메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 112, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 3674-3679

Environments and trypanosomiasis risks for early herders in the later Holocene of the Lake Victoria basin, Kenya

Author keywords

Archaeology; Carbon isotopes; East Africa; Food production; Livestock disease

Indexed keywords

STABLE ISOTOPE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBON;

EID: 84925434839     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423953112     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (35)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 0036622707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa
    • Marshall F, Hildebrand E (2002) Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa. J World Prehist 16(2):99-143.
    • (2002) J World Prehist , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-143
    • Marshall, F.1    Hildebrand, E.2
  • 2
    • 0000933275 scopus 로고
    • Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa
    • Smith AB (1992) Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa. Annu Rev Anthropol 21:125-141.
    • (1992) Annu Rev Anthropol , vol.21 , pp. 125-141
    • Smith, A.B.1
  • 3
    • 54649084649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The First Herders at the Cape of Good Hope
    • Sadr K (1998) The First Herders at the Cape of Good Hope. Afr Archaeol Rev 15(15):101-132.
    • (1998) Afr Archaeol Rev , vol.15 , Issue.15 , pp. 101-132
    • Sadr, K.1
  • 4
    • 84863839456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Of sheep and men": Earliest direct evidence of caprine domestication in southern Africa at Leopard Cave (Erongo, Namibia)
    • Pleurdeau D, et al. (2012) "Of sheep and men": Earliest direct evidence of caprine domestication in southern Africa at Leopard Cave (Erongo, Namibia). PLoS ONE 7(7):e40340.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. e40340
    • Pleurdeau, D.1
  • 5
    • 84897979695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic origins of lactase persistence and the spread of pastoralism in Africa
    • Ranciaro A, et al. (2014) Genetic origins of lactase persistence and the spread of pastoralism in Africa. Am J Hum Genet 94(4):496-510.
    • (2014) Am J Hum Genet , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 496-510
    • Ranciaro, A.1
  • 7
    • 49449112665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa
    • Henn BM, et al. (2008) Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(31):10693-10698.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.105 , Issue.31 , pp. 10693-10698
    • Henn, B.M.1
  • 10
    • 0001952967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal disease challenges to the emergence of pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa
    • Gifford-Gonzalez DP (2000) Animal disease challenges to the emergence of pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr Archaeol Rev 17(3):95-139.
    • (2000) Afr Archaeol Rev , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 95-139
    • Gifford-Gonzalez, D.P.1
  • 14
    • 84973037794 scopus 로고
    • Early domestic stock at Dongodien in northern Kenya
    • Marshall F, Stewart K, Barthelme J (1984) Early domestic stock at Dongodien in northern Kenya. Azania 19(1):120-127.
    • (1984) Azania , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 120-127
    • Marshall, F.1    Stewart, K.2    Barthelme, J.3
  • 15
    • 84890427808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hunters and Herders at the Periphery: The Spread of Herding in Eastern Africa
    • eds Jousse H, Lesur J Africa Magna Verlag, Frankfurt
    • Prendergast ME (2011) Hunters and herders at the periphery: The spread of herding in eastern Africa. People and Animals in Holocene Africa Recent Advances in Archaeozoology, eds Jousse H, Lesur J (Africa Magna Verlag, Frankfurt), pp 43-58.
    • (2011) People and Animals in Holocene Africa Recent Advances in Archaeozoology , pp. 43-58
    • Prendergast, M.E.1
  • 16
    • 77954535906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holocene hunter-fisher-gatherer communities: New perspectives on Kansyore Using communities of Western Kenya
    • Dale D, Ashley CZ (2010) Holocene hunter-fisher-gatherer communities: new perspectives on Kansyore Using communities of Western Kenya. Azania 45(1):24-48.
    • (2010) Azania , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-48
    • Dale, D.1    Ashley, C.Z.2
  • 17
    • 84972924934 scopus 로고
    • The date of the cremated burials in Njoro River Cave
    • Merrick HV, Monaghan MC (1984) The date of the cremated burials in Njoro River Cave. Azania 19(1):7-11.
    • (1984) Azania , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-11
    • Merrick, H.V.1    Monaghan, M.C.2
  • 18
    • 0024162344 scopus 로고
    • The elmenteitan: An early food?producing culture in East Africa
    • Robertshaw P (1988) The elmenteitan: An early food?producing culture in East Africa. World Archaeol 20:57-69.
