Interplay of Vitamin D and metabolic syndrome: A review

Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 105-112

  Prasad, Priyanka ^a   Kochhar, Anita ^a  

^a PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Cholecalciferol; Metabolic syndrome; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; VITAMIN D; CALCITRIOL RECEPTOR;

CARDIAC MUSCLE CELL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; COMPLICATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLISM; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; METABOLIC SYNDROME; OBESITY; RECEPTORS, CALCITRIOL; RISK FACTORS; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84925379832     PISSN: 18714021     EISSN: 18780334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.02.014     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. M.F. Holick Vitamin D deficiency N Engl J Med 57 2007 266 281
2. R. Bouillon, G. Carmeliet, and L. Verlinden Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice Endocr Rev 29 2008 726 776
3. A. Mithal, D.A. Wahl, and P. Bonjour Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D Osteoporos Int 20 2009 1807 1820
4. J.R. Kaaja Metabolic syndrome and the menopause Menopause Int 14 2006 21 25
5. ATP III Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert pane l on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults 2009 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp-3-full.pdf
6. C. Pitsavos, D. Panagiotakos, M. Weinem, and C. Stefanadis Diet, exercise and the metabolic syndrome Rev Diabetes Stud 3 2006 118 126
7. K. Kienreich, A. Tomaschitz, N. Verheyen, T. Pieber, M. Gaksch, M. Grubler, and et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease Nutrients 5 2013 3005 3021
8. C. Li, G. Qiao, M. Uskokovic, W. Xiang, W. Zheng, and J. Kong Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90 2004 387 392
9. C. Zhou, M. Assem, and J.C. Tay Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia J Clin Invest 116 2006 1703 1712
10. K. Wikvall Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the bioactivation of vitamin D to its hormonal form: review Int J Mol Med 7 2001 201 209
11. C.F. Helvig, D. Cuerrier, and C.M. Hosfield Dysregulation of renal vitamin D metabolism in the uremic rat Kidney Int 78 2010 463 472
12. A.S. Dusso, A.J. Brown, and E. Slatopolsky Vitamin D Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289 2005 8 28
13. M.F. Holick Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application Ann Epidemiol 19 2009 73 78
14. M.F. Holick, and T.C. Chen Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences Am J Clin Nutr 87 2008 1080 1086
15. D. Duprez, M. Buyzere, T. Backer, and D. Clement Relationship between vitamin D3 and the peripheral circulation in moderate arterial primary hypertension Blood Press 3 1994 389 393
16. S.K. Kunutsor, T.A. Apekey, and M. Steur Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants Eur J Epidemiol 28 2013 205 221
17. R. Scragg, M. Sowers, and C. Bell Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Am J Hypertens 20 2007 713 719
18. J.P. Forman, E. Giovannucci, and M.D. Holmes Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension Hypertension 49 2007 1063 1069
19. J.P. Forman, G.C. Curhan, and E.N. Taylor Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension among young women Hypertension 52 2008 828 832
20. E. Hypponen, B.J. Boucher, and D.J. Berry 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, IGF-1, and metabolic syndrome at 45 years of age: a cross-sectional study in the 1958 British Birth Cohort Diabetes 57 2008 298 305
21. I. Mheid, R. Patel, J. Murrow, A. Morris, A. Rahman, L. Fike, and et al. Vitamin D status is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular dysfunction in healthy humans J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 186 192
22. M.B. Snijder, P. Lips, J.C. Seidell, M. Visser, D.H. Deeg, J.M. Dekker, and et al. Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels in relation to blood pressure: a population-based study in older men and women J Intern Med 261 2007 558 565
23. J.P. Forman, J.S. Williams, and N.D.L. Fisher Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in humans Hypertension 55 2010 1283 1288
