Endocrine therapy of transsexualism and potential complications of long- term treatment

Archives of Sexual Behavior

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 209-226

  Futterweit, Walter ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender identity disorders; Hormonal complications; Hormonal therapy; Hormonal therapy transsexualism; Transsexualism; Transsexualism treatment

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FOLLITROPIN; GESTAGEN; GONADORELIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; SEX HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE CIPIONATE; TESTOSTERONE ENANTATE;

ARTICLE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SAFETY; FOLLITROPIN RELEASE; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; LIVER TOXICITY; LONG TERM CARE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASE; OBESITY; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TRANSSEXUALISM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; MALE; PITUITARY HORMONES; TIME FACTORS; TRANSSEXUALISM;

EID: 0031916763     PISSN: 00040002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1018638715498     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Adams, M. R., Kaplan, J. R., Manuck, S. B., Koritnick, D. R., Parks, J. S., Wolfe, M. S., and Clarkson, T. B. (1990). Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17b-estradiol on ovariectomized monkeys: Lack of an effect of added progesterone. Arteriosclerosis 10: 1051-1057.
2. Adlercreutz, H., and Tenhunen, R. (1970). Some aspects of the interaction between natural and synthetic female sex hormones and the liver. Am. J. Med. 49: 630-648.
3. Aldinger, K., Ben-Menachem, Y., and Whalen, G. (1977). Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver associated with high dosage estrogens. Arch. Int. Med. 137: 357-359.
4. Ammus, S. S. (1989). The role of androgens in the treatment of hematologic disorders. Adv. Intern. Med. 34: 191-208.
5. Anderson, A. J., Sobocinski, K. A., Freedman, D. S., Barboriak, J., Rinn, J. J., and Gruchow, H. W. (1988). Body fat distribution, plasma lipids, and lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis 8: 88-94.
6. Applebaum, D. M., Goldberg, A. P., Pykalisto, O. J., Brumzell, J. D., and Hazzard, W. R. (1977). Effects of estrogens on postheparin plasma lipolytic activity. Selective decline in hepatic triglyceride lipase. J. Clin. Invest. 59: 601-608.
7. Asscheman, H., Gooren, L. J. G., Assies, J., Smits, J. P. H., and de Slegte, R. (1988). Prolactin levels and pituitary enlargement in hormone-treated male-to-female transsexuals. Clin. Endocrinol. 28: 583-588.
8. Asscheman, H., Gooren, L. J. G., Schouten, G. J., van Kamp, G. J., and van Bezu, J. S. M. (1989a). Serum lipids in male-to-female transsexuals treated with ethinylestradiol alone or in combination with cyproterone acetate. In Cross-Gender Hormone Treatment: Side Effects and Some Metabolic Aspects, Academic Proefschrift, Vrije Universiteit Te Amsterdam, pp. 79-87.
9. Asscheman, H., Gooren, L. J. G., and Eklund, P. L. E. (1989b). Mortality and morbidity in transsexual patients with cross-gender hormone treatment. Metabolism 38: 869-873.
10. Bagatell, C. J., Knopp, R. H., Vale, W. W., Rivier, J. E., and Bremner, W. J. (1992). Physiologic testosterone levels in normal men suppress high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Ann. Intern. Med. 116: 967-973.
11. Bagatell, C. J., Heiman, J. R., Matsumoto, A. M., Rivier, J. E., and Bremner, W. J. (1994). Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79: 561-567.
12. Bardin, C. W., Swerdloff, R. S., and Santen, R. J. (1991). Androgens: Risks and benefits. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 4-7.
13. Bjorntorp, P. (1991). Adipose tissue distribution and function. Int. J. Obesity 15: 67-81.
14. Bradley, D. D., Wingerd, J., Petitti, D. B., Krauss, R. M., and Ramcharan, S. (1978). Serum high density-lipoprotein cholesterol in women using oral contraceptives, estrogens and progestins. New Engl. J. Med. 299: 17-20.
15. Evans, D. J., Hoffman, R. G., Kalkhoff, R. K., and Kissebah, A. H. (1983). Relationship of androgenic activity to body fat topography, fat cell morphology, and metabolic aberrations in premenopausal women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 57: 304-310.
16. Franks, S. (1989). Polycystic ovary syndrome: A changing perspective. Clin. Endocrinol. 31: 87-120.
17. Friedl, K. E., Hannan, C. J., Jones, R. E., and Plymate, S. E. (1990). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is not decreased if an aromatizable androgen is administered. Metabolism 39: 69-77.
