The transformation of American politics: Activist government and the rise of conservatism

The Transformation of American Politics: Activist Government and the Rise of Conservatism

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-324

  Pierson, Paul ^a   Skocpol, Theda ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924914854     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (484)

1. Abramowitz, Alan I., and Kyle L. Saunders. 1998. "Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate." Journal of Politics 60: 634-52.
2. Adams, Greg D. 1997. "Abortion: Evidence of Issue Evolution." American Journal of Political Science 41: 718-37.
3. Albany Times Union. 2003. "Big Spenders." 24 November.
4. Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Alesina, Alberto, and Howard Rosenthal. 1995. Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
6. Allen, Mike. 2005. "GOP Shifts Gears on Ethics Rules." Washington Post, 5 January.
7. Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
8. American Political Science Association. 1950. "Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Report on the Committee on Political Parties." American Political Science Review 44 (3) (Supplement): 1-44.
9. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Jonathan Rodden, and James M. Snyder Jr. 2005. "Purple America." Unpublished manuscript, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
10. Arnold, Douglas. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
11. Avery, James M., and Mark Peffley. 2005. "Voter Registration Requirements, Voter Turnout, andWelfare Eligibility Policy: Class Bias Matters." State Politics and Policy Quarterly 5 (1): 47-67.
12. Baker, Peter. 2000. The Breach: Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton. New York: Scribner.
13. Balkin, Jack, and Sanford Levinson. 2001. "Understanding the Constitutional Revolution." Virginia Law Review 87 (October): 1045-1104.
14. Balz, Dan. 1985. "Frustrations Embitter House GOP." Washington Post, 29 April.
15. Balz, Dan, and Ronald Brownstein. 1996. Storming the Gates: Protest Politics and the Republican Revival. Boston: Little, Brown.
16. Baron, Jonathan, and Edward J. McCaffery. 2004. "Masking Redistribution (or Its Absence)." Social Science Research Network Paper Collection. http://ssrn.com/abstract=528165.
17. Bartels, Larry M. 1988. Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
18. Bartels, Larry M. 2000. "Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952-1996." American Journal of Political Science 44: 35-50.
19. Bartels, Larry M. 2004. "Partisan Politics and the U.S. Income Distribution." Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University.
20. Bartels, Larry M. 2005. "What's the Matter with What's the Matter with Kansas?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., 1-4 September.
21. Baumann, David. 2004. "Grading the Class of '94." National Journal, 1 May.
22. Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23. Baumgartner, Frank R., Beth L. Leech, and Christine Mahoney. 2003. "The Coevolution of Groups and Government." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, 28-31 August.polisci.la.psu.edu/faculty/Baumgartner/Baumgartner-et-al-2003.pdf. Accessed June 2003.
24. Baumgartner, Frank R., and Christine Mahoney. 2004. "Social Movements and the Rise of New Issues." In Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy, ed. David S. Meyer, Valerie Jenness, and Helen Ingram, 65-86. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
25. Beer, Samuel H. 1978. "In Search of a New Public Philosophy." In The New American Political System, ed. Anthony King, 5-55. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
26. Behrman, Jere, Robert Pollack, and Paul Taubman. 1989. "Family Resources, Family Size, and Access to Financing for College Education." Journal of Political Economy 97: 398-419.
27. Bell, Daniel. 1976. The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Books.
28. Bennett, Michael J. 1996. When Dreams Came True: The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.
29. Bennett, Stephen Earl. 2001. "Were the Halcyon Days Really Golden? An Analysis of Americans' Attitudes about the Political System, 1945-1965." In What Is It about Government That Americans Dislike?, ed. John R. Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, 50-55. New York: Cambridge University Press.
30. Bergan, Daniel E., Alan S. Gerber, Donald P. Green, and Costas Panagopoulos. 2005. "Grassroots Mobilization and Voter Turnout in 2004." Public Opinion Quarterly 69: 760-77.
31. Bernstein, Jill, and Rosemary A. Stevens. 1999. "Public Opinion, Knowledge, and Medicare Reform." Health Affairs 18 (1): 180-93.
32. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1977. Lobbying for the People: The Political Behavior of Public Interest Groups. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
33. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1997. The Interest Group Society. 3rd ed. New York: Longman.
34. Berry, Jeffrey M. 1999. The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
35. Berry, Jeffrey M., and David F. Arons. 2003. A Voice for Nonprofits.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
36. Bibby, John F. 2002. "State Party Organizations: Strengthened and Adapting to Candidate-Centered Politics and Nationalization." In The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns, ed. L. Sandy Maisel, 19-46. 4th ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
37. Binder, Sarah. 1996. "The Disappearing Political Center." Brookings Review 14 (Fall): 36-39.
38. Binder, Sarah. 2003. Stalemate: Causes and Consequences of Legislative Gridlock. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
39. Binder, Sarah, and Forrest Maltzman. 2002. "Senatorial Delay in Confirming Federal Judges, 1947-1998." American Journal of Political Science 46 (1):190-99.
40. Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1984. "GOP Conservatives Join to Assail Reagan on Budget Strategy." Wall Street Journal, 24 January.
41. Birnbaum, Jeffrey H., and Langley, Monica. 1987. "House Passes Bill to Increase Taxes by $12.3 Billion." Wall Street Journal, 30 October.
42. Black, Earl, and Merle Black. 1987. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
43. Black, Earl, and Merle Black. 1992. The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
44. Black, Earl, and Merle Black. 2002. The Rise of Southern Republicans. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
45. Bosso, Christopher J. 1995. "The Color of Money: Environmental Groups and the Pathologies of Fund Raising." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 101-30. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
46. Bosso, Christopher J. 2003. "Rethinking the Concept of Membership in Nature Advocacy Organizations." Policy Studies Journal 31 (3): 397-411.
47. Borger, Gloria. 1988. "The GOP's Sleaze Pinup: For Jim Wright and His Party, What Goes Around Comes Around." U.S. News and World Report, 20 June, 20.
48. Brady, David W., and Craig Volden. 1997. Revolving Gridlock. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
49. Brady, Henry E., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 1999. "Prospecting for Participants: Rational Expectations and the Recruitment of Political Activists." American Political Science Review 93: 153-68.
50. Brady, Henry E., Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Laurel Elms. 2002. "Who Bowls: The (Un)Changing Stratification of Participation." In Understanding Public Opinion, ed. Barbara Norrander and Clyde Wilcox, 219-42. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
51. Brady, Peter, and Emily Y. Lin. 2004. "Employment-Based Health Insurance and Pension Benefits: Trends and Inequalities in Accessibility and Participation, 1987-2001." Unpublished manuscript, Office of Tax Analysis, U.S. Department of Treasury.
52. Brandolini, Andrea, and Timothy M. Smeeding. 2006. "Patterns of Economic Inequality inWestern Democracies: Some Facts on Levels and Trends. PS: Political Science and Politics 39 (1): 21-26.
53. Brint, Steven. 1994. In an Age of Experts: The Changing Role of Professionals in Politics and Public Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
54. Broder, David. 1983. "Opening GOP Minds." Washington Post, 23 October.
55. Brooks, David. 2005. "Running Out of Steam." New York Times, 8 December.
56. Browning, Graeme. 1995. "Congress: On a Mission." National Journal, 30 September.
57. Brownlee, W. Elliot, and C. Eugene Steuerle. 2003. "Taxation." In The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and Its Legacies, ed. W. Elliott Brownlee and Hugh Davis Graham, 155-81. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
58. Bryce, James. 1895. The American Commonwealth. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan.
59. Burden, Barry. 2004. "Candidate Positioning in U.S. Congressional Elections." British Journal of Political Science 34: 211-27.
60. Burke, Thomas F. 2002. Lawyers, Lawsuits, and Legal Rights: The Battle over Litigation in American Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
61. Burnham,Walter Dean. 1970. Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.
62. Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 2001. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
63. Burtless, Gary. 1999. "Growing American Inequality: Sources and Remedies." In Setting National Priorities: The 2000 Election and Beyond, ed. Henry J. Aaron and Robert D. Reischauer, 137-40. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
64. Butler, Stuart, and Peter Germanis. 1983. "Achieving Social Security Reform: A 'Leninist' Strategy." Cato Journal 3 (Fall): 547-56.