24. A. Tomaschitz, S. Pilz, E. Ritz, T. Grammer, C. Drechsler, B.O. Boehm, and et al. Independent association between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the renin-angiotensin system: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study Clin Chim Acta 411 2010 1354 1360
25. S. Kota, S. Kota, S. Jammula, L. Meher, S. Panda, P. Tripathy, and et al. Renin-angiotensin system activity in vitamin D deficient, obese individuals with hypertension: an urban Indian study Indian J Endocr Metab 15 2011 395 401
26. J.P. Forman, J.B. Scott, B.F. Drake, E.G. Suarez, D.L. Hayden, G.G. Bennett, and et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in blacks Hypertension 61 2013 779 785
27. R. Goel, and H. Lal Role of vitamin D supplementation in hypertension Indian J Clin Biochem 26 2011 88 90
28. S.H. Wu, S.C. Ho, and L. Zhong Effects of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure South Med J 103 2010 729 737
29. M. Pfeifer, B. Begerow, H.W. Minne, D. Nachtigall, and C. Hansen Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 2001 1633 1637
30. S. Weng, J. Sprague, J. Oh, A. Riek, K. Chin, M. Garcia, and et al. Vitamin D deficiency induces high blood pressure and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice PLOS ONE 8 2013 1 13
31. D. Carrara, M. Bernini, A. Bacca, I. Rugani, E. Duranti, A. Virdis, and et al. Cholecalciferol administration blunts the systemic renin-angiotensin system in essential hypertensives with hypovitaminosis D J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 0 2012 1 6
32. R. Scragg, I. Holdaway, V. Singh, P. Metcalf, J. Baker, and E. Dryson Serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in newly detected hypertension Am J Hypertens 8 2005 429 432
33. C.P. Earthman, L.M. Beckman, K. Masodkar, and S.D. Sibley The link between obesity and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications Int J Obes (Lond) 36 2012 387 396
34. K.S. Vimaleswaran, D.J. Berry, C. Lu, E. Tikkanen, S. Pilz, L.T. Hiraki, and et al. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts PLoS Med 10 2013 e1001383
35. S. Cheng, J. Massaro, C. Fox, M. Larson, M. Keyes, J. Robins, and et al. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin d status: the Framingham heart study Diabetes 59 2010 242 248
36. E. Aasheim, D. Hofso, J. Hjelmesaeth, K. Birkeland, and T. Bohmer Vitamin status in morbidly obese patients: a cross-sectional study Am J Clin Nutr 87 2008 362 369
37. E.N. Grineva, T. Karonova, E. Micheeva, O. Belyaeva, and I.L. Nikitina Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for obesity and diabetes type 2 in women at late reproductive age Aging 5 2013 575 581
38. J. Carretero, F. Blasco, J. Villafruela, J. Balsa, C. Vazquez, and H. Morreale Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity Clin Nutr 26 2007 573 580
39. E. Kamycheva, J. Sundsfjord, and R. Jorde Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromso study Eur J Endocrinol 151 2004 167 172
40. J. Wortsman, L.Y. Matsuoka, T.C. Chen, Z. Lu, and M.F. Holick Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity Am J Clin Nutr 72 2000 690 693
41. H. Florez, R. Martinez, W. Chacra, N. Strickman, and S. Levis Outdoor exercise reduces the risk of hypovitaminosis D in the obese J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103 2007 679 681
42. M. Kull, R. Kallikorm, and M. Lember Body mass index determines sunbathing habits: implications on vitamin D levels Intern Med J 39 2009 256 258
43. E. Aarts, L. van Groningen, R. Horst, D. Telting, A. van Sorge, I. Janssen, and et al. Vitamin D absorption: consequences of gastric bypass surgery Eur J Endocrinol 164 2011 827 832
44. A. Shapses, D. Sukumar, H. Schneider, Y. Schlussel, E. Brolin, and L. Taich Hormonal and dietary influences on true fractional calcium absorption in women: role of obesity Osteoporos Int 23 2012 2607 2614
45. S. Vanlint Vitamin D and obesity Nutrients 5 2013 949 956
46. Q. Song, and I.N. Sergeev Calcium and vitamin D in obesity Nutr Res Rev 25 2012 130 141
47. A. Guasch, M. Bullo, A. Rabassa, A. Bonada, D. Castillo, F. Sabench, and et al. Plasma vitamin D and parathormone are associated with obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional study Cardiovasc Diabetol 11 2012 149 160
48. A. Salehpour, F. Hosseinpanah, F. Shidfar, M. Vafa, M. Razaghi, S. Dehghani, and et al. A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women Nutr J 11 2012 78