18. Futterweit, W. (1980). Endocrine management of transsexual. Hormonal profiles of serum prolactin, testosterone, and estradiol. N.Y. State J. Med. 80: 1260-1264.
19. Futterweit, W. (1984). Clinical features of polycystic ovarian disease. In Polycystic Ovarian Disease, Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 83-95.
20. Futterweit, W., and Deligdisch, L. (1986). Histopathological effects of exogenously administered testosterone in 19 female-to-male transsexuals. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62: 16-21.
21. Futterweit, W., Gabrilove, J. L., and Smith, H., Jr. (1984). Testicular steroidogenic response to human chorionic gonadotropin of fifteen male transsexuals on chronic estrogen treatment. Metabolism. 33: 936-942.
22. Futterweit, W., and Schwartz, I. S. (1988). Histopathology of the breasts of 12 women receiving long-term exogenous androgen therapy. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 55: 309-312.
23. Futterweit, W., Weiss, R. A., and Fagerstrom, R. M. (1986). Endocrine evaluation of forty female-to-male transsexuals: Increased frequency of polycystic ovarian disease in female transsexualism. Arch. Sex. Behav. 15: 69-78.
24. Futterweit, W. (1995). Pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome. In Redmond, G. P. (ed.), Androgenic Disorders, Raven Press, New York, pp. 77-166.
25. Glueck, C. J., Scheel, D., Fishback, J., and Steiner, P. (1972). Estrogen-induced pancreatitis in patients with previously covert familial type V hyperlipoproteinemia. Metabolism 21: 657-666.
26. Godsland, I. F., Gangar, K., Walton, C., Cust, M. P., Whitehead, M. I., Wynn, V., and Stevenson, J. C. (1993). Insulin resistance, secretion and elimination in postmenopausal women receiving oral or transdermal hormone replacement therapy. Metabolism 42: 846-853.
27. Gooren, L. J. G., Assies, J., Asscheman, H., De Slegte, R., and van Kessel, H. (1988). Estrogen-induced prolactinoma in a man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 444-446.
28. Gutai, J., LaPorte, R., Kuller, C., Dai, W., Falvo-Gerard, L., and Caggiula, A. (1981). Plasma testosterone, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipoprotein fractions. Am. J. Cardiol. 48: 897-902.
29. Hamalainen, E., Adlercreutz, H., Ehnholm, C., and Puska, P. (1986). Relationships of serum lipoproteins and apoproteins to sex hormones and to the sex hormone binding globulin in healthy Finnish men. Metabolism 35: 535-541.
30. Hamburger, C. (1969). Endocrine treatment of male and female transsexualism. In Green R., and Money J. (eds.), Transsexualism and Reassignment, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 291-307.
31. Jensen, J. (1991). Effects of sex steroids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Baillier's Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 5: 867-887.
32. Jequier, A. M., Bullimore, N. J., and Bishop, M. J. (1989). Cyproterone acetate and a small dose of oestrogen in the pre-operative management of male transsexuals. A report of three cases. Andrologia 21: 456-461.
33. Jones, T. M., Fang, V. S., Landau, R. L., and Rosenfield, R. (1978). Direct inhibition of Leydig cell function by estradiol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 47: 1368-1373.
34. LaRosa, J. C. (1993). Estrogen: Risk versus benefit for the prevention of coronary heart disease. Coronary Artery Dis. 4: 588-594.
35. LaRosa, J. C. (1994). Metabolic effects of estrogens and progestins. Fertil. Steril. 62(Suppl.2): 140S-146S.
36. LaRosa, J. C. (1995). Androgens and women's health: Genetic and epidemiologic aspects of lipid metabolism. Am. J. Med. 98(Suppl. 1A): 22S-26S.
37. Lobo, R. A., and Speroff, L. (1994). International consensus conference on postmenopausal hormone therapy and the cardiovascular system. Fertil. Steril. 62(Suppl.2): 176S-179S.
38. Mant D., Villard-Mackintosh, L., Vessey, M. P., and Yeates, D. (1987). Myocardial infarction and angina pectoris in young women. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 41: 215-219.
39. Matsumoto, A. M., Sandblom, R. E., Schoene, R. B., Lee, K. A., Giblin, E. C., Pierson, D. J., and Bremner, W. J. (1985). Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men: Effects of obstructive sleep apnoea, respiratory drives, and sleep. Clin. Endocrinol. 22: 713-721.
40. Meikle, A. W., Mazer, N. A., Moellmer, J. F., Stringham, J.D., Tolman, K. G., Sanders, S. W., and Odell, W. D. (1992). Enhanced transdermal delivery of testosterone across nonscrotal skin produces physiological concentrations of testosterone and its metabolites in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74: 623-628.