    • (1988) World Archaeol , vol.20 , pp. 57-69
    • Robertshaw, P.1
  • 19
    • 0025586663 scopus 로고
    • Origins of specialized pastoral production in East Africa
    • Marshall F (1990) Origins of specialized pastoral production in East Africa. Am Anthropol 92:873-894.
    • (1990) Am Anthropol , vol.92 , pp. 873-894
    • Marshall, F.1
  • 20
    • 84861702056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prehistoric Pastoralists and Social Responses to Climatic Risk in East Africa
    • eds Miller NF, Moore KM, Ryan K (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia)
    • Marshall F, Grillo K, Arco L (2011) Prehistoric Pastoralists and Social Responses to Climatic risk in East Africa. Sustainable Lifeways: Cultural Persistence in an Everchanging Environment, eds Miller NF, Moore KM, Ryan K (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia), pp 74-105.
    • (2011) Sustainable Lifeways: Cultural Persistence in an Everchanging Environment , pp. 74-105
    • Marshall, F.1    Grillo, K.2    Arco, L.3
  • 21
    • 33947608517 scopus 로고
    • Hunting, fishing and herding pastoralists of western Kenya: The fauna from Gogo Falls
    • Marshall F, Stewart K (1994) Hunting, fishing and herding pastoralists of western Kenya: The fauna from Gogo Falls. Archaeozoologia 7:7-27.
    • (1994) Archaeozoologia , vol.7 , pp. 7-27
    • Marshall, F.1    Stewart, K.2
  • 22
    • 84943820900 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for predation and pastoralism at Prolonged Drift: A Pastoral Neolithic site in Kenya
    • Gifford-Gonzalez DP, Isaac GL, Nelson CM (1980) Evidence for predation and pastoralism at Prolonged Drift: a Pastoral Neolithic site in Kenya. Azania 15(1):57-108.
    • (1980) Azania , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-108
    • Gifford-Gonzalez, D.P.1    Isaac, G.L.2    Nelson, C.M.3
  • 23
    • 84890435682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Holocene zooarchaeology in East Africa: Ethnographic analogues and interpretive challenges
    • Prendergast ME, Mutundu KK (2009) Late Holocene zooarchaeology in East Africa: Ethnographic analogues and interpretive challenges. Documenta Archaeobiologiae 7:203-232.
    • (2009) Documenta Archaeobiologiae , vol.7 , pp. 203-232
    • Prendergast, M.E.1    Mutundu, K.K.2
  • 24
    • 0001312675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early pastoralists in East Africa: Ecological and social dimensions
    • Gifford-Gonzalez DP (1998) Early pastoralists in East Africa: Ecological and social dimensions. J Anthropol Archaeol 17(2):166-200.
    • (1998) J Anthropol Archaeol , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 166-200
    • Gifford-Gonzalez, D.P.1
  • 25
    • 84890428042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pastoral Neolithic sites on the southern Mbulu Plateau, Tanzania
    • Prendergast ME, et al. (2013) Pastoral Neolithic sites on the southern Mbulu Plateau, Tanzania. Azania 48(4):498-520.
    • (2013) Azania , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 498-520
    • Prendergast, M.E.1
  • 26
    • 0025945072 scopus 로고
    • The pastoral neolithic of East Africa
    • Bower J (1991) The pastoral neolithic of East Africa. J World Prehist 5(1):49-82.
    • (1991) J World Prehist , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-82
    • Bower, J.1
  • 27
    • 33947589330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "moving frontier" and the transition to food production in Kenya
    • Lane P (2004) The "moving frontier" and the transition to food production in Kenya. Azania 39(1):243-264.
    • (2004) Azania , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 243-264
    • Lane, P.1
  • 28
    • 84958375655 scopus 로고
    • Gogo Falls: Excavations at a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria
    • Robertshaw P (1991) Gogo Falls: Excavations at a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria. Azania 26(1):63-195.
    • (1991) Azania , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-195
    • Robertshaw, P.1
  • 29
    • 0037066498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African pastoralism: Genetic imprints of origins and migrations
    • Hanotte O, et al. (2002) African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations. Science 296(5566):336-339.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , Issue.5566 , pp. 336-339
    • Hanotte, O.1
  • 30
    • 0010272676 scopus 로고
    • Environmental limitations on prehistoric pastoralism in Africa
    • Smith AB (1984) Environmental limitations on prehistoric pastoralism in Africa. Afr Archaeol Rev 2:99-111.