49. A. Carrillo, M. Flynn, C. Pinkston, M. Markofski, Y. Jiang, S. Donkin, and et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation during a resistance training intervention on body composition, muscle function, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese adults Clin Nutr 32 2013 375 381
50. H. Hey, K.H. Stokholm, B. Lund, B. Lund, and O.H. Sorensen Vitamin D deficiency in obese patients and changes in circulating vitamin D metabolites following jejunoileal bypass Int J Obes 6 1982 473 479
51. J. Rosenblum, V. Castro, C. Moore, and L. Kaplan Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased abdominal visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults Am J Clin Nutr 95 2011 101 108
52. C. Mathieu, C. Gysemans, and A. Giulietti Vitamin D and diabetes Diabetologia 48 2005 1247 1257
53. E. Liu, J.B. Meigs, and A.G. Pittas Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with markers of the insulin resistant phenotype in nondiabetic adults J Nutr 139 2009 329 334
54. R.E. Weishaar, and R.U. Simpson Involvement of vitamin D3 with cardiovascular function and its direct and indirect effects Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 253 1987 675 683
55. A.W. Norman, J.B. Frankel, and A.M. Heldt Vitamin D deficiency inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin Science 209 1980 823 825
56. A.G. Pittas, S.S. Harris, and P.C. Stark The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults Diabetes Care 30 2007 980 986
57. A. Tsur, B. Feldman, I. Feldhammer, M. Hoshen, G. Leibowitz, and R. Balicer Decreased serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol are associated with increased risk of progression to impaired fasting glucose and diabetes Diabetes Care 36 2013 51361 51367
58. N. Forouhi, J. Luan, A. Cooper, B. Boucher, and N. Wareham Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000 Diabetes 57 2008 2619 2625
59. K. Chiu, A. Chu, V. Go, and M. Saad Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction Am J Clin Nutr 79 2004 820 825
60. J. Seo, C. Eun, H. Cho, S. Lee, H. Yoo, S. Kim, and et al. Low vitamin D status is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease independent of visceral obesity in Korean adults PLOS ONE 8 2013 1 8
61. D. Dutta, I. Maisnam, A. Shrivastava, A. Sinha, S. Ghosh, P. Mukhopadhyay, and et al. Serum vitamin-D predicts insulin resistance in individuals with prediabetes Indian J Med Res 138 2013 853 860
62. J. Mitri, M.D. Muraru, and A.G. Pittas Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review Eur J Clin Nutr 65 2011 1005 1015
63. G. Grimnes, Y. Figenschau, B. Almas, and J.R. Rolf Vitamin D, insulin secretion, sensitivity, and lipids: results from a case-control study and a randomized controlled trial using hyperglycemic clamp technique Diabetes 60 2011 2748 2757
64. P.S. George, E.R. Pearson, and M.D. Witham Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Med 29 2012 142 150
65. M.B. Davidson, P. Duran, M.L. Lee, and T.C. Friedman High-dose vitamin D supplementation in people with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D Diabetes Care 36 2013 260 266
66. S.S. Harris, G.A. Pittas, and J.N. Palermo A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans Diabetes Obes Metab 14 2012 789 794
67. P. Hurst, W. Stonehouse, and J. Coad Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient: a randomised placebo controlled trial Br J Nutr 103 2010 549 555
68. A. Giulietti, C. Gysemans, K. Stoffels, E. van Etten, B. Decallonne, L. Overbergh, and et al. Vitamin D deficiency in early life accelerates type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice Diabetologia 47 2004 451 462
69. E. Hypponen, E. Laara, A. Reunanen, M. Jarvelin, and S. Virtanen Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study Lancet 358 2001 1500 1515
70. A. Talaei, M. Mohamadi, and Z. Adgi The effect of vitamin D on insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetol Metab Syndr 5 2013 8 12
71. R. Jorde, and G. Grimnes Vitamin D and metabolic health with special reference to the effect of vitamin D on serum lipids Prog Lipid Res 50 2011 303 312
72. S. Jaimungal, K. Wehmeier, A.D. Mooradian, and M.J. Haas The emerging evidence for vitamin D-mediated regulation of apolipoprotein AI synthesis Nutr Res 31 2011 805 812