65. Callahan, David. 1999. $1 Billion for Ideas: Conservative Think Tanks in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy.
66. Cameron, A. Colin, and Pravin K. Trivedi. 1998. Regression Analysis of Count Data. New York: Cambridge University Press.
67. Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2003. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Political Activism and the AmericanWelfare State. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
68. Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2004. "The Political Consequences of Program Design: The Case of Medicare." Unpublished paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
69. Carlson, Margaret. 1988. "The Foul Stench of Money; in Congress the Scandal Is Not What's Illegal-It's What's Legal." Time, 4 July, 21.
70. Carmines, Edward G., and James Stimson. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
71. Carniero, Pedro, and James Heckman. 2003. "Human Capital Policy." Working Paper 9495, National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9495.
72. Carson, Jamie L., Michael H. Crespin, Charles J. Finocchiaro, and David Rohde. 2003. "Linking Congressional Districts across Time: Redistricting and Party Polarization in Congress." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
73. Center for Individual Rights. 1989. "A Brief Description of Program Activities." Document in possession of Steven M. Teles.
74. Center for Individual Rights. 1990. "A Proposal and Request for Funding." Submitted to the John M. Olin Foundation, February.
75. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 1998. "Strengths of the Safety Net: How the EITC, Social Security, and Other Government Programs Affect Poverty." http://www.cbpp.org/snd98-rep.htm.
76. Chaddock, Gail Russell. 2003. "Republicans Take Over K Street." Christian Science Monitor, 29 August.
77. Charles, Jeffrey A. 1993. Service Clubs in American Society: Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
78. Clemens, Elisabeth S., and James M. Cook. 1999. "Politics and Institutionalism: Explaining Durability and Change." Annual Review of Sociology 25: 441-66.
79. Clift, Eleanor, and Tom Brazaitis. 1996.War without Bloodshed: The Art of Politics. New York: Simon and Schuster.
80. Clinton, Bill. 1999. State of the Union address. Transcript from "My Fellow Americans. . . State of Our Union Is Strong." Washington Post, 20 January, A12.
81. Clinton, Bill. 2000. State of the Union address. Transcript from "President Clinton on State of Union: 'The Strongest It Has Ever Been."' New York Times, 28 January, A16.
82. Clinton, Joshua, Simon Jackman, and Douglas Rivers. 2004. "The Statistical Analysis of Roll Call Data." American Political Science Review 98: 355-70.
83. Clinton, Joshua, and John Lapinski. 2006. "Measuring Legislative Accomplishment, 1877-1994." American Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 232-49.
84. Clinton, Joshua, and John Lapinski. Forthcoming. "Measuring Significant Legislation, 1877-1948." In Process, Party and Policymaking: Further New Perspectives on the History of Congress, ed. David Brady and Matthew McCubbins. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
85. Coalition on Human Needs. 2005. "Members of the Coalition on Human Needs." http://www.chn.org/pdf/chnmembers.pdf. Accessed on 13 February.
86. Cohen, Richard. 1980. "House GOP Conflicts May Surface If Party Gains in Fall Elections." National Journal, 12 July.
87. Cohen, Richard. 1981. "The 'Revolution' on Capitol Hill: Is it Just a Temporary Coup?" National Journal, 29 August.
88. Cohen, Richard. 1982. "His Troops Restless over the Budget, GOP Leader Michel Is on the Spot." National Journal, 20 February.
89. Cohen, Richard. 1984. "Frustrated House Republicans Seek More Aggressive Strategy for 1984 and Beyond." National Journal, 3 March.
90. Cohen, Richard. 2003. "In the House, a Fleeting Cease Fire." National Journal, 26 July.
91. Confessore, Nicholas. 2003. "Welcome to the Machine." Washington Monthly 35, nos. 7-8 (July-August): 30-37.
92. Confessore, Nicholas. 2004. "The Myth of the Democratic Establishment." Washington Monthly 36, nos. 1-2 (January-February): 22.