    • (1984) Afr Archaeol Rev , vol.2 , pp. 99-111
    • Smith, A.B.1
  • 32
    • 0013100492 scopus 로고
    • The Loita-Mara Region in Historical Times: Patterns of Subsistence, Settlement and Ecological Change
    • ed Robertshaw P (British Institute of Eastern Africa, Nairobi)
    • Lamprey R, Waller R (1990) The Loita-Mara Region in Historical Times: Patterns of Subsistence, Settlement and Ecological Change. Early Pastoralists of South-Western Kenya, ed Robertshaw P (British Institute of Eastern Africa, Nairobi), pp 16-35.
    • (1990) Early Pastoralists of South-Western Kenya , pp. 16-35
    • Lamprey, R.1    Waller, R.2
  • 33
    • 0000933275 scopus 로고
    • Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa
    • Smith AB (1992) Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa. Annu Rev Anthropol 21:125-141.
    • (1992) Annu Rev Anthropol , vol.21 , pp. 125-141
    • Smith, A.B.1
  • 34
    • 0001012471 scopus 로고
    • An ecological history of the Lake Victoria basin
    • Kendall RL (1969) An ecological history of the Lake Victoria basin. Ecol Monogr 39(2):121-176.
    • (1969) Ecol Monogr , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-176
    • Kendall, R.L.1
  • 35
    • 84867910182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular records of climate variability and vegetation response since the Late Pleistocene in the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa
    • Berke MA, et al. (2012) Molecular records of climate variability and vegetation response since the Late Pleistocene in the Lake Victoria basin, East Africa. Quat Sci Rev 55(8):59-74.
    • (2012) Quat Sci Rev , vol.55 , Issue.8 , pp. 59-74
    • Berke, M.A.1
  • 36
    • 0029667993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid stratigraphy of a Flandrian peat bed (Northumberland, UK): Comparison with the pollen record
    • Farrimond P, Flanagan RL (1996) Lipid stratigraphy of a Flandrian peat bed (Northumberland, UK): Comparison with the pollen record. Holocene 6(1):69-74.
    • (1996) Holocene , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-74
    • Farrimond, P.1    Flanagan, R.L.2
  • 37
    • 33947602168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transition to farming in eastern Africa: New faunal and dating evidence from Wadh Lang'o and Usenge, Kenya
    • Lane P, et al. (2007) The transition to farming in eastern Africa: new faunal and dating evidence from Wadh Lang'o and Usenge, Kenya. Antiquity 81(311):62-81.
    • (2007) Antiquity , vol.81 , Issue.311 , pp. 62-81
    • Lane, P.1
  • 38
    • 0040224828 scopus 로고
    • Faunal Assemblages from Masai Gorge Rockshelter and Marula Rockshelter
    • Gifford-Gonzalez DP (1985) Faunal Assemblages from Masai Gorge Rockshelter and Marula Rockshelter. Azania 20(1):69-88.
    • (1985) Azania , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-88
    • Gifford-Gonzalez, D.P.1
  • 39
    • 0027084217 scopus 로고
    • Hunter to herder: Large mammal remains from the hunter-gatherer occupation at Enkapune Ya Muto rock-shelter, Central Rift, Kenya
    • Marean CW (1992) Hunter to herder: Large mammal remains from the hunter-gatherer occupation at Enkapune Ya Muto rock-shelter, Central Rift, Kenya. Afr Archaeol Rev 10(1):65-127.
    • (1992) Afr Archaeol Rev , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-127
    • Marean, C.W.1
  • 40
    • 35648984459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracking changing environments using stable carbon isotopes in fossil tooth enamel: An example from the South African hominin sites
    • Lee-Thorp JA, Sponheimer M, Luyt J (2007) Tracking changing environments using stable carbon isotopes in fossil tooth enamel: an example from the South African hominin sites. J Hum Evol 53(5):595-601.
    • (2007) J Hum Evol , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 595-601
    • Lee-Thorp, J.A.1    Sponheimer, M.2    Luyt, J.3
  • 42
    • 0024484626 scopus 로고
    • Climate and habitat reconstruction using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of collagen in prehistoric herbivore teeth from Kenya
    • Ambrose SH, DeNiro MJ (1989) Climate and habitat reconstruction using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of collagen in prehistoric herbivore teeth from Kenya. Quat Res 31(3):407-422.
    • (1989) Quat Res , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 407-422
    • Ambrose, S.H.1    DeNiro, M.J.2
  • 43
    • 33846063502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotope compositions of biological apatite
    • Kohn MJ, Cerling TE (2002) Stable isotope compositions of biological apatite. Rev Mineral Geochem 48:455-488.