73. T. Skaaby, L.N. Husemoen, C. Pisinger, T. Jorgensen, and B.H. Thuesen Vitamin D status and changes in cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective study of a general population Cardiology 123 2012 62 70
74. I. Minambres, J. Quesada, J. Hernandez, J. Rodriguez, A. Leiva, and A. Perez Vitamin D concentrations in familial combined hyperlipidemia: effects of lipid lowering treatment Diabetol Metab Syndr 6 2014 7
75. E. Ford, U. Ajani, L. Mcguire, and S. Liu Concentrations of serum vitamin D and the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults Diabetes Care 2 2005 1128 1130
76. V. Shenoy, P. Datta, K. Prabhu, and K. Singh Association between vitamin D, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and fasting lipid profile in euglycemic individuals J Res Diabetes 2014 10.5171/2014.929743
77. J.R. Chaudhuri, K.R. Mridula, A. Anamika, D.B. Boddu, P.K. Misra, A. Lingaiah, and et al. Deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin d and dyslipidemia in Indian subjects J Lipids 2013 2013 1 7
78. L. Lu, Z. Yu, A. Pan, B.F. Hu, H.O. Franco, H. Li, and et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals Diabetes Care 32 2009 1278 1283
79. J. Baker, N. Mehta, G.B. Baker, T.G. Gary, J.J. Shults, M.J. Feldt, and et al. Vitamin D, metabolic dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis Am J Nutr 125 2012 1036e9 1036e15
80. P. Karhapaa, J. Pihlajamaki, I. Porsti, M. Kastarinen, J. Mustonen, O. Niemela, and et al. Diverse associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D with dyslipidaemias J Intern Med 268 2010 604 610
81. C.N. Shivaprakash, and B.R. Joseph Relationships between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and plasma glucose and lipid levels in pediatric patients in a rural hospital Int J Sci Study 1 2014 24 31
82. A. Gupta, S. Prabhakar, M. Modi, K.S. Bhadada, V. Lal, and D. Khurana Vitamin D status and risk of ischemic stroke in North Indian patients Indian J Endocr Metab 18 2014 721 725
83. A.J. George, A.S. Norris, and J.N. van Deventer The association of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone with metabolic syndrome in two ethnic groups in South Africa PLOS ONE 8 2013 1 8
84. W. Chai, R.V. Cooney, A.A. Franke, and R.M. Bostick Effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure and serum lipids and carotenoids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial Ann Epidemiol 23 2013 564 570
85. P. Khajehdehi, and S. Taheri Effect of oral calcitriol pulse therapy on the lipid, calcium, and glucose homeostasis of hemodialysis-patients: its safety in a combination with oral calcium carbonate J Renal Nutr 13 2003 78 83
86. C.G. Major, F. Alarie, J. Dore, S. Phouttama, and A. Tremblay Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations Am J Clin Nutr 85 2007 54 59
87. H. Wang, N. Xia, Y. Yang, and Q.D. Peng Influence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Lipids Health Dis 11 2012 42 50
88. M.P. Ponda, K. Dowd, D. Finkielstein, P.R. Holt, and J.L. Breslow The short-term effects of vitamin D repletion on cholesterol: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32 2012 2510 2515
89. K.C. Maki, M.R. Rubin, L.G. Wong, J.F. McManus, C.D. Jensen, and A. Lawless Effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other cardiovascular disease risk markers in subjects with elevated waist circumference Int J Food Sci Nutr 62 2011 318 327
90. A.M. Heikkinen, M.T. Tuppurainen, L. Niskanen, M. Komulainen, I. Penttila, and S. Saarikoski Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy Eur J Endocrinol 137 1997 495 502
91. R. Scragg Seasonality of cardiovascular disease mortality and the possible protective effect of ultra-violet radiation Int J Epidemiol 10 1981 337 341
92. A. Zittermann, S. Iodice, S. Pilz, W.B. Grant, V. Bagnardi, and S. Gandini Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Am J Clin Nutr 95 2012 91 100
93. F. Duranton, M.E. Rodriguez-Ortiz, and Y. Duny Vitamin D treatment and mortality in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Am J Nephrol 37 2013 239 248
94. V. Bittner, N.K. Wenger, and D.D. Waters Vitamin D levels do not predict cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with stable coronary disease Am Heart J 164 2012 387 393
