Biomarkers

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 127, Issue , 2015, Pages 245-265

  Mondello, Stefania ^a   Hayes, Ronald L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^b BANYAN BIOMARKERS INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Blood; Brain injury; Clinical practice; CSF diagnosis; Monitoring; Outcome; TBI; Treatment

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ANIMAL; BRAIN INJURIES; HUMAN; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; BIOMARKERS; BRAIN INJURIES; HUMANS;

EID: 84924989988     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: 22124152     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52892-6.00016-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (264)

1. Adamczak S., Dale G., De Rivero Vaccari J.P., et al. Inflammasome proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of brain-injured patients as biomarkers of functional outcome: clinical article. J Neurosurg 2012, 117:1119-1125.
2. Ahmed F., Gyorgy A., Kamnaksh A., et al. Time-dependent changes of protein biomarker levels in the cerebrospinal fluid after blast traumatic brain injury. Electrophoresis 2012, 33:3705-3711.
3. Amick J.E., Yandora K.A., Bell M.J., et al. The Th1 versus Th2 cytokine profile in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001, 2:260-264.
4. Anderson R.E., Hansson L.O., Nilsson O., et al. High serum s100b levels for trauma patients without head injuries. Neurosurgery 2001, 48:1255-1258. discussion 1258-1260.
5. Anderson K.J., Scheff S.W., Miller K.M., et al. The phosphorylated axonal form of the neurofilament subunit NF-H (pNF-H) as a blood biomarker of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2008, 25:1079-1085.
6. Au A.K., Aneja R.K., Bell M.J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of high-mobility group box 1 and cytochrome C predict outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012, 29:2013-2021.
7. Babcock L., Byczkowski T., Mookerjee S., et al. Ability of s100b to predict severity and cranial ct results in children with TBI. Brain Inj 2012, 26:1372-1380.
8. Baker S.G., Kramer B.S. A perfect correlate does not a surrogate make. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003, 3:16.
9. Balakathiresan N., Bhomia M., Chandran R., et al. MicroRNA let-7i is a promising serum biomarker for blast-induced traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012, 29:1379-1387.
10. Bandyopadhyay S., Hennes H., Gorelick M.H., et al. Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of short-term outcome in children with closed traumatic brain injury. Acad Emerg Med 2005, 12:732-738.
11. Bayir H., Kagan V.E., Tyurina Y.Y., et al. Assessment of antioxidant reserves and oxidative stress in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatr Res 2002, 51:571-578.
12. Bayir H., Kochanek P.M., Clark R.S. Traumatic brain injury in infants and children: mechanisms of secondary damage and treatment in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Clin 2003, 19:529-549.
13. Bayir H., Kochanek P.M., Liu S.X., et al. Increased S-nitrosothiols and S-nitrosoalbumin in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children: indirect association with intracranial pressure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003, 23:51-61.
14. Bazarian J.J., Zemlan F.P., Mookerjee S., et al. Serum S-100B and cleaved-tau are poor predictors of long-term outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2006, 20:759-765.
15. Beers S.R., Berger R.P., Adelson P.D. Neurocognitive outcome and serum biomarkers in inflicted versus non-inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24:97-105.
16. Bell M.J., Kochanek P.M., Doughty L.A., et al. Comparison of the interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 response in children after severe traumatic brain injury or septic shock. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1997, 70:96-97.
17. Bell M.J., Kochanek P.M., Doughty L.A., et al. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in children. J Neurotrauma 1997, 14:451-457.
18. Bellander B.M., Olafsson I.H., Ghatan P.H., et al. Secondary insults following traumatic brain injury enhance complement activation in the human brain and release of the tissue damage marker S100B. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011, 153:90-100.
19. Berger R.P. The use of serum biomarkers to predict outcome after traumatic brain injury in adults and children. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006, 21:315-333.
20. Berger R.P., Pierce M.C., Wisniewski S.R., et al. Neuron-specific enolase and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatrics 2002, 109(2):E31.
21. Berger R.P., Adelson P.D., Pierce M.C., et al. Serum neuron-specific enolase S100B and myelin basic protein concentrations after inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury in children. J Neurosurg 2005, 103:61-68.
22. Berger R.P., Adelson P.D., Richichi R., et al. Serum biomarkers after traumatic and hypoxemic brain injuries: insight into the biochemical response of the pediatric brain to inflicted brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2006, 28:327-335.
23. Berger R.P., Dulani T., Adelson P.D., et al. Identification of inflicted traumatic brain injury in well-appearing infants using serum and cerebrospinal markers: a possible screening tool. Pediatrics 2006, 117:325-332.
24. Biberthaler P., Linsenmeier U., Pfeifer K.J., et al. Serum S-100B concentration provides additional information for the indication of computed tomography in patients after minor head injury - a prospective multicenter study. Shock 2006, 25:446-453.
25. Blennow K., Nellgard B. Amyloid beta 1-42 and tau in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2004, 62:159. author reply 159-160.
26. Blennow K., Hardy J., Zetterberg H. The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury. Neuron 2012, 76:886-899.
27. Bloomfield S.M., Mckinney J., Smith L., et al. Reliability of S100B in predicting severity of central nervous system injury. Neurocrit Care 2007, 6:121-138.
28. Blyth B.J., Farahvar A., He H., et al. Elevated serum ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase l1 is associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011, 28:2453-2462.
29. Böhmer A.E., Oses J.P., Schmidt A.P., et al. Neuron-specific enolase S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels as outcome predictors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 2011, 68:1624-1630. discussion 1630-1631.
30. Bouvier D., Fournier M., Dauphin J.B., et al. Serum S100B determination in the management of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Clin Chem 2012, 58:1116-1122.
31. Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24(Suppl 1):S1-S106.
32. Braunwald E. Biomarkers in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2148-2159.
33. Brenner T., Yamin A., Abramsky O., et al. Stimulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by mycoplasmas and inhibition by dexamethasone in cultured astrocytes. Brain Res 1993, 608:273-279.
34. Brophy G.M., Mondello S., Papa L., et al. Biokinetic analysis of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) in severe traumatic brain injury patient biofluids. J Neurotrauma 2011, 28:861-870.
35. Buttram S.D., Wisniewski S.R., Jackson E.K., et al. Multiplex assessment of cytokine and chemokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid following severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: effects of moderate hypothermia. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24:1707-1717.
36. Chen X.H., Johnson V.E., Uryu K., et al. A lack of amyloid beta plaques despite persistent accumulation of amyloid beta in axons of long-term survivors of traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 2009, 19:214-223.
37. Chiaretti A., Genovese O., Aloe L., et al. Interleukin 1beta and interleukin 6: relationship with paediatric head trauma severity and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst 2005, 21:185-193. discussion 194.
38. Chiaretti A., Antonelli A., Mastrangelo A., et al. Interleukin-6 and nerve growth factor upregulation correlates with improved outcome in children with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2008, 25:225-234.
39. Chiaretti A., Barone G., Riccardi R., et al. NGF, DCX and NSE upregulation correlates with severity and outcome of head trauma in children. Neurology 2009, 72:609-616.
40. Chittiboina P., Ganta V., Monceaux C.P., et al. Angiopoietins as promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in brain injury. Pathophysiology 2013, 20:15-21.
41. Clark R.S., Carcillo J.A., Kochanek P.M., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine concentration and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism after severe head injury in humans. Neurosurgery 1997, 41:1284-1292. discussion 1292-1293.
42. Clark R.S., Kochanek P.M., Adelson P.D., et al. Increases in bcl-2 protein in cerebrospinal fluid and evidence for programmed cell death in infants and children after severe traumatic brain injury. J Pediatr 2000, 137:197-204.
43. Clark R.S., Kochanek P.M., Watkins S.C., et al. Caspase-3 mediated neuronal death after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurochem 2000, 74:740-753.
44. Crespo A.R., Da Rocha A.B., Jotz G.P.S., et al. Increased serum sFas and TNFalpha following isolated severe head injury in males. Brain Inj 2007, 21:441-447.
45. Csuka E., Morganti-Kossmann M.C., Lenzlinger P.M., et al. IL-10 levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: relationship to IL-6, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1 and blood-brain barrier function. J Neuroimmunol 1999, 101:211-221.
46. Czeiter E., Mondello S., Kovacs N., et al. Brain injury biomarkers may improve the predictive power of the impact outcome calculator. J Neurotrauma 2012, 29:1770-1778.
47. Darwish R.S., Amiridze N.S. Detectable levels of cytochrome C and activated caspase-9 in cerebrospinal fluid after human traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2010, 12:337-341.
48. Dash P.K., Zhou J., Hergenroeder G., et al. Biomarkers for the diagnosis prognosis and evaluation of treatment efficacy for traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010, 7:100-114.
49. Day I.N., Thompson R.J. UCHL1 (PGP 95): neuronal biomarker and ubiquitin system protein. Prog Neurobiol 2010, 90:327-362.
50. DeFazio M.V., Rammo R.A., Robles J.R., et al. The potential utility of blood-derived biochemical markers as indicators of early clinical trends after severe traumatic brain injury. World Neurosurg 2014, 81:151-158.
51. DeKosky S.T., Blennow K., Ikonomovic M.D., et al. Acute and chronic traumatic encephalopathies: pathogenesis and biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol 2013, 9:192-200.
52. Egea-Guerrero J.J., Revuelto-Rey J., Murillo-Cabezas F., et al. Accuracy of the S100beta protein as a marker of brain damage in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2012, 26:76-82.
53. Eng L.F., Vanderhaeghen J.J., Bignami A., et al. An acidic protein isolated from fibrous astrocytes. Brain Res 1971, 28:351-354.
54. Eng L.F., Ghirnikar R.S., Lee Y.L. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000). Neurochem Res 2000, 25:1439-1451.
55. Farkas O., Polgar B., Szekeres-Bartho J., et al. Spectrin breakdown products in the cerebrospinal fluid in severe head injury - preliminary observations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005, 147:855-861.
56. Faul M., Wald M.M., Rutland-Brown W., et al. Using a cost-benefit analysis to estimate outcomes of a clinical treatment guideline: testing the Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2007, 63:1271-1278.
57. Faul M., Xu L., Wald M.M. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States. Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002-2006 2010, US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, Accessed November 11, 2010, Available at:. http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf.
58. Fleming T.R., DeMets D.L. Surrogate end points in clinical trials: are we being misled?. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125:605-613.
59. Franz G., Beer R., Kampfl A., et al. Amyloid beta 1-42 and tau in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2003, 60:1457-1461.
60. Fraser D.D., Close T.E., Rose K.L., et al. Severe traumatic brain injury in children elevates glial fibrillary acidic protein in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011, 12:319-324. Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology Group.
61. Fridriksson T., Kini N., Walsh-Kelly C., et al. Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of intracranial lesions in children with head trauma: a pilot study. Acad Emerg Med 2000, 7:816-820.
62. Friede R.L., Samorajski T. Axon caliber related to neurofilaments and microtubules in sciatic nerve fibers of rats and mice. Anat Rec 1970, 167:379-387.
63. Gentleman S.M., Nash M.J., Sweeting C.J., et al. Beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta app) as a marker for axonal injury after head injury. Neurosci Lett 1993, 160:139-144.
