The response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the obesity epidemic

Annual Review of Public Health

Volumn 36, Issue , 2015, Pages 575-596

  Dietz, William H ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

CDC; Guidelines; History; Interventions; Metrics; Surveillance

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; INSULIN;

ADOLESCENT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AWARENESS; BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CHILD; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EPIDEMIC; FUNDING; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GROWTH CURVE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OBESITY; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL HEALTH EDUCATION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); TOBACCO USE; ADULT; COMMUNITY CARE; EPIDEMICS; HEALTH SURVEY; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (U.S.); CHILD; COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES; EPIDEMICS; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; OBESITY; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PREVALENCE; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84925246554     PISSN: 01637525     EISSN: 15452093     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122415     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. rd edition)
2. Barlow SE. 2007. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 120(Suppl. 4):S164-92
3. Bell EA, Castellanos VH, Pelkman CL, Thorwart ML, Rolls BJ. 1998. Energy density of foods affects energy intake in normal-weight women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:412-20
4. Breck A, Goodman K, Dunn L, Stephens RL, Dawkins N, et al. 2014. Evaluation design of New York City's regulations on nutrition, physical activity, and screen time in early child care centers. Prev. Chronic Dis. 11:130431
5. CS Mott Child. Hosp., Univ. Mich. 2014. National Poll on Children's Health: School Violence, Gun-Related Injuries in Top 10 Child Health Concerns in U.S. Updated August 11, 2014. http://mottnpch.org/reports-surveys/school-violence-gun-related-injuries-top-10-child-health-concerns-us
6. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2006. Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool. Updated September 16, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/PECAT/
7. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2009. State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2009. Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/downloads/StateIndicatorReport2009.pdf
8. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2010. Healthier Worksite Initiative. Updated February 9, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/hwi/index.htm
9. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2010. State Indicator Report on Physical Activity, 2010. Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.)
10. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2011. CDC's Lean Works! A Workplace Obesity Prevention Program. Updated November 16, 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/leanworks/
11. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2011. School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 60:75
12. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2012. Breastfeeding Report Card - United States, 2012. Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2012breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
13. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2012. Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT). Updated July 10, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/HECAT/index.htm?s-cid=tw-eh443
14. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2012. School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS). Updated May 15, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/shpps/
15. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2012. School Health Profiles. Updated September 23, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/profiles/
16. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2013. Addressing Childhood Obesity in the Early Care and Education Setting: Opportunities for Action. Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.)
17. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2013. Breastfeeding: mPINC Results Tables. Updated October 10, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/results-tables.htm
18. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2013. Breastfeeding Report Card 2013. Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.) http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2013breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
19. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2013. Communities Putting Prevention to Work: Community Overview. Updated October 25, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/CommunitiesPuttingPreventiontoWork/communities/index.htm
20. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev). 2014. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Updated September 29, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
21. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. Community Transformation Grants (CTG). Updated July 17, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/communitytransformation/index.htm
22. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations. Updated June 26, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/guidelines/food-service-guidelines.htm
23. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. Infant Feeding Practices Study II and Its Six Year Follow Up. Updated August 26, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/infant-feeding.htm
24. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) Survey. 2013. Updated May 7, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/index.htm
25. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Updated October 28, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/NHANES.htm
26. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. Overweight and Obesity: Adult Obesity Facts. Updated September 9, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
27. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. Pediatric and Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System. Updated October 9, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/pednss/site-map.htm
28. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH). Updated October 21, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/programs/reach/about.htm
29. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. School Health Index: Self-Assessment and Planning Guide 2014. Updated September 3, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/shi/
30. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. The Prevention and Public Health Fund. Atlanta, GA: CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). http://www.cdc.gov/fmo/topic/budgetInformation/appropriations-budget-form-pdf/The-Prevention-and-Public-Health-Fund.pdf
31. CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.). 2014. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). Updated July 9, 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/index.htm
32. Converg. Partnersh. 2010. Healthy People Healthy Places. http://www.convergencepartnership.org/site/c.fhLOK6PELmF/b.3917533/k.F45E/Whats-New.htm
33. de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB. 2012. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 367:1397-406
34. Dietz WH Jr, Gortmaker SL. 1985. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 75:807-12
35. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. 2000. Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24:794-800
36. Epstein LH, Valoski AM, Vara LS, McCurley J, Wisniewski L, et al. 1995. Effects of decreasing sedentary behavior and increasing activity on weight change in obese children. Health Psychol. 14:109-15
37. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. 1998. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22:39-47
38. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. 2002. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 288:1723-27
39. Gabor V, Mantinan K, Rudolph K, Morgan R, Longjohn M. 2010. Challenges and Opportunities Related to Implementation of Child Care Nutrition and Physical Activity Policies in Delaware; Findings from Focus Groups with Child Care Providers and Parents. Washington, DC: Altarum Inst.
40. Gee S, Chin D, Ackerson L, Woo D, Howell A. 2013. Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity from 2003 to 2010 in an integrated health care delivery system. J. Obes. 2013:417907
41. Gen. Services Adm. Health and Sustainability Guidelines for Federal Concessions and Vending Operations. http://www.gsa.gov/graphics/pbs/Guidelines-for-Federal-Concessions-and-Vending-Operations.pdf
42. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA Jr, Berkey CS, Frazier AL, et al. 2001. Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA 285:2461-67
43. Green LW. 2006. Public health asks of systems science: to advance our evidence-based practice, can you help us get more practice-based evidence? Am. J. Public Health 96:406-9
44. Grummer-Strawn L, Reinold C, Krebs NF. 2010. Use of World Health Organization and CDC Growth Charts for Children Aged 0-59 Months in the United States. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep. 59(RR-9):1-15
45. Hanleybrown F, Kania J, Kramer M. 2012. Channeling change: making collective impact work. Stanford Soc. Innov. Rev. Jan 26. http://www.ssireview.org/blog/entry/channeling-change-making-collective-impact-work (Blog)
46. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Ruan WJ. 2001. Association between infant breastfeeding and overweight in young children. JAMA 285:2453-60
47. Himes JH, Dietz WH. 1994. Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee. The Expert Committee on Clinical Guidelines for Overweight in Adolescent Preventive Services. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59:307-16
48. Houchins JA, Burgess JR, Campbell WW, Daniel JR, Ferruzzi MG, et al. 2012. Beverage versus solid fruits and vegetables: effects on energy intake and body weight. Obesity 20:1844-50
49. Huhman M, Berkowitz JM, Wong FL, Prosper E, Gray M, et al. 2008. The VERB campaign's strategy for reaching African-American, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian children and parents. Am. J. Prev. Med. 34(Suppl.):S194-209
50. Huhman M, Potter LD, Wong FL, Banspach SW, Duke JC, Heitzler CD. 2005. Effects of a mass media campaign to increase physical activity among children: year-1 results of the VERB campaign. Pediatrics 116:e277-84
51. Huhman ME, Potter LD, Duke JC, Judkins DR, Heitzler CD, Wong FL. 2007. Evaluation of a national physical activity intervention for children: VERB campaign, 2002-2004. Am. J. Prev. Med. 32:38-43
52. Inst. Med. 2010. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: a Framework to Inform Decision Making. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
53. Inst. Med. 2011. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
54. Inst. Med. 2012. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
55. Inst. Med. 2013. Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
56. Inst. Med. 2013. Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts: a Plan for Measuring Progress. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
57. Inst. Med., Natl. Res. Counc. 2009. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
58. Jacknowitz A, Tiehen L. 2010. WIC Participation Patterns: an Investigation of Delayed Entry and Early Exit. Washington, DC: US Dept. Agric. (Econ. Res. Rep. No. 109)
59. Kaiser Permanente. 2014. Community Health Initiatives: Healthy Eating Active Living (HEAL) Grants and Partnerships. http://share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/healthy-eating-active-living-heal-grants-partnerships/
60. Kettel Khan L, Sobush K, Keener D, Goodman K, Lowry A, et al. 2009. Recommended community strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in the United States. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. Recomm. Rep. 58(RR07):1-26