93. Connolly, Ceci. 2003. "Census Finds 5.7% Rise in Number of Americans without Health Insurance." Washington Post, 5 October, A3.
94. Conway, M. Margaret. 2000. Political Participation in the United States. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
95. Conway, M. Margaret, and Joanne Connor Green. 1995. "Political Action Committees and the Political Process in the 1990s." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 193-214. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
96. Conway, M. Margaret, and Joanne Connor Green. 1998. "Political Action Committees and Campaign Finance." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 155-73. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
97. Cordes, Joseph. 1996. "The Yoke of Prior Commitments: How Yesterday's Decisions Affect Today's Budget and Fiscal Options." In The New World Fiscal Order, ed. C. Eugene Steurle and Masahiro Kawai, 95-116.Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
98. Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. 2003. "Understanding the American Decline in Social Capital, 1952-1998." Kyklos 56 (1): 17-46.
99. Costain, Anne N. 1992. InvitingWomen's Rebellion: A Political Process Interpretation of the Women's Movement. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
100. Covington, Sally. 1997. Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations. Washington, D.C.: National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy.
101. Crawford, Susan, and Peggy Levitt. 1999. "Social Change and Civic Engagement: The Case of the PTA." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, 249-96. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
102. Crenson, Matthew A., and Benjamin Ginsberg. 2002. Downsizing Democracy: How America Downsized Its Government and Sidelined Its Citizens. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
103. Critchlow, Donald. 2004. "When Republicans Become Revolutionaries." In The American Congress: The Building of Democracy, ed. Julian E. Zelizer, 703-31. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
104. Crowley, Michael. 2003. "Oppressed Minority." New Republic, 23 June.
105. CTJ. 2002. Year-by-Year Analysis of the Bush Tax Cuts Growing Tilt to the Very Rich. Washington, D.C.: Citizens for Tax Justice.
106. Danziger, Sheldon, and Peter Gottschalk. 1995. America Unequal. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
107. Davis, Richard S. 1948. "Fifty Years of Service." Eagle 36 (2): 7-9.
108. Dawson, Michael C. 1994. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
109. De Alessi, Louis. 1999. "The Emergence of Law and Economics as an Academic Discipline: The John M. Olin Fellowship Program in Law and Economics." Case Western Reserve Law Review 50 (Winter): 341-45.
110. Dean, John. 2001. The Rehnquist Choice. New York: Free Press.
111. DeBoef, Suzanna, and Paul M. Kellstedt. 2004. "The Political (and Economic) Origins of Consumer Confidence." American Journal of Political Science 48: 633-49.
112. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
113. Derthick, Martha. 1979, Policymaking for Social Security. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
114. Derthick, Martha. 1990. Agency Under Stress. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
115. Derthick, Martha. 2005. Up in Smoke: From Legislation to Litigation in Tobacco Politics. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
116. Derthick, Martha, and Steven M. Teles. 2003. "Riding the Third Rail: Social Security Reform." In The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and Its Legacies, ed. W. Elliott Brownlee and Hugh Davis Graham, 182-208. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
117. DiMaggio, Paul, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson. 1996. "Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" American Journal of Sociology 102 (3): 690-755.
118. Dionne, E. J., Jr. 1991. Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Touchstone.
119. Dodd, Lawrence C., and Bruce I Oppenheimer. 1997. "Revolution in the House: Testing the Limits of Party Government." In Congress Reconsidered, ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, 29-60. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
120. Dowie, Mark. 2001. American Foundations: An Investigative History. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
121. Drew, Elizabeth. 2005. "Selling Washington." New York Review of Books, 23 June.
122. Edelman, Marian Wright. 1987. Families in Peril: An Agenda for Social Change. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
123. Edin, Kathryn, and Laura Lein. 1997. Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work. New York: Russell Sage.
124. Edsall, Thomas Byrne, and Mary D. Edsall. 1991. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics. New York: W. W. Norton.