    • (2002) Rev Mineral Geochem , vol.48 , pp. 455-488
    • Kohn, M.J.1    Cerling, T.E.2
  • 44
    • 36849002927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifting adaptive landscapes: Progress and challenges in reconstructing early hominid environments
    • Kingston JD (2007) Shifting adaptive landscapes: Progress and challenges in reconstructing early hominid environments. Am J Phys Anthropol 50(Suppl 45):20-58.
    • (2007) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.50 , pp. 20-58
    • Kingston, J.D.1
  • 45
    • 18444414589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age discrepancy between molecular biomarkers and calcareous foraminifera isolated from the same horizons of Northwest Pacific sediments
    • Uchida M, et al. (2005) Age discrepancy between molecular biomarkers and calcareous foraminifera isolated from the same horizons of Northwest Pacific sediments. Chem Geol 218(1-2):73-89.
    • (2005) Chem Geol , vol.218 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 73-89
    • Uchida, M.1
  • 46
    • 38549099658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiocarbon content and stable carbon isotopic ratios of individual fatty acids in subsurface soil: Implication for selective microbial degradation and modification of soil organic matter
    • Matsumoto K, Kawamura K, Uchida M (2007) Radiocarbon content and stable carbon isotopic ratios of individual fatty acids in subsurface soil: Implication for selective microbial degradation and modification of soil organic matter. Geochem J 41:483-492.
    • (2007) Geochem J , vol.41 , pp. 483-492
    • Matsumoto, K.1    Kawamura, K.2    Uchida, M.3
  • 47
    • 79959358221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa
    • Cerling TE, et al. (2011) Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(23):9337-9341.
    • (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.108 , Issue.23 , pp. 9337-9341
    • Cerling, T.E.1
  • 48
    • 0036159234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary adaptations of extant and Neogene African suids
    • Harris JM, Cerling TE (2002) Dietary adaptations of extant and Neogene African suids. Journal of Zoology 256(1):45-54.
    • (2002) Journal of Zoology , vol.256 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-54
    • Harris, J.M.1    Cerling, T.E.2
  • 49
    • 0037565012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diets of East African Bovidae based on stable isotope analysis
    • Cerling TE, Harris JM, Passey BH (2003) Diets of East African Bovidae based on stable isotope analysis. J Mammal 84(2):456-470.
    • (2003) J Mammal , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 456-470
    • Cerling, T.E.1    Harris, J.M.2    Passey, B.H.3
  • 51
    • 84890238670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopic ecology of fossil fauna from Olduvai Gorge at ca 1.8 Ma, compared with modern fauna
    • Van Der Merwe NJ (2013) Isotopic ecology of fossil fauna from Olduvai Gorge at ca 1.8 Ma, compared with modern fauna. S Afr J Sci 109(11-12):1-14.
    • (2013) S Afr J Sci , vol.109 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 1-14
    • Van Der Merwe, N.J.1
  • 54
    • 0024875485 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: A comparative view of their digestive system
    • Hofmann RR (1989) Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: A comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia 78:443-457.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.78 , pp. 443-457
    • Hofmann, R.R.1
  • 55
    • 0033961168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments
    • Silanikove N (2000) The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments. Small Rumin Res 35(3):181-193.
    • (2000) Small Rumin Res , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 181-193
    • Silanikove, N.1
  • 56
    • 0022848787 scopus 로고
    • The isotopic ecology of East African mammals
    • Ambrose SH, DeNiro MJ (1986) The isotopic ecology of East African mammals. Oecologia 69:395-406.
    • (1986) Oecologia , vol.69 , pp. 395-406
    • Ambrose, S.H.1    DeNiro, M.J.2
  • 57
    • 0012894714 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal diets of camels, cattle, sheep, and goats in a common range in eastern Africa
    • Migongo-Bake W, Hansen RM (1987) Seasonal diets of camels, cattle, sheep, and goats in a common range in eastern Africa. J Range Manage 40(1):76-79.
    • (1987) J Range Manage , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-79
    • Migongo-Bake, W.1    Hansen, R.M.2
  • 58
    • 33748703317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The archaeozoology of goats, Capra hircus (Linnaeus, 1758): Their size variation during the last two millennia in southern Africa (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Caprini)
    • Badenhorst S, Plug I (2003) The archaeozoology of goats, Capra hircus (Linnaeus, 1758): their size variation during the last two millennia in southern Africa (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Caprini). Ann Transvaal Mus 40:91-121.
