Concomitant psychiatric problems and hormonal treatment induced metabolic syndrome in gender dysphoria individuals: A 2year follow-up study

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Volumn 78, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 399-406

  Colizzi, Marco ^a,b   Costa, Rosalia ^a,c   Scaramuzzi, Francesca ^a   Palumbo, Claudia ^a   Tyropani, Margarita ^a   Pace, Valeria ^a   Quagliarella, Luca ^a   Brescia, Francesco ^a   Natilla, Lilia Carmen ^a   Loverro, Giuseppe ^a   Todarello, Orlando ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c TAVISTOCK CLINIC   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Concomitant psychiatric problems; Gender dysphoria; Hormone replacement therapy; Metabolic syndrome

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CHOLESTEROL; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; ESTRADIOL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; TESTOSTERONE ESTER; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; SEX HORMONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENDER DYSPHORIA; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PREVALENCE; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WEIGHT GAIN; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMPLICATION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENDER IDENTITY; ITALY; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED;

ADULT; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GENDER IDENTITY; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; ITALY; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 84925167811     PISSN: 00223999     EISSN: 18791360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.02.001     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications, part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998, 15:539-553.
2. Laws A, Reaven GM Insulin resistance and risk factors for coronary heart disease. Bailliere Clin Endocrinol 1993, 7:1063-1078.
3. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002, 106:3143-3421.
4. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Circulation 2005, 112:2735-2752.
5. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA. 5th ed.
6. Baños G, Guarner V, Pérez-Torres I Sex steroid hormones, cardiovascular diseases and the metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2011, 9:137-146.
7. Polderman KH, Gooren LJ, Asscheman H, Bakker A, Heine RJ Induction of insulin resistance by androgens and estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 79:265-271.
8. Anderson RA, Wallace EM, Wu FC Effect of testosterone enanthate on serum lipoproteins in man. Contraception 1995, 52:115-119.
9. Berenson AB, Rahman M, Wilkinson G Effect of injectable and oral contraceptives on serum lipids. Obstet Gynecol 2009, 114:786-794.
10. Gode F, Karagoz C, Posaci C, Saatli B, Uysal D, Secil M, et al. Alteration of cardiovascular risk parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who were prescribed to ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011, 284:923-929.
11. Díaz M, Chacón MR, López-Bermejo A, Maymó-Masip E, Salvador C, Vendrell J, et al. Ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate versus low-dose pioglitazone-flutamide-metformin for adolescent girls with androgen excess: divergent effects on CD163, TWEAK receptor, ANGPTL4, and LEPTIN expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97:3630-3638.
12. Moore E, Wisniewski A, Dobs A Endocrine treatment of transsexual people: a review of treatment regimens, outcomes, and adverse effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:3467-3473.
13. Gooren LJ, Giltay EJ Review of studies of androgen treatment of female-to-male transsexuals: effects and risks of administration of androgens to females. J Sex Med 2008, 5:765-776.
14. Elamin MB, Garcia MZ, Murad MH, Erwin PJ, Montori VM Effect of sex steroid use on cardiovascular risk in transsexual individuals: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010, 72:1-10.
15. Ott J, Aust S, Promberger R, Huber JC, Kaufmann U Cross-sex hormone therapy alters the serum lipid profile: a retrospective cohort study in 169 transsexuals. J Sex Med 2011, 8:2361-2369.
16. Futterweit W Endocrine therapy of transsexualism and potential complications of long-term treatment. Arch Sex Behav 1998, 27:209-226.
17. Elbers JM, Giltay EJ, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, et al. Effects of sex steroids on components of the insulin resistance syndrome in transsexual subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003, 58:562-571.
18. Meriggiola MC, Marcovina S, Paulsen CA, Bremner WJ Testosterone enanthate at a dose of 200mg/week decreases HDL-cholesterol levels in healthy men. Int J Androl 1995, 18:237-242.
19. Mueller A, Kiesewetter F, Binder H, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R Long-term administration of testosterone undecanoate every 3months for testosterone supplementation in female-to-male transsexuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:3470-3475.
20. Chandra P, Basra SS, Chen TC, Tangpricha V Alterations in lipids and adipocyte hormones in female-to-male transsexuals. Int J Endocrinol 2010, 10.1155/2010/945053.
21. Elbers JM, Haumann G, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ Reproducibility of fat area measurements in young, non-obese subjects by computerized analysis of magnetic resonance images. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997, 21:1121-1129.
22. Elbers JM, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:E317-E325.
23. Wierckx K, Mueller S, Weyers S, Van Caenegem E, Roef G, Heylens G, et al. Long-term evaluation of cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual persons. J Sex Med 2012, 9:2641-2651.
24. Wierckx K, Elaut E, Declercq E, Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Taes Y, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and cancer during cross-sex hormone therapy in a large cohort of trans persons: a case-control study. Eur J Endocrinol 2013, 169:471-478.