125. Epp, Charles R. 1998. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
126. Epstein, David, and Sharyn O' Halloran. 1999. Delegating Powers: A Transactions Cost Approach to Policymaking under Separate Powers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
127. Epstein, Lee. 1985. Conservatives in Court. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
128. Erie, Steven P. 1988. Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985. Berkeley: University of California Press.
129. Erikson, Robert S., Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson. 2002. The Macro Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
130. Erkulwater, Jennifer L. 2006. Disability Rights and the American Social Safety Net. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
131. Esping-Andersen, Gosta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
132. Evans, John. 2003. "Have American Attitudes Become More Polarized: An Update." Social Science Quarterly 84 (1): 71-90.
133. Evans, Peter, Deitrich Reuschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds. 1985. Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
134. Evans, Rowland, and Novak, Robert. 1985. "The Michel/Gingrich Split." Washington Post, 11 March.
135. Fallows, James M. 1996. Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy. New York: Pantheon Books.
136. Farhang, Sean. 2003. "The Litigation State: Public Regulation and Private Lawsuits in the American Separation of Powers System." Unpublished manuscript, Columbia University.
137. Farrell, John Aloysius. 2001. Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century. Boston: Little Brown.
138. Federal Election Commission. 2004. "Party Financial Activity Summarized, 12/14/2004." www.fec.gov/press/press2004/20041214party/20041214party.html.
139. Federalist Society. 1982. "Proposal to Form a National Conservative Legal Organization." 15 October.
140. Fenno, Richard F. 2000. Congress at the Grassroots: Representational Change in the South, 1970-1998. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
141. Ferejohn, John, and Charles Shipan. 1990. "Congressional Influence on Bureaucracy." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 6: 1-21.
142. Ferrara, Peter. 1980. Social Security: The Inherent Contradiction. Washington, D.C.: Cato.
143. Fiorina, Morris P. 1996. Divided Government. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
144. Fiorina, Morris P. 1999. "Extreme Voices: A Dark Side of Civic Engagement." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, 395-425. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
145. Fiorina, Morris P., with Samuel J. Abrams and Jeremy C. Pope. 2005. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. New York: Pearson Longman.
146. Flanigan, William H., and Nancy H. Zingale. 1998. Political Behavior of the American Electorate. 9th ed.Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
147. Fligstein, Neil. 1976. "The G.I. Bill: Its Effects on the Educational and Occupational Attainment of U.S. Males, 1940-1973." CDEWorking Paper 76-9. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
148. Foundation Center. 2002. Statistics on Foundations. fdncenter.org/fc_stats. Accessed 29 September 2003.
149. Fox, Sherwood Dean. 1952. "Voluntary Associations and Social Structure." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University.
150. Frank, Thomas. 2004. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Metropolitan Books.
151. Freeman, Richard B. 2004. "What, Me Vote?" In Social Inequality, ed. Kathryn Neckerman, 703-28. New York: Russell Sage.
152. Frymer, Paul. 1999. Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
153. Gale, William G., and Peter R. Orszag. 2003. "Sunsets in the Tax Code." Tax Notes, 9 June, 1553-61.
154. Gale, William G., and Peter R. Orszag. 2004a. "Bush Administration Tax Policy: Starving the Beast?" Tax Notes, 15 November, 999-1002.
155. Gale, William G., and Peter R. Orszag. 2004b. "The 'No New Taxes' Pledge." Tax Notes, 12 July, 197-209.
156. Gamm, Gerald, and Robert D. Putnam. 1999. "The Growth of Voluntary Associations in America, 1840-1940." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 29 (4): 511-57.
157. Garrett, Major. 2005. The Enduring Revolution: How the Contract with America Continues to Shape the Nation. New York: Crown Forum.
158. General Accounting Office. 2000. "Unemployment Insurance: Role as Safety Net for Low-Wage Workers Is Limited." GAO-01-181. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01181.pdf.
159. Gelb, Joyce, and Marian Lief Palley. 1982.Women and Public Policies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
160. Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. 2000. "The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment." American Political Science Review 94 (3): 653-63.