    • (2003) Ann Transvaal Mus , vol.40 , pp. 91-121
    • Badenhorst, S.1    Plug, I.2
  • 59
    • 70449672164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify mandibles and mandibular teeth in sheep, Ovis, and goats, Capra
    • Zeder MA, Pilaar SE (2010) Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify mandibles and mandibular teeth in sheep, Ovis, and goats, Capra. J Archaeol Sci 37:252-242.
    • (2010) J Archaeol Sci , vol.37 , pp. 252-1242
    • Zeder, M.A.1    Pilaar, S.E.2
  • 60
    • 84860881194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13C de l'émail dentaire du cheptel domestique
    • 13C de l'émail dentaire du cheptel domestique. Anthropozoologica 40(1):147-166.
    • (2005) Anthropozoologica , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 147-166
    • Balasse, M.1    Ambrose, S.H.2
  • 61
    • 84925381408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atlas
    • Potential Natural Vegetation of Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) (Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark) 2011
    • Lillesø J-PB, et al. (2011) The atlas. Potential Natural Vegetation of Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia), Forest and Landscape Working Papers (Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark), Vol 1, No 61/2011.
    • (2011) Forest and Landscape Working Papers , vol.1 , Issue.61
    • Lillesø, J.-P.B.1
  • 63
    • 18644375919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kilimanjaro ice core records: Evidence of holocene climate change in tropical Africa
    • Thompson LG, et al. (2002) Kilimanjaro ice core records: evidence of holocene climate change in tropical Africa. Science 298(5593):589-593.
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , Issue.5593 , pp. 589-593
    • Thompson, L.G.1
  • 64
    • 80053142398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African wild ungulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season
    • Odadi WO, Karachi MK, Abdulrazak SA, Young TP (2011) African wild ungulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season. Science 333(6050):1753-1755.
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , Issue.6050 , pp. 1753-1755
    • Odadi, W.O.1    Karachi, M.K.2    Abdulrazak, S.A.3    Young, T.P.4
  • 65
    • 77955391096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting effects of cattle and wildlife on the vegetation development of a savanna landscape mosaic
    • Veblen KE, Young TP (2010) Contrasting effects of cattle and wildlife on the vegetation development of a savanna landscape mosaic. J Ecol 98(5):993-1001.
    • (2010) J Ecol , vol.98 , Issue.5 , pp. 993-1001
    • Veblen, K.E.1    Young, T.P.2
  • 66
    • 84892710380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbaceous forage and selection patterns by ungulates across varying herbivore assemblages in a South African Savanna
    • Treydte AC, Baumgartner S, Heitkönig IM, Grant CC, Getz WM (2013) Herbaceous forage and selection patterns by ungulates across varying herbivore assemblages in a South African Savanna. PLoS ONE 8(12):e82831.
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.12 , pp. e82831
    • Treydte, A.C.1    Baumgartner, S.2    Heitkönig, I.M.3    Grant, C.C.4    Getz, W.M.5
  • 67
    • 0002898996 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation Dynamics in the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem: The Role of Elephants, Fire, and Other Factors
    • eds Sinclair ARE, Acrese P (University of Chicago Press, Chicago)
    • Dublin HT (1995) Vegetation Dynamics in the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem: The Role of Elephants, Fire, and Other Factors. Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem, eds Sinclair ARE, Acrese P (University of Chicago Press, Chicago), pp 71-90.
    • (1995) Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem , pp. 71-90
    • Dublin, H.T.1
  • 68
    • 0025682789 scopus 로고
    • Elephants and Fire as Causes of Multiple Stable States in the Serengeti-Mara Woodlands
    • Dublin HT, Sinclair ARE, McGlade J (1990) Elephants and Fire as Causes of Multiple Stable States in the Serengeti-Mara Woodlands. J Anim Ecol 59(3):1147-1164.
    • (1990) J Anim Ecol , vol.59 , Issue.3 , pp. 1147-1164
    • Dublin, H.T.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    McGlade, J.3
  • 69
    • 10944269344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazer movements: Spatial and temporal responses to burning in a tall-grass African savanna
    • Archibald S, Bond WJ (2004) Grazer movements: Spatial and temporal responses to burning in a tall-grass African savanna. Int J Wildland Fire 13(3):377-385.