41. Meyer, W. J., Finkelstein, J. W., Stuart, C. A., Webb, A., Smith, E. R., Payer, A. F., and Walker, P. A. (1981). Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients during hormonal therapy. Arch. Sex. Behav. 10: 347-356.
42. Meyer, W. J., Webb, A., Stuart, C. A., Finkelstein, J. W., Lawrence, B., and Walker, P. A. (1986). Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients. A longitudinal study. Arch. Sex. Behav. 15: 121-138.
43. Nagelberg, S. B., Laue, L., Loriaux, D. L., Liu, L., and Sherins, R. (1986). Cerebrovascular accident associated with testosterone therapy in a 21-year-old hypogonadal man. New Engl. J. Med. 314: 649-650.
44. Nakao, J., Chang, W. C., Murota, S. I., and Orimo, H. (1981). Testosterone inhibits prostacyclin production by rat aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. Atherosclerosis 39: 203-209.
45. Nestler, J. E., Clore, J. N., and Blackard, W. G. (1992). Dehydroepiandrosterone: The "missing link" between hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis? FASEB J. 6: 3073-3075.
46. Neuberger, J., Nunnerly, H. B., Davis, M., Portmann, B., Laws, J. W., and Williams, R. (1980). Oral-contraceptive-associated liver tumours: Occurrence of malignancy and difficulties in diagnosis. Lancet 1: 273-276.
47. Prior, J. C., Vigna, Y. M., and Watson, D. (1989). Spironolactone with physiological female steroids for presurgical therapy of male-to-female transsexualism. Arch. Sex. Behav. 18: 49-57.
48. Sacks, F. M., and Walsh, B. W. (1990). The effects of reproductive hormones on serum lipoproteins: Unresolved issues in biology and clinical practice. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 592: 273-285.
49. Schmidt, G. (1977). Hepatocellular carcinoma. A possible complication of oral contraceptive steroids. Med. J. Australia 1: 215-220.
50. Schneider, B. K., Pickett, C. K., Zwillich, C. W., Weil, J. V., McDermott, M. T., Santen, R. J., Varano, L. A., and White, D. P. (1986). Influence of testosterone on breathing during sleep. J. Appl. Physiol. 61: 618-623.
51. Shahidi, N. T. (1973). Androgens and erythropoiesis. New Engl. J. Med. 289: 73-80.
52. Snyder, P. J., and Lawrence, D. A. (1980). Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone enanthate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1335-1339.
53. Sorva, R., Kuusi, T., Dunket, L., and Taskinen, M. R. (1988). Effects of endogenous sex steroids on serum lipoproteins and postheparin plasma lipolytic enzymes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 408-413.
54. Stefanick, M. L., Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Terry, R. B., Vranizan, K. M., and Wood, P. D. (1987). Relationship of plasma estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin with lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and high-density lipoprotein subfractions in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 723-729.
55. Stern, M. P., and Haffner, S. M. (1986). Body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia as risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 6: 123-130.
56. Terry, R. B., Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L., Stefanick, M. L., and Krauss, R. M. (1989). Regional adiposity in relation to plasma lipids, lipoproteins and subfraction mass in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68: 191-199.
57. Thompson, P. D., Cullinane, E. M., Sady, S. P., Chevenent, C., Saritelli, A. L., Sady, M. A., and Herbert, R. H. (1989). Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 261: 1165-1168.
58. Tikkanen, M. J., Nikkila, E. A., Kussi, S., and Sipinen, S. (1982). High density lipoprotein-2 and hepatic lipase: Reciprocal changes produced by estrogen and norgestrel. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54: 1113-1117.
59. Tribble, D. L., and Krauss, R. M. (1993). HDL and coronary artery disease. Adv. Intern. Med. 38: 1-29.
60. Wallentin, L., and Varenhorst, E. (1980). Plasma lipoproteins during treatment with cyproterone acetate in men with prostatic carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1118-1122.
61. Walton, C., Godsland, I. F., Proudler, A. J., Wynn, V., and Stevenson, J. C. (1993). The effects of the menopause on insulin sensitivity, secretion and elimination in non-obese healthy women. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 23: 466-473.
62. Webb, O. L., Laskarzewski , P. M., and Glueck, C. J. (1984). Severe depression of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in weight lifters and body builders by self administered exogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Metabolism 33: 971-975.
63. Xu, X. , De Pergola, G., and Bjorntorp, P. (1991). Testosterone increases lipolysis and the number of b-adrenoceptors in male adipocytes. Endocrinology 128: 379-382.