64. Gentleman S.M., Roberts G.W., Gennarelli T.A., et al. Axonal injury: a universal consequence of fatal closed head injury?. Acta Neuropathol 1995, 89:537-543.
65. Giulian D., Lachman L.B. Interleukin-1 stimulation of astroglial proliferation after brain injury. Science 1985, 228:497-499.
66. Giza C.C., Hovda D.A. The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. J Athl Train 2001, 36:228-235.
67. Goldstein L.E., Fisher A.M., Tagge C.A., et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Sci Transl Med 2012, 4:134ra60.
68. Goncalves C.A., Leite M.C., Nardin P. Biological and methodological features of the measurement of S100B, a putative marker of brain injury. Clin Biochem 2008, 41:755-763.
69. Gong B., Leznik E. The role of ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase l1 in neurodegenerative disorders. Drug News Perspect 2007, 20:365-370.
70. Gonzclez-Mao M.C., Reparaz-Andrade A., Del Campo-Perez V., et al. Model predicting survival/exitus after traumatic brain injury: biomarker S100B 24h. Clin Lab 2011, 57:587-597.
71. Goodman J.C., Robertson C.S., Grossman R.G., et al. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor in head injury. J Neuroimmunol 1990, 30:213-217.
72. Goodman J.C., Van M., Gopinath S.P., et al. Pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic elements of the neuroinflammatory response are activated in traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2008, 102:437-439.
73. Goyal A., Failla M.D., Niyonkuru C., et al. S100B as a prognostic biomarker in outcome prediction for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2013, 30:946-957.
74. Grady M.S., Mclaughlin M.R., Christman C.W., et al. The use of antibodies targeted against the neurofilament subunits for the detection of diffuse axonal injury in humans. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1993, 52:143-152.
75. Graham D.I., Adams J.H., Nicoll J.A., et al. The nature distribution and causes of traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 1995, 5:397-406.
76. Graham D.I., Gentleman S.M., Lynch A., et al. Distribution of beta-amyloid protein in the brain following severe head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995, 21:27-34.
77. Graham M.R., Myers T., Evans P., et al. Direct hits to the head during amateur boxing is associated with a rise in serum biomarkers for brain injury. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011, 24:119-125.
78. Grossetete M., Phelps J., Arko L., et al. Elevation of matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9 in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 2009, 65:702-708.
79. Guskiewicz K.M., Marshall S.W., Bailes J., et al. Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery 2005, 57:719-724.
80. Guskiewicz K.M., Marshall S.W., Bailes J., et al. Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional football players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007, 39:903-909.
81. Hayakata T., Shiozaki T., Tasaki O., et al. Changes in CSF S100B and cytokine concentrations in early-phase severe traumatic brain injury. Shock 2004, 22:102-107.
82. Hayes R.L., Mondello S., Wang K. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: a promising biomarker in pediatric brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011, 12:603-604.
83. Hendoui N., Beigmohammadi M.T., Mahmoodpoor A., et al. Reliability of calcium-binding protein S100B measurement toward optimization of hyperosmolal therapy in traumatic brain injury. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013, 17:477-485.
84. Hergenroeder G., Redell J.B., Moore A.N., et al. Identification of serum biomarkers in brain-injured adults: potential for predicting elevated intracranial pressure. J Neurotrauma 2008, 25:79-93.
85. Hergenroeder G.W., Redell J.B., Moore A.N., et al. Biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury. Mol Diagn Ther 2008, 12:345-358.
86. Hergenroeder G.W., Moore A.N., McCoy J.P., et al. Serum IL-6: a candidate biomarker for intracranial pressure elevation following isolated traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 7 2010, http://dx.doi.org/19.10.1186/1742-2094-7-19.
87. Herrmann M., Curio N., Jost S., et al. Protein S-100B and neuron specific enolase as early neurobiochemical markers of the severity of traumatic brain injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 1999, 14:109-114.
88. Hohl A., Gullo Jda S., Silva C.C., et al. Plasma levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and hospital mortality in severe head injury: a multivariate analysis. J Crit Care 2012, 523:e11-e19.
89. Honda M., Tsuruta R., Kaneko T., et al. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein is a highly specific biomarker for traumatic brain injury in humans compared with S-100B and neuron-specific enolase. J Trauma 2010, 69:104-109.
90. Horsburgh K., Cole G.M., Yang F., et al. Beta-amyloid (Abeta)42(43) abeta42 abeta40 and apoE immunostaining of plaques in fatal head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2000, 26:124-132.
91. Isobe T., Ishioka N., Okuyama T. Structural relation of two S-100 proteins in bovine brain; subunit composition of S-100a protein. Eur J Biochem 1981, 115:469-474.
92. Jack C.R., Albert M.S., Knopman D.S., et al. Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011, 7:257-262.
93. Jagoda A.S., Bazarian J.J., Bruns J.J., et al. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med 2008, 52:714-748.
94. Jeter C.B., Hergenroeder G.W., Hylin M.J., et al. Biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of mild traumatic brain injury/concussion. J Neurotrauma 2013, 30:657-670.
95. Jonsson H., Johnsson P., Backstrom M., et al. Controversial significance of early S100B levels after cardiac surgery. BMC Neurol 2004, 4:24.
96. Jordan B.D. The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2013, 9(4):222-230.
97. Kirchhoff C., Buhmann S., Bogner V., et al. Cerebrospinal IL-10 concentration is elevated in non-survivors as compared to survivors after severe traumatic brain injury. Eur J Med Res 2008, 13:464-468.