95. B. Schottker, D. Ball, C. Gellert, and H. Brenner Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and overall mortality. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Ageing Res Rev 12 2012 708 718
96. S. Pilz, H. Dobnig, and J.E. Fischer Low vitamin D levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography Stroke 39 2008 2611 2613
97. H. Dobnig, S. Pilz, and H. Scharnagl Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality Arch Intern Med 168 2008 1340 1349
98. C. Joergensen, H. Reinhard, and A. Schmedes Vitamin D levels and asymptomatic coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients with elevated urinary albumin excretion rate Diabetes Care 35 2012 168 172
99. S. Rajasree, K. Rajpal, and C.C. Kartha Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels are elevated in South Indian patients with ischemic heart disease Eur J Epidemiol 17 2001 567 571
100. R. Chowdhury, and S. Stevens Circulating vitamin D, calcium and risk of cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Eur J Epidemiol 27 2012 581 591
101. Q. Sun, A. Pan, F.B. Hu, J.E. Manson, and K.M. Rexrode 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of stroke: a prospective study and meta-analysis Stroke 43 2012 1470 1477
102. J.L. Anderson, H.T. May, and B.D. Horne Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population Am J Cardiol 106 2010 963 968
103. S. Pilz, W. Marz, and B. Wellnitz Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 2008 3927 3935
104. C. Drechsler, S. Pilz, and B. Obermayer-Pietsch Vitamin D deficiency is associated with sudden cardiac death, combined cardiovascular events, and mortality in haemodialysis patients Eur Heart J 31 2010 2253 2261
105. A. Carrelli, M. Walker, H. Lowe, D. McMahon, T. Rundek, R. Sacco, and et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Northern Manhattan Study Stroke 42 2011 2240 2245
106. T. Wang, M.J. Pencina, S.L. Booth, P. Jacques, E. Ingelsson, K. Lanier, and et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease Circulation 117 2008 503 511
107. E. Giovannucci, Y. Liu, and B.W. Hollis 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study Arch Intern Med 168 2008 174 180
108. A. Kilkkinen, P. Knekt, and A. Aro Vitamin D status and the risk of cardiovascular disease death Am J Epidemiol 170 2009 1032 1039
109. K. Fiscella, and P. Franks Vitamin D, race, and cardiovascular mortality: findings from a national US sample Ann Fam Med 8 2010 11 18
110. R.D. Semba, D.K. Houston, and S. Bandinelli Relationship of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling adults Eur J Clin Nutr 64 2010 203 209
111. M.J. Bolland, C.J. Bacon, and A.M. Horne Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 year in older women Am J Clin Nutr 91 2010 82 89
112. J. Parker, O. Hashmi, and D. Dutton Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis Maturitas 65 2010 225 236
113. N.C. Grandi, L.P. Breitling, and H. Brenner Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies Prev Med 51 2010 228 233
114. S. Parikh, D. Guo, N. Pollock, K. Petty, J. Bhagatwala, B. Gutin, and et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are correlated with cardiometabolic risk among American black and white adolescents living in a year-round sunny climate Diabetes Care 35 2012 1133 1138
115. O. Kuloglu, M. Gur, T. Şeker, G. Kalkan, S. KIrIm, A. Acele, and et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with aortic distensibility and left ventricle hypertrophy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 10 2013 546 549
116. D. Williams, A. Fraser, A. Sayers, E. Hypponen, G. Smith, N. Sattar, and et al. Associations of childhood 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence: prospective findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Eur J Prev Cardiol 21 2014 3281 3290
117. R.A. Wilke, R.U. Simpson, and B.N. Mukesh Genetic variation in CYP27B1 is associated with congestive heart failure in patients with hypertension Pharmacogenomics 10 2009 1789 1797
118. H. Shen, L.F. Bielak, and J.F. Ferguson Association of the vitamin D metabolism gene CYP24A1 with coronary artery calcification Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2010 2648 2654