61. Kit BK, Fakhouri TH, Park S, Nielsen SJ, Ogden CL. 2013. Trends in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among youth and adults in the United States: 1999-2010. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98:180-88
62. Koplan JP, Dietz WH. 1999. Caloric imbalance and public health policy. JAMA 282:1579-81
63. Koplan JP, Liverman CT, Kraak VI, eds. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
64. Koplan JP, Liverman CT, Kraak VI, Wisham CT, eds. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up? Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
65. Lessard L, Lesesne C, Kakietek J, Breck A, Jernigan J, et al. 2014. Measurement of compliance with New York City's regulations on beverages, physical activity, and screen time in early child care centers. Prev. Chronic Dis. 11:130433
66. Let's Move! Child Care. 2014. Resources for Trainers. http://www.healthykidshealthyfuture.org/home/resources/trainers.html
67. Let's Move Child Care. 2014. Strategies for Change. http://healthykidshealthyfuture.org/home/collaborate/obesity-prevention-strategies.html
68. Lundahl A, Kidwell KM, Nelson TD. 2014. Parental underestimates of child weight: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 133:e689-703
69. May AL, Pan L, Sherry B, Blanck HM, Galuska D, et al. 2013. Vital signs: obesity among low-income, preschool-aged children - United States, 2008-2011. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 62:1-6
70. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. 1999. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 282:1519-22
71. Natl. Assoc. State Boards Educ. 2000. Fit, Healthy, and Ready to Learn. Arlington, VA: Natl. Assoc. State Boards Educ. (Also available at http://www.nasbe.org/project/center-for-safe-and-healthy-schools/fhrtl/)
72. Natl. Heart Lung Blood Inst. 1998. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: Natl. Heart Lung Blood Inst.
73. Natl. Res. Counc. 2007. Adequacy of Evidence for Physical Activity Guidelines Development: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press
74. New York City Dep. Health Mental Hyg. 2006. Article 47: Child Care Services. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/about/healthcode/health-code-article47.pdf
75. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. 2014. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA 311:806-14
76. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. 2002. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. JAMA 288:1728-32
77. Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Mei Z, Guo S, et al. 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics version. Pediatrics 109:45-60
78. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, et al. 1995. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 273:402-7
79. Post RE, Mainous AG 3rd, Gregorie SH, Knoll ME, Diaz VA, Saxena SK. 2011. The influence of physician acknowledgment of patients' weight status on patient perceptions of overweight and obesity in the United States. Arch. Intern. Med. 171:316-21
80. Powell LM, Nguyen BT. 2013. Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption among children and adolescents: effect on energy, beverage, and nutrient intake. JAMA Pediatr. 167:14-20
81. Powell LM, Nguyen BT, Han E. 2012. Energy intake from restaurants: demographics and socioeconomics, 2003-2008. Am. J. Prev. Med. 43:498-504
82. Robert Wood Johnson Found. 2014. Healthy Food Access Portal. http://healthyfoodaccess.org/find-money/hffi/federal
83. Robert Wood Johnson Found. 2014. Major food, beverage companies remove 6.4 trillion calories from U.S. marketplace, January 9. http://www.rwjf.org/en/about-rwjf/newsroom/newsroom-content/2014/01/major-food-beverage-companies-remove-6-4-trillion-calories-fro.html
84. Robert Wood Johnson Found. 2014. Signs of progress on childhood obesity, March 3. http://www.rwjf.org/en/research-publications/find-rwjf-research/2013/09/signs-of-progress.html
85. Robinson TN. 1999. Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282:1561-67
86. Robinson TN. 2010. Save the world, prevent obesity: piggybacking on existing social and ideological movements. Obesity 18(Suppl. 1):S17-22
87. Shealy KR, Li R, Benton-Davis S, Grummer-Strawn LM. 2005. The CDC Guide to Breastfeeding Interventions. Atlanta: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., Cent. Dis. Control Prev.
88. Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, Daniels SR, Dishman RK, et al. 2005. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J. Pediatr. 146:732-37
89. Task Force Commun. Prev. Serv. 2002. Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities. Am. J. Prev. Med. 22 (Suppl):67-72
90. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv. 2000. Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv., CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.)
91. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv. 2001. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Rockville, MD: Off. Surg. Gen.
92. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv. 2008. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv.
93. US Dep. Health Hum. Serv. 2012. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report: Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth. Washington, DC: US Dep. Health Hum. Serv.
94. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E, Barnert D, et al. 1999. Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ 319:147-50
95. Wang YC, Bleich SN, Gortmaker SL. 2008. Increasing caloric contribution from sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juices among US children and adolescents, 1988-2004. Pediatrics 121:e1604-14
96. White House Task Force Child. Obes. 2010. Solving the Problem of Childhood Obesity Within a Generation: White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity Report to The President. Washington, DC: Exec. Off. Pres US.
97. Wong FL, Greenwell M, Gates S, Berkowitz JM. 2008. It's what you do! Reflections on the VERB campaign. Am. J. Prev. Med. 34 (Suppl):S175-82
98. World Health Organ. 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organ. (Also available at http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/Technical-report.pdf?ua=1)