98. Kochanek P.M., Berger R.P., Bayir H., et al. Biomarkers of primary and evolving damage in traumatic and ischemic brain injury: diagnosis prognosis probing mechanisms and therapeutic decision making. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008, 14:135-141.
99. Kossmann T., Hans V.H., Imhof H.G., et al. Intrathecal and serum interleukin-6 and the acute-phase response in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. Shock 1995, 4:311-317.
100. Kossmann T., Hans V., Imhof H.G., et al. Interleukin-6 released in human cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury may trigger nerve growth factor production in astrocytes. Brain Res 1996, 713:143-152.
101. Kovesdi E., Luckl J., Bukovics P., et al. Update on protein biomarkers in traumatic brain injury with emphasis on clinical use in adults and pediatrics. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010, 152:1-17.
102. Lange R.T., Iverson G.L., Brubacher J.R. Clinical utility of the protein S100B to evaluate traumatic brain injury in the presence of acute alcohol intoxication. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2012, 27:123-134.
103. Langlois J.A., Rutland-Brown W., Wald M.M. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006, 21:375-378.
104. Li R., Wu X., Fleisher A.S., et al. Attention-related networks in Alzheimer's disease: a resting functional MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2012, 33:1076-1088.
105. Liu Q., Xie F., Siedlak S.L., et al. Neurofilament proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004, 61:3057-3075.
106. Liu M.C., Akinyi L., Scharf D., et al. Ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase-L1 as a biomarker for ischemic and traumatic brain injury in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2010, 31:722-732.
107. Lovell M.R., Pardini J.E., Welling J., et al. Functional brain abnormalities are related to clinical recovery and time to return-to-play in athletes. Neurosurgery 2007, 61:352-359. discussion 359-360.
108. Maier B., Lehnert M., Laurer H.L., et al. Delayed elevation of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p75 and p55 in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after traumatic brain injury. Shock 2006, 26:122-127.
109. Manley G.T., Diaz-Arrastia R., Brophy M., et al. Common data elements for traumatic brain injury: recommendations from the biospecimens and biomarkers working group. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010, 91:1667-1672.
110. Marangos P.J., Schmechel D.E. Neuron specific enolase a clinically useful marker for neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Annu Rev Neurosci 1987, 10:269-395.
111. McClain C.J., Cohen D., Ott L., et al. Ventricular fluid interleukin-1 activity in patients with head injury. J Lab Clin Med 1987, 110:48-54.
112. McClain C., Cohen D., Phillips R., et al. Increased plasma and ventricular fluid interleukin-6 levels in patients with head injury. J Lab Clin Med 1991, 118:225-231.
113. McCrea M., Kelly J.P., Randolph C., et al. Immediate neurocognitive effects of concussion. Neurosurgery 2002, 50:1032-1040. discussion 1040-1042.
114. McCrea M., Guskiewicz K.M., Marshall S.W., et al. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA concussion study. JAMA 2003, 290:2556-2563.
115. McCrea M., Guskiewicz K., Randolph C., et al. Incidence clinical course and predictors of prolonged recovery time following sport-related concussion in high school and college athletes. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2013, 19:22-33.
116. McCrory P., Meeuwisse W., Johnston K., et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport - the 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2008. J Sci Med Sport 2009, 12:340-351.
117. McKeating E.G., Andrews P.J., Mascia L. Relationship of neuron specific enolase and protein S-100 concentrations in systemic and jugular venous serum to injury severity and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1998, 71:117-119.
118. McKee A.C., Cantu R.C., Nowinski C.J., et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009, 68:709-735.
119. McKee A.C., Gavett B.E., Stern R.A., et al. TDP-43 proteinopathy and motor neuron disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010, 69:918-929.
120. McKenzie J.E., Gentleman S.M., Roberts G.W., et al. Increased numbers of beta app-immunoreactive neurones in the entorhinal cortex after head injury. Neuroreport 1994, 6:161-164.
121. McKenzie K.J., Mclellan D.R., Gentleman S.M., et al. Is beta-app a marker of axonal damage in short-surviving head injury?. Acta Neuropathol 1996, 92:608-613.
122. McKhann G.M. Changing concepts of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2011, 305:2458-2459.
123. McKhann G.M., Knopman D.S., Chertkow H., et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011, 7:263-269.
124. Metting Z., Wilczak N., Rodiger L.A., et al. GFAP and S100B in the acute phase of mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2012, 78:1428-1433.
125. Mier J.W., Vachino G., Van Der Meer J.W., et al. Induction of circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) as the mechanism for the febrile response to interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cancer patients. J Clin Immunol 1988, 8:426-436.
126. Missler U., Wiesmann M., Wittmann G., et al. Measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein in human blood: analytical method and preliminary clinical results. Clin Chem 1999, 45:138-141.
127. Mondello S., Robicsek S.A., Gabrielli A., et al. αII-Spectrin breakdown products (SBDPS): diagnosis and outcome in severe traumatic brain injury patients. J Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1203-1213.
128. Mondello S., Muller U., Jeromin A., et al. Blood-based diagnostics of traumatic brain injuries. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011, 11:65-78.
129. Mondello S., Papa L., Buki A., et al. Neuronal and glial markers are differently associated with computed tomography findings and outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a case control study. Crit Care 2011, 15:r156.
130. Mondello S., Gabrielli A., Catani S., et al. Increased levels of serum MAP-2 at 6-months correlate with improved outcome in survivors of severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2012, 26:1629-1635.
131. Mondello S., Jeromin A., Buki A., et al. Glial neuronal ratio: a novel index for differentiating injury type in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012, 29:1096-1104.
132. Mondello S., Linnet A., Buki A., et al. Clinical utility of serum levels of ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase as a biomarker for severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 2012, 70:666-675.