    • (2004) Int J Wildland Fire , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 377-385
    • Archibald, S.1    Bond, W.J.2
  • 70
    • 2542420273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: What future for pastoralism and wildlife?
    • Lamprey RH, Reid RS (2004) Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife? J Biogeogr 31(6):997-1032.
    • (2004) J Biogeogr , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 997-1032
    • Lamprey, R.H.1    Reid, R.S.2
  • 71
    • 79953179370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatological determinants of woody cover in Africa
    • Good SP, Caylor KK (2011) Climatological determinants of woody cover in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(12):4902-4907.
    • (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.108 , Issue.12 , pp. 4902-4907
    • Good, S.P.1    Caylor, K.K.2
  • 72
    • 28644450403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of woody cover in African savannas
    • Sankaran M, et al. (2005) Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 438(7069):846-849.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.438 , Issue.7069 , pp. 846-849
    • Sankaran, M.1
  • 73
    • 75949090996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pastoralism in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: A retrospective review
    • Smith AB (2009) Pastoralism in the Western Cape Province, South Africa: A retrospective review. Journal of African Archaeology 7(2):239-252.
    • (2009) Journal of African Archaeology , vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp. 239-252
    • Smith, A.B.1
  • 74
    • 0019172765 scopus 로고
    • Early Human Occupation of African Savanna Environments
    • ed Harris DR (Academic Press, London)
    • Clark JD (1980) Early human occupation of African savanna environments. Human Ecology in Savanna Environments, ed Harris DR (Academic Press, London), pp 41-72.
    • (1980) Human Ecology in Savanna Environments , pp. 41-72
    • Clark, J.D.1
  • 75
    • 79957837434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kansyore fisher-foragers and transitions to food production in East Africa: The view from Wadh Lang'o, Nyanza Province, Western Kenya
    • Prendergast ME (2010) Kansyore fisher-foragers and transitions to food production in East Africa: The view from Wadh Lang'o, Nyanza Province, Western Kenya. Azania 45(1):83-111.
    • (2010) Azania , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 83-111
    • Prendergast, M.E.1
  • 76
    • 13744263331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tsetse, wildlife and land-cover change in Ruma National Park, South-western Kenya
    • Muriuki GW, Njoka TJ, Reid RS (2003) Tsetse, wildlife and land-cover change in Ruma National Park, South-western Kenya. J Hum Ecol 14(4):229-235.
    • (2003) J Hum Ecol , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 229-235
    • Muriuki, G.W.1    Njoka, T.J.2    Reid, R.S.3
  • 77
    • 31144460379 scopus 로고
    • Early Iron Age and Kansyore Pottery: Finds from Gogo Falls, South Nyanza
    • Collett DP, Robertshaw P (1980) Early Iron Age and Kansyore Pottery: Finds from Gogo Falls, South Nyanza. Azania 15(1):133-145.
    • (1980) Azania , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 133-145
    • Collett, D.P.1    Robertshaw, P.2
  • 78
    • 84887526704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0-50,000 years cal BP
    • 13 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(2):1-15.
    • (2013) Radiocarbon , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-15
    • Hogg, A.G.1
  • 79
    • 0023511048 scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope analysis of fossil bone apatite
    • Lee-Thorp JA, Van der Merwe NJ (1987) Carbon isotope analysis of fossil bone apatite. S Afr J Sci 83:712-715.
    • (1987) S Afr J Sci , vol.83 , pp. 712-715
    • Lee-Thorp, J.A.1    Van Der Merwe, N.J.2
  • 80
    • 0030828801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of sample treatment and diagenesis on the isotopic integrity of carbonate in biogenic hydroxylapatite
    • Koch PL, Tuross N, Fogel M (1997) The effects of sample treatment and diagenesis on the isotopic integrity of carbonate in biogenic hydroxylapatite. J Archaeol Sci 24(5):417-430.
    • (1997) J Archaeol Sci , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 417-430
    • Koch, P.L.1    Tuross, N.2    Fogel, M.3
  • 81
    • 0032869737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies
    • Cerling TE, Harris JM (1999) Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies. Oecologia 120(3):347-363.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.120 , Issue.3 , pp. 347-363
    • Cerling, T.E.1    Harris, J.M.2
  • 82
    • 84903807298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14.12 Stable Isotope Evidence for Hominin Environments in Africa
    • ed Cerling TE (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 2nd Ed
    • nd Ed, pp 157-167.
    • (2014) Treatise on Geochemistry , pp. 157-167
    • Cerling, T.E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.