetic study of carbon monoxide oxidation on model silica-supported palladium catalysts from 10-9 to 15 Torr. J Phys Chem 97(29):7711-7718
86. Xu M, Liu J, Zaera F (1996) Kinetic evidence for the dependence of surface reaction rates on the distribution of reactants on the surface. J Chem Phys 104(21):8825-8828
87. Zaera F, Liu J, Xu M (1997) Isothermal study of the kinetics of carbon monoxide oxidation on Pt(111): rate dependence on surface coverages. J Chem Phys 106(10):4204-4215
88. Zheng G, Altman EI (2002) The reactivity of surface oxygen phases on Pd(100) toward reduction by CO. J Phys Chem B 106(5):1048-1057
89. Gerrard AL, Weaver JF (2005) Kinetics of CO oxidation on high-concentration phases of atomic oxygen on Pt(111). J Chem Phys 123(22):224703
90. Butcher DR, Grass ME, Zeng ZH, Aksoy F, Bluhm H, Li WX, Mun BS, Somorjai GA, Liu Z (2011) In-situ oxidation study of Pt(110) and its interaction with CO. J Am Chem Soc 133(50):20319-20325
91. Huang WX, Zhai RS, Bao XH (2000) Investigation of oxygen adsorption on Pd(100) with defects. Appl Surf Sci 158(3-4):287-291
92. Shumbera RB, Kan HH, Weaver JF (2007) Oxidation of Pt(100)-hex-R0.7 degrees by gas-phase oxygen atoms. Surf Sci 601(1):235-246
93. Stierle A (2009) Oxidation of palladium: from single crystal surfaces towards nanoparticles. Int J Mater Res 100(10):1308-1317
94. Westerstroem R, Weststrate CJ, Gustafson J, Mikkelsen A, Schnadt J, Andersen JN, Lundgren E, Seriani N, Mittendorfer F, Kresse G, Stierle A (2009) Lack of surface oxide layers and facile bulk oxide formation on Pd(110). Phys Rev B 80(12):12543
95. Krasnikov SA, Murphy S, Berdunov N, McCoy AP, Radican K, Shvets IV (2010) Self-limited growth of triangular PtO2 nanoclusters on the Pt(111) surface. Nanotechnology 21(33):335301
96. Becker U, Shirley DA (1996) VUV and soft X-ray photoionization. Plenum, New York
97. Hanley L, Guo XC, Yates JT (1989) Photolysis of chemisorbed dioxygen on Pd(111) - dependence on photon energy. J Chem Phys 91(11):7220-7227
98. White JM (1998) Using photons and electrons to drive surface chemical reactions. J Mol Catal A 131(1-3):71-90
99. Sato H (2001) Photodissociation of simple molecules in the gas phase. Chem Rev 101(9):2687-2725
100. Ho W (1994) Surface photochemistry. Surf Sci 299(1-3):996-1007
101. Butler LJ, Neumark DM (1996) Photodissociation dynamics. J Phys Chem 100(31):12801-12816
102. Tripa CE, Arumaninayagam CR, Yates JT (1996) Kinetics measurements of CO photo-oxidation on Pt(111). J Chem Phys 105(4):1691-1696
103. Hasselbrink E, Hirayama H, Demeijere A, Weik F, Wolf M, Ertl G (1992) Photodissociation and photodesorption of O2 adsorbed on Pd(111). Surf Sci 269:235-246
104. Riedel D, Perdigao LMA, Hernandez-Pozos JL, Guo Q, Palmer RE, Foord JS, Kolasinski KW (2002) Surface photochemistry induced by ultrafast pulses of vacuum ultraviolet light: physisorbed oxygen on graphite. Phys Rev B 66(23):233405
105. Lu Y, He ZX, Cutler JN, Southworth SH, Stolte WC, Samson JAR (1998) Dissociative photoionization study of O2. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 94(1-2):135-147
106. Lin JJ, Hwang DW, Lee YT, Yang XM (1998) Photodissociation of O 2 at 157 nm: experimental observation of anisotropy mixing in the O2 + hv → O(3P) + O(3P) channel. J Chem Phys 109(5):1758-1762
107. Tonokura K, Shafer N, Matsumi Y, Kawasaki M (1991) Photodissociation of oxygen molecules at 226 nm in the Herzberg I system. J Chem Phys 95(5):3394-3398
108. Wills AA, Cafolla AA, Comer J (1991) The production of autoionizing states of atomic oxygen by the photodissociation of O2. J Phys B 24(18):3989-4000
109. Meng Y, Von Dreele RB, Toby BH, Chow P, Hu MY, Shen GY, Mao HK (2006) Hard X-ray radiation induced dissociation of N2 and O2 molecules and the formation of ionic nitrogen oxide phases under pressure. Phys Rev B 74(21):214107
110. Sorokin AA, Bobashev SV, Tiedtke K, Richter M (2006) Multi-photon ionization of molecular nitrogen by femtosecond soft X-ray FEL pulses. J Phys B 39(14):L299-L304
111. Kim YS, Bostwick A, Rotenberg E, Ross PN, Hong SC, Mun BS (2010) The study of oxygen molecules on Pt(111) surface with high resolution X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 133(3):034501
112. Weng WZ, Wan HL, Li JM, Cao ZX (2004) Laser-induced formation of metal-peroxide linkages on the surface of lanthanum sesquioxide under. Angew Chem Int Ed 43(8):975-977
113. Miller DJ, Oberg H, Kaya S, Casalongue HS, Friebel D, Anniyev T, Ogasawara H, Bluhm H, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A (2011) Oxidation of Pt(111) under near-ambient conditions. Phys Rev Lett 107(19):195502
114. Dumbuya K, Cabailh G, Lazzari R, Jupille J, Ringel L, Pistor M, Lytken O, Steinruck HP, Gottfried JM (2012) Evidence for an active oxygen species on Au/TiO2(110) model catalysts during investigation with in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Catal Today 181(1):20-25
115. Seader JD, Henley EJ (1998) Separation process principles. Wiley, New York