119. A. Zittermann, S.S. Schleithoff, and R. Koerfer Vitamin D insufficiency in congestive heart failure: why and what to do about it? Heart Fail Rev 11 2006 25 33
120. L.C. Brewer, E.D. Michos, and J.P. Reis Vitamin D in atherosclerosis, vascular disease, and endothelial function Curr Drug Targets 12 2011 54 60
121. W. Xiang, J. Kong, and S. Chen Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288 2005 125 132
122. C. Zhou, F. Lu, and K. Cao Calcium-independent and 1,25(OH2)D3-dependent regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in 1a-hydroxylase knockout mice Kidney Int 74 2008 170 179
123. S. Pilz, A. Tomaschitz, and C. Drechsler Vitamin D deficiency and myocardial diseases Mol Nutr Food Res 54 2010 1103 1113
124. S. Chen, D.J. Glenn, and W. Ni Expression of the vitamin D receptor is increased in the hypertrophic heart Hypertension 52 2008 1106 1112
125. J.J. Green, D.A. Robinson, and G.E. Wilson Calcitriol modulation of cardiac contractile performance via protein kinase C J Mol Cell Cardiol 41 2006 350 359
126. P.M. Timms, N. Mannan, and G.A. Hitman Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders? QJM 95 2002 787 796
127. C. Molinari, F. Uberti, E. Grossini, G. Vacca, S. Carda, and C. Cisari 1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol induces nitric oxide production in cultured endothelial cells Cell Physiol Biochem 27 2011 661 668
128. M. Tare, S.J. Emmett, H.A. Coleman, C. Skordilis, D.W. Eyles, R. Morley, and et al. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with impaired vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function and hypertension in young rats J Physiol (Lond) 589 2011 4777 4786
129. J. Oh, S. Weng, S.K. Felton, S. Bhandare, A. Riek, B. Butler, and et al. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Circulation 120 2009 687 698
130. S. Pilz, A. Tomaschitz, W. Marz, C. Drechsler, E. Ritz, A. Zittermann, and et al. Vitamin D, cardiovascular disease and mortality Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 75 2011 575 584
131. M. Martinesi, S. Bruni, and M. Stio 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells Cell Biol Int 30 2006 365 375
132. K. Husain, L. Ferder, and M. Mizobuchi Combination therapy with paricalcitol and enalapril ameliorates cardiac oxidative injury in uremic rats Am J Nephrol 29 2009 465 472
133. X. Li, M.Y. Speer, and H. Yang Vitamin D receptor activators induce an anticalcific paracrine program in macrophages: requirement of osteopontin Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2011 321 326
134. J.E. Manson, M.A. Allison, and J.J. Carr Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification in the Women's Health Initiative Menopause 17 2010 683 691
135. M.O. Canning, K. Grotenhuis, H. Wit, C. Ruwhof, and H.A. Drexhage 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) hampers the maturation of fully active immature dendritic cells from monocytes Eur J Endocrinol 145 2001 351 357
136. Y. Zhu, B.D. Mahon, M. Froicu, and T. Cantorna Calcium and 1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target the TNF-alpha pathway to suppress experimental inflammatory bowel disease Eur J Immunol 35 2005 217 224
137. G. Bjelakovic, L.L. Gluud, D. Nikolova, K. Whitfield, J. Wetterslev, R.G. Simonetti, and et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7 2011 10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub2
138. S.S. Schleithoff, A. Zittermann, G. Tenderich, H.K. Berthold, P. Stehle, and R. Koerfer Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial Am J Clin Nutr 83 2006 754 759
139. M.J. Bolland, A. Grey, A. Avenell, G.D. Gamble, and I.R. Reid Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis BMJ 342 2011 2040 2052
140. S. Rajpathak, X. Xue, S. Smoller, L. Horn, J. Robinson, S. Liu, and et al. Effect of 5 y of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on change in circulating lipids: results from the Women's Health Initiative Am J Clin Nutr 91 2010 894 899
141. Q. Sun, L. Shi, E. Rimm, E. Giovannucci, F. Hu, J. Manson, and et al. Vitamin D intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US men and women Am J Clin Nutr 94 2011 534 542
142. M. Witham, S. Ireland, J. Houston, S. Gandy, S. Waugh, I. Mackenzie, and et al. Vitamin D therapy to reduce blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in resistant hypertension Hypertension 63 2014 706 712