133. Mondello S., Palmio J., Streeter J., et al. Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is increased in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients after epileptic seizure. BMC Neurol 2012, 12:85.
134. Mondello S., Buki A., Italiano D., et al. α-Synuclein in CSF of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2013, 80:1662-1668.
135. Mondello S., Schmid K., Berger R.P., et al. The challenge of mild traumatic brain injury: role of biochemical markers in diagnosis of brain damage. Med Res Rev 2014, 34:503-531.
136. Morganti-Kossmann M.C., Hans V.H., Lenzlinger P.M., et al. TGF-beta is elevated in the CSF of patients with severe traumatic brain injuries and parallels blood-brain barrier function. J Neurotrauma 1999, 16:617-628.
137. Morganti-Kossmann M.C., Rancan M., Stahel P.F., et al. Inflammatory response in acute traumatic brain injury: a double-edged sword. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002, 8:101-105.
138. Mortberg E., Zetterberg H., Nordmark J., et al. Plasma tau protein in comatose patients after cardiac arrest treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011, 55:1132-1138.
139. Muller K., Townend W., Biasca N., et al. S100B serum level predicts computed tomography findings after minor head injury. J Trauma 2007, 62:1452-1456.
140. Mussack T., Kirchhoff C., Buhmann S., et al. Significance of elecsys S100 immunoassay for real-time assessment of traumatic brain damage in multiple trauma patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006, 44:1140-1145.
141. Nangunoori R., Maloney-Wilensky E., Stiefel M., et al. Brain tissue oxygen-based therapy and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic literature review. Neurocrit Care 2012, 17:131-138.
142. Narayan R.K., Michel M.E., Ansell B., et al. Clinical trials in head injury. J Neurotrauma 2002, 19:503-557.
143. Neselius S., Brisby H., Theodorsson A., et al. CSF-biomarkers in Olympic boxing: diagnosis and effects of repetitive head trauma. PLoS One 2012, 7:e33606.
144. Neselius S., Zetterberg H., Blennow K., et al. Olympic boxing is associated with elevated levels of the neuronal protein tau in plasma. Brain Inj 2013, 27:425-433.
145. Niyonkuru C., Wagner A.K., Ozawa H., et al. Group based trajectory analysis applications for prognostic biomarker model development in severe TBI: a practical example. J Neurotrauma 2013, 30:938-945.
146. Nylen K., Ost M., Csajbok L.Z., et al. Increased serum-GFAP in patients with severe traumatic brain injury is related to outcome. J Neurol Sci 2006, 240:85-91.
147. Nylen K., Ost M., Csajbok L.Z., et al. Serum levels of S100B, S100A1B and S100BB are all related to outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008, 150:221-227. discussion 227.
148. O'Callaghan J.P., Sriram K. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and related glial proteins as biomarkers of neurotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005, 4:433-442.
149. Okie S. Traumatic brain injury in the war zone. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:2043-2047.
150. Olsson A., Csajbok L., Ost M., et al. Marked increase of beta-amyloid(1-42) and amyloid precursor protein in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurol 2004, 251:870-876.
151. Olsson B., Zetterberg H., Hampel H., et al. Biomarker-based dissection of neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2011, 95:520-534.
152. Ost M., Nylen K., Csajbok L., et al. Initial CSF total tau correlates with 1-year outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2006, 67:1600-1604.
153. Palfreyman J.W., Thomas D.G., Ratcliffe J.G. Radioimmunoassay of human myelin basic protein in tissue extract cerebrospinal fluid and serum and its clinical application to patients with head injury. Clin Chim Acta 1978, 82:259-270.
154. Papa L., Akinyi L., Liu M.C., et al. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase is a novel biomarker in humans for severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:138-144.
155. Papa L., Lewis L.M., Silvestri S., et al. Serum levels of ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase distinguish mild traumatic brain injury from trauma controls and are elevated in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012, 72:1335-1344.
156. Papa L., Lewis L.M., Falk J.L., et al. Elevated levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury are associated with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. Ann Emerg Med 2012, 59:471-483.
157. Papa L., Ramia M.M., Kelly J.M., et al. Systematic review of clinical research on biomarkers for pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2013, 30:324-338.
158. Pelinka L.E., Jafarmadar M., Redl H., et al. Neuron-specific-enolase is increased in plasma after hemorrhagic shock and after bilateral femur fracture without traumatic brain injury in the rat. Shock 2004, 22:88-91.
159. Pelinka L.E., Kroepfl A., Leixnering M., et al. GFAP versus S100B in serum after traumatic brain injury: relationship to brain damage and outcome. J Neurotrauma 2004, 21:1553-1561.
160. Pelinka L.E., Kroepfl A., Schmidhammer R., et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum after traumatic brain injury and multiple trauma. J Trauma 2004, 57:1006-1012.
161. Pelinka L.E., Hertz H., Mauritz W., et al. Nonspecific increase of systemic neuron-specific enolase after trauma: clinical and experimental findings. Shock 2005, 24:119-123.
162. Petraglia A.L., Maroon J.C., Bailes J.E. From the field of play to the field of combat: a review of the pharmacological management of concussion. Neurosurgery 2012, 70:1520-1533. discussion 1533.
163. Phillips D.J., Nguyen P., Adamides A.A., et al. Activin a release into cerebrospinal fluid in a subset of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2006, 23:1283-1294.
164. Piazza O., Storti M.P., Cotena S., et al. S100B is not a reliable prognostic index in paediatric TBI. Pediatr Neurosurg 2007, 43:258-264.
165. Pike B.R., Zhao X., Newcomb J.K.P., et al. Regional calpain and caspase-3 proteolysis of alpha-spectrin after traumatic brain injury. Neuroreport 1998, 9:2437-2442.