25. Asscheman H, Giltay EJ, Megens JA, de Ronde WP, van Trotsenburg MA, Gooren LJ A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones. Eur J Endocrinol 2011, 164:635-642.
26. Capasso RM, Lineberry TW, Bostwick JM, Decker PA, St Sauver J Mortality in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an Olmsted County, Minnesota cohort: 1950-2005. Schizophr Res 2008, 98:287-294.
27. Laursen TM Life expectancy among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder. Schizophr Res 2011, 131:101-104.
28. Basu R, Brar JS, Chengappa KN, John V, Parepally H, Gershon S, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizoaffective disorder-bipolar subtype. Bipolar Disord 2004, 6:314-318.
29. Pagoto SL, Schneider KL, Appelhans B, Curtin C, Hadjuk A Psychological co-morbidities of obesity. Psychological co-morbidities of physical illness: a behavioral medicine perspective 2011, Springer, New York, NY. S.L. Pagoto (Ed.).
30. Kaneda Y, Fujii A, Ohmori T The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in chronic schizophrenic patients long-term treated with neuroleptics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002, 26:935-938.
31. Geoffroy MC, Hertzman C, Li L, Power C Prospective association of morning salivary cortisol with depressive symptoms in mid-life: a life-course study. PLoS One 2013, 8:e77603.
32. Rosmond R The glucocorticoid receptor gene and its association to metabolic syndrome. Obes Res 2002, 10:1078-1086.
33. Dunbar JA, Reddy P, Davis-Lameloise N, Philpot B, Laatikainen T, Kilkkinen A, et al. Depression: an important comorbidity with metabolic syndrome in a general population. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:2368-2373.
34. Gaysina D, Pierce M, Richards M, Hotopf M, Kuh D, Hardy R Association between adolescent emotional problems and metabolic syndrome: the modifying effect of C-reactive protein gene (CRP) polymorphisms. Brain Behav Immun 2011, 25:750-758.
35. Thakore JH, Mann JN, Vlahos I, Martin A, Reznek R Increased visceral fat distribution in drug-naive and drug-free patients with schizophrenia. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002, 26:137-141.
36. Lindenmayer JP, Czobor P, Volavka J, Citrome L, Sheitman B, McEvoy JP, et al. Changes in glucose and cholesterol levels in patients with schizophrenia treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:290-296.
37. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:1209-1223.
38. Malone M Medications associated with weight gain. Ann Pharmacother 2005, 39:2046-2055.
39. Newcomer J Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: a review of recent evidence. J Clin Psychiatry 2007, 68:20-27.
40. Nihalani N, Schwartz TL, Siddiqui UA, Megna JL Weight gain, obesity, and psychotropic prescribing. J Obes 2011, 893629.
41. Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2012, 157:498-511.
42. Colizzi M, Costa R, Pace V, Todarello O Hormonal treatment reduces psychobiological distress in gender identity disorder, independently of the attachment style. J Sex Med 2013, 10:3049-3058.
43. Colizzi M, Costa R, Todarello O Transsexual patients' psychiatric comorbidity and positive effect of cross-sex hormonal treatment on mental health: results from a longitudinal study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014, 39:65-73.
44. Colizzi M, Costa R, Todarello O Dissociative symptoms in individuals with gender dysphoria: is the elevated prevalence real?. Psychiatry Res 2015, 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.045.
45. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR 2000, APA, Washington DC. 4th ed.
46. Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M, Cohen-Kettenis P, DeCuypere G, Feldman J, et al. Standards of care (SOC) for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people, 7th version. Int J Transgend 2012, 13:165-232.
47. Ascaso JF, Merchante A, Lorente RI, Real JT, Martinez-Valls J, Carmena R A study of insulin resistance using the minimal model in nondiabetic familial combined hyperlipidemic patients. Metabolism 1998, 47:508-513.
48. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985, 28:412-419.
49. World Health Organization Report of WHO Scientific Group. Cardiovascular disease risk factors: new areas for research. WHO Technical Report Series No 841 1994.
50. Mattsson N, Rönnemaa T, Juonala M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Intern Med 2007, 261:159-169.
51. Weber-Hamann B, Hentschel F, Kniest A, Deuschle M, Colla M, Lederbogen F, et al. Hypercortisolemic depression is associated with increased intra-abdominal fat. Psychosom Med 2002, 64:274-277.
52. McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, Sullivan L, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res 2005, 80:19-32.
53. Tarricone I, Casoria M, Gozzi BF, Grieco D, Menchetti M, Serretti A, et al. Metabolic risk factor profile associated with use of second generation antipsychotics: a cross sectional study in a Community Mental Health Centre. BMC Psychiatry 2006, 6:11.
54. Correll CU, Frederickson AM, Kane JM, Manu P Equally increased risk for metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Bipolar Disord 2008, 10:788-797.
55. Babić D, Maslov B, Martinac M, Nikolić K, Uzun S, Kozumplik O Bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome: comorbidity or side effects of treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Danub 2010, 22:75-78.
56. van Kesteren PJ, Asscheman H, Megens JA, Gooren LJ Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997, 47:337-342.
57. Tchernof A, Després JP Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol Rev 2013, 93:359-404.
58. Roberts TK, Kraft CS, French D, Ji W, Wu AH, Tangpricha V, et al. Interpreting laboratory results in transgender patients on hormone therapy. Am J Med 2014, 127:159-162.