166. Pike B.R., Flint J., Dutta S., et al. Accumulation of non-erythroid alpha II-spectrin and calpain-cleaved alpha II-spectrin breakdown products in cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurochem 2001, 78:1297-1306.
167. Pineda J.A., Lewis S.B., Valadka A.B., et al. Clinical significance of alphaII-spectrin breakdown products in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2007, 24:354-366.
168. Pitkanen A., Lukasiuk K. Molecular biomarkers of epileptogenesis. Biomark Med 2011, 5:629-633.
169. Pitkanen A., Bolkvadze T., Immonen R. Anti-epileptogenesis in rodent post-traumatic epilepsy models. Neurosci Lett 2011, 497:163-171.
170. Raabe A., Grolms C., Keller M., et al. Correlation of computed tomography findings and serum brain damage markers following severe head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998, 140:787-791. discussion 791-792.
171. Raabe A., Menon D.K., Gupta S., et al. Jugular venous and arterial concentrations of serum S-100B protein in patients with severe head injury: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998, 65:930-932.
172. Raabe A., Grolms C., Sorge O., et al. Serum S-100B protein in severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1999, 45:477-483.
173. Raabe A., Kopetsch O., Woszczyk A., et al. S-100B protein as a serum marker of secondary neurological complications in neurocritical care patients. Neurol Res 2004, 26:440-445.
174. Raby C.A., Morganti-Kossmann M.C., Kossmann T., et al. Traumatic brain injury increases beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem 1998, 71:2505-2509.
175. Raghupathi R., Graham D.I., Mcintosh T.K. Apoptosis after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2000, 17:927-938.
176. Randall J., Mortberg E., Provuncher G.K., et al. Tau proteins in serum predict neurological outcome after hypoxic brain injury from cardiac arrest: results of a pilot study. Resuscitation 2013, 84:351-356.
177. Rasouli J., Lekhraj R., White N.M., et al. Attenuation of interleukin-1beta by pulsed electromagnetic fields after traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2012, 519:4-8.
178. Riederer B.M., Zagon I.S., Goodman S.R. Brain spectrin(240/235) and brain spectrin(240/235e): two distinct spectrin subtypes with different locations within mammalian neural cells. J Cell Biol 1986, 102:2088-2097.
179. Rissin D.M., Kan C.W., Campbell T.G., et al. Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations. Nat Biotechnol 2010, 28:595-599.
180. Roberts G.W., Gentleman S.M., Lynch A., et al. beta A4 amyloid protein deposition in brain after head trauma. Lancet 1991, 338:1422-1423.
181. Robertson C.L., Minamino N., Ruppel R.A., et al. Increased adrenomedullin in cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic brain injury in infants and children. J Neurotrauma 2001, 18:861-868.
182. Romner B., Ingebrigtsen T. High serum S100B levels for trauma patients without head injuries. Neurosurgery 2001, 49:1490. author reply 1492-1493.
183. Romner B., Ingebrigtsen T., Kongstad P., et al. Traumatic brain damage: serum S-100 protein measurements related to neuroradiological findings. J Neurotrauma 2000, 17:641-647.
184. Ross S.A., Halliday M.I., Campbell G.C., et al. The presence of tumour necrosis factor in CSF and plasma after severe head injury. Br J Neurosurg 1994, 8:419-425.
185. Ross S.A., Cunningham R.T., Johnston C.F., et al. Neuron-specific enolase as an aid to outcome prediction in head injury. Br J Neurosurg 1996, 10:471-476.
186. Rostami E., Davidsson J., Ng K.C.L., et al. A model for mild traumatic brain injury that induces limited transient memory impairment and increased levels of axon related serum biomarkers. Front Neurol 2012, 3:115.
187. Rothoerl R.D., Woertgen C. High serum S100B levels for trauma patients without head injuries. Neurosurgery 2001, 49:1490-1491. author reply 1492-1493.
188. Rothoerl R.D., Woertgen C., Holzschuh M., et al. S-100 serum levels after minor and major head injury. J Trauma 1998, 45:765-767.
189. Routsi C., Stamataki E., Nanas S., et al. Increased levels of serum S100B protein in critically ill patients without brain injury. Shock 2006, 26:20-24.
190. Rudman D., Fleischer A., Kutner M.H. Concentration of 3', 5' cyclic adenosine monophosphate in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with prolonged coma after head trauma or intracranial hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 1976, 295(12):635-638.
191. Saatman K.E., Creed J., Raghupathi R. Calpain as a therapeutic target in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010, 7:31-42.
192. Sapsford W. Penetrating brain injury in military conflict: does it merit more research?. J R Army Med Corps 2003, 149:5-14.
193. Satchell M.A., Zhang X., Kochanek P.M., et al. A dual role for poly-adp-ribosylation in spatial memory acquisition after traumatic brain injury in mice involving nad+depletion and ribosylation of 14-3-3gamma. J Neurochem 2003, 85:697-708.
194. Savola O., Pyhtinen J., Leino T.K., et al. Effects of head and extracranial injuries on serum protein S100B levels in trauma patients. J Trauma 2004, 56:1229-1234. discussion 1234.
195. Sawada M., Kondo N., Suzumura A., et al. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture. Brain Res 1989, 491:394-397.
196. Scaife E.R., Statler K.D. Traumatic brain injury: preferred methods and targets for resuscitation. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010, 22:339-345.
197. Scarna H., Delafosse B., Steinberg R., et al. Neuron-specific enolase as a marker of neuronal lesions during various comas in man. Neurochem Int 1982, 4:405-411.
198. Schierhout G., Roberts I. Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, cd000173.
199. Schiff L., Hadker N., Weiser S., et al. A literature review of the feasibility of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for stroke and traumatic brain injury. Mol Diagn Ther 2012, 16:79-92.
200. Schmid K.E., Tortella F.C. The diagnosis of traumatic brain injury on the battlefield front. Neurol 2012, 3:90.
201. Semple B.D., Bye N., Rancan M., et al. Role of CCl2 (MCP-1) in traumatic brain injury (TBI): evidence from severe tbi patients and CCL2-/-mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010, 30:769-782.
202. Shaw G., Yang C., Ellis R., et al. Hyperphosphorylated neurofilament NF-H is a serum biomarker of axonal injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 336:1268-1277.
203. Sherriff F.E., Bridges L.R., Gentleman S.M., et al. Markers of axonal injury in post mortem human brain. Acta Neuropathol 1994, 88:433-439.
204. Sherriff F.E., Bridges L.R., Sivaloganathan S. Early detection of axonal injury after human head trauma using immunocytochemistry for beta-amyloid precursor protein. Acta Neuropathol 1994, 87:55-62.
205. Shiozaki T., Hayakata T., Tasaki O., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of anti-inflammatory mediators in early-phase severe traumatic brain injury. Shock 2005, 23:406-410.
206. Shohami E., Gallily R., Mechoulam R., et al. Cytokine production in the brain following closed head injury: dexanabinol (HU-211) is a novel TNF-alpha inhibitor and an effective neuroprotectant. J Neuroimmunol 1997, 72:169-177.
207. Siman R., Mcintosh T.K., Soltesz K.M., et al. Proteins released from degenerating neurons are surrogate markers for acute brain damage. Neurobiol Dis 2004, 16:311-320.
208. Siman R., Toraskar N., Dang A., et al. A panel of neuron-enriched proteins as markers for traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurotrauma 2009, 26:1867-1877.
209. Singhal A., Baker A.J., Hare G.M., et al. Association between cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations and outcome after severe human traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2002, 19:929-937.
210. Skogseid I.M., Nordby H.K., Urdal P., et al. Increased serum creatine kinase BB and neuron specific enolase following head injury indicates brain damage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1992, 115:106-111.
211. Smith D.H., Chen X.H., Nonaka M., et al. Accumulation of amyloid beta and tau and the formation of neurofilament inclusions following diffuse brain injury in the pig. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999, 58:982-992.
212. Smith D.H., Chen X.H., Iwata A., et al. Amyloid beta accumulation in axons after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurosurg 2003, 98:1072-1077.
213. Smith D.H., Uryu K., Saatman K.E., et al. Protein accumulation in traumatic brain injury. Neuromolecular Med 2003, 4:59-72.
214. Stahel P.F., Morganti-Kossmann M.C., Perez D., et al. Intrathecal levels of complement-derived soluble membrane attack complex (sC5b-9) correlate with blood-brain barrier dysfunction in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2001, 18:773-781.
215. Stalnacke B.M., Sojka P. S100B for diagnosis and prognosis of sequelae following minor head injury contradictory results according to studies. Lakartidningen 2008, 105:1840-1845.
216. Stalnacke B.M., Tegner Y., Sojka P. Playing soccer increases serum concentrations of the biochemical markers of brain damage S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in elite players: a pilot study. Brain Inj 2004, 18:899-909.
217. Stalnacke B.M., Ohlsson A., Tegner Y., et al. Serum concentrations of two biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase are increased in elite female soccer players after a competitive game. Br J Sports Med 2006, 40:313-316.
218. Stein D.M., Kufera J.A., Lindell A., et al. Association of CSF biomarkers and secondary insults following severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2011, 14:200-207.
219. Stein D.M., Lindell A., Murdock K.R., et al. Relationship of serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers with intracranial hypertension and cerebral hypoperfusion after severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2011, 70:1096-1103.
220. Stein D.M., Lindel A.L., Murdock K.R., et al. Use of serum biomarkers to predict secondary insults following severe traumatic brain injury. Shock 2012, 37:563-568.
221. Stein D.M., Lindell A.L., Murdock K.R., et al. Use of serum biomarkers to predict cerebral hypoxia after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012, 29:1140-1149.
222. Su E., Bell M.J., Kochanek P.M., et al. Increased CSF concentrations of myelin basic protein after TBI in infants and children: absence of significant effect of therapeutic hypothermia. Neurocrit Care 2012, 17:401-407.
223. Tanabe T., Suzuki S., Hara K., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum neuron-specific enolase levels after febrile seizures. Epilepsia 2001, 42:504-507.
224. Tasci A., Okay O., Gezici A.R., et al. Prognostic value of interleukin-1 beta levels after acute brain injury. Neurol Res 2003, 25:871-874.
225. Tavarez M.M., Atabaki S.M., Teach S.J. Acute evaluation of pediatric patients with minor traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012, 24:307-313.
226. Thomas D.G., Palfreyman J.W., Ratcliffe J.G. Serum-myelin-basic-protein assay in diagnosis and prognosis of patients with head injury. Lancet 1978, 1:113-115.
227. Thomas D.G., Rabow L., Teasdale G. Serum myelin basic protein clinical responsiveness and outcome of severe head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1979, 28:93-95.
228. Tibbling G., Link H., Ohman S. Principles of albumin and IgG analyses in neurological disorders. I. Establishment of reference values. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1977, 37:385-390.
229. Tongaonkar P., Chen L., Lambertson D., et al. Evidence for an interaction between ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and the 26s proteasome. Mol Cell Biol 2000, 20:4691-4698.
230. Topolovec-Vranic J., Pollmann-Mudryj M.A., Ouchterlony D., et al. The value of serum biomarkers in prediction models of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2011, 71:S478-S486.
231. Trojanowski J.Q., Schuck T., Schmidt M.L., et al. Distribution of tau proteins in the normal human central and peripheral nervous system. J Histochem Cytochem 1989, 37:209-215.
232. Undén J., Romner B. Can low serum levels of S100B predict normal CT findings after minor head injury in adults?: an evidence-based review and meta-analysis. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2010, 25:228-240.
233. Undén J., Astrand R., Waterloo K., et al. Clinical significance of serum S100B levels in neurointensive care. Neurocrit Care 2007, 6:94-99.
234. Undén J., Ingebrigtsen T., Romner B., et al. Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal mild and moderate head injuries in adults: an evidence and consensus-based update. BMC Med 2013, 11:50. Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee (SNC).
235. Uryu K., Chen X.H., Martinez D., et al. Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Exp Neurol 2007, 208:185-192.
236. Vagnozzi R., Signoretti S., Tavazzi B., et al. Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: a pilot 1h-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed athletes - part III. Neurosurgery 2008, 62:1286-1295. discussion 1295-1296.
237. Vagnozzi R., Signoretti S., Cristofori L., et al. Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients. Brain 2010, 133:3232-3242.
238. Van Geel W.J., De Reus H.P., Nijzing H., et al. Measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein in blood: an analytical method. Clin Chim Acta 2002, 326:151-154.
239. Varma S., Janesko K.L., Wisniewski S.R., et al. F2-isoprostane and neuron-specific enolase in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. J Neurotrauma 2003, 20:781-786.
240. Vollmer D.G., Dacey R.G. The management of mild and moderate head injuries. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1991, 2:437-455.
241. Vos P.E., Lamers K.J., Hendriks J.C., et al. Glial and neuronal proteins in serum predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2004, 62:1303-1310.
242. Vos P.E., Jacobs B., Andriessen T.M., et al. GFAP and S100B are biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: an observational cohort study. Neurology 2010, 75:1786-1793.
243. Wagner A.K., Mccullough E.H., Niyonkuru C., et al. Acute serum hormone levels: characterization and prognosis after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011, 28:871-888.
244. Wagner A.K., Amin K.B., Niyonkuru C., et al. CSF Bcl-2 and cytochrome C temporal profiles in outcome prediction for adults with severe TBI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011, 31(9):1886-1896.
245. Wang K.K. Calpain and caspase: can you tell the difference?. Trends Neurosci 2000, 23:20-26.
246. Whalen M.J., Carlos T.M., Kochanek P.M., et al. Interleukin-8 is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of children with severe head injury. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:929-934.
247. Woertgen C., Rothoerl R.D., Holzschuh M., et al. Comparison of serial S-100 and NSE serum measurements after severe head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997, 139:1161-1164. discussion 1165.
248. Woertgen C., Rothoerl R.D., Metz C., et al. Comparison of clinical radiologic and serum marker as prognostic factors after severe head injury. J Trauma 1999, 47:1126-1130.
249. Woodcock T., Morganti-Kossmann M.C. The role of markers of inflammation in traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2013, 4:18.
250. Wulfkuhle J.D., Liotta L.A., Petricoin E.F. Proteomic applications for the early detection of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003, 3:267-275.
251. Xiong H., Liang W.L., Wu X.R. Pathophysiological alterations in cultured astrocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2000, 31:217-221.
252. Yamazaki Y., Yada K., Morii S., et al. Diagnostic significance of serum neuron-specific enolase and myelin basic protein assay in patients with acute head injury. Surg Neurol 1995, 43:267-270. discussion 270-271.
253. Yealy D.M., Hogan D.E. Imaging after head trauma. Who needs what?. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1991, 9:707-717.
254. Zedler S., Faist E. The impact of endogenous triggers on trauma-associated inflammation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006, 12:595-601.
255. Zemlan F.P., Jauch E.C., Mulchahey J.J., et al. C-tau biomarker of neuronal damage in severe brain injured patients: association with elevated intracranial pressure and clinical outcome. Brain Res 2002, 947:131-139.
256. Zetterberg H., Hietala M.A., Jonsson M., et al. Neurochemical aftermath of amateur boxing. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1277-1280.
257. Zetterberg H., Tanriverdi F., Unluhizarci K., et al. Sustained release of neuron-specific enolase to serum in amateur boxers. Brain Inj 2009, 23:723-726.
258. Zetterberg H., Smith D.H., Blennow K. Biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Nat Rev Neurol 2013, 9:201-210.
259. Zhang Z., Larner S.F., Liu M.C., et al. Multiple alphaII-spectrin breakdown products distinguish calpain and caspase dominated necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathways. Apoptosis 2009, 14:1289-1298.
260. Zoltewicz J.S., Scharf D., Yang B., et al. Characterization of antibodies that detect human GFAP after traumatic brain injury. Biomark Insights 2012, 7:71-79.
261. Zoltewicz J.S., Mondello S., Yang B., et al. Biomarkers track damage following graded injury severity in a rat model of penetrating brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2013, 30:1161-1169.
262. Zongo D., Ribéreau-Gayon R., Masson F., et al. S100-B protein as a screening tool for the early assessment of minor head injury. Ann Emerg Med 2012, 59:209-218.
263. Zurek J., Fedora M. The usefulness of S100B, NSE, GFAP, NF-H, secretagogin and HSP70 as a predictive biomarker of outcome in children with traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012, 154:93-103. discussion 103.
264. Zurek J., Bartlova L., Fedora M. Hyperphosphorylated neurofilament NF-H as a predictor of mortality after brain injury in children. Brain Inj 2011, 25:221-226.