161. Gerber, Elisabeth R., and Rebecca B. Morton. 1998. "Primary Election Systems and Representation." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 14 (2): 304-24.
162. Germanis, Peter. 1982, "Epilogue." In The Heritage Lectures, no. 18. Washington, D.C.
163. Germanis, Peter. 1983. "Increase the IRA Advantage." Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, 24 August.
164. Gerring, John. 1998. Party Ideologies in America, 1828-1996. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
165. Gillman, Howard. 2004. "Courts and Regime Politics: A New Institutionalist Typology." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September.
166. Gilmour, John. 1995. Strategic Disagreement: Stalemate in American Politics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
167. Gingrich, Newt. 1983. "Battle Plan for Business in Politics: Stand Firm." Nation's Business, April, 30-32.
168. Ginsberg, Benjamin, and Martin Shefter. 2002. Politics by Other Means: Politicians, Prosecutors, and the Press from Watergate to Whitewater. 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
169. Gitterman, Daniel P., and Christopher Howard. 2003. "Tax Credits for Working Families: The New American Social Policy." Discussion paper. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy.
170. Glaeser, Edward L., and Jesse M. Shapiro. 2002. "The Benefits of Home Mortgage Interest Deduction." NBER Working Paper no. 9284 (October). http://papers.nber.org/papers/w9284.
171. Godwin, R. Kenneth. 1992. "Money, Technology, and Political Interests: The Direct Marketing of Politics." In The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed, ed. Mark P. Petracca, 308-25. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.
172. Godwin, R. Kenneth, and Robert Cameron Mitchell. 1984. "The Implications of Direct Mail for Political Organizations." Social Science Quarterly 65 (3): 829-39.
173. Goldin, Claudia. 1999. "Egalitarianism and the Returns to Education during the Great Transformation of American Education." Journal of Political Economy 107: S65-S92.
174. Goldin, Claudia, and Robert A. Margo. 1992. "The Great Compression: The Wage Structure in the United States at Mid-century." Quarterly Journal of Economics 107 (February): 1-34.
175. Gottschalk, Peter. 1997. "Inequality, Income Growth, and Mobility: The Basic Facts." Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (2): 21-40.
176. Gould, Lewis. 2003. Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans. New York: Random House.
177. Gourevitch, Philip. 2004. "The Fight on the Right." New Yorker, 12 April.
178. Granberg, Donald, and Donald Denny. 1981. "The National Abortion Rights Action League and the National Right to Life Committee: Initial Report of Comparisons of Two Opposing Social Movement Organizations." Unpublished manuscript, Center for Research in Social Behavior, University of Missouri-Columbia.
179. Green, Donald, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler. 2002. Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
180. Green, John C. 1996. "The Republican Victories in 1994: A View from the Grassroots." In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, ed. John C. Green and Daniel M. Shea, 140-48. 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
181. Greve, Michael. 1987. "Why 'Defunding the Left' Failed." Public Interest 89: 88-96.
182. Groseclose, Timothy, and Nolan McCarty. 2000. "The Politics of Blame: Bargaining before an Audience." American Journal of Political Science 45 (1): 100-119.
183. Guth, James L., John C. Green, Lyman A. Kellstedt, and Corwin E. Smidt. 1995. "Onward Christian Soldiers: Religious Activist Groups in American Politics." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 55-76. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
184. Hacker, Jacob S. 1998. "The Historical Logic of National Health Insurance: Structure and Sequence in the Development of British, Canadian, and U.S. Medical Policy." Studies in American Political Development 12: 57-130.
185. Hacker, Jacob S. 2002. The Divided American Welfare State: The Battle over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
186. Hacker, Jacob S. 2004. "Privatizing Risk without Privatizing the Welfare State: The Hidden Politics of Social Policy Retrenchment in the United States." American Political Science Review 98 (2): 243-60.
187. Hacker, Jacob S. 2006. The Great Risk Shift: The Assault on American Jobs, Families, Health Care and Retirement-and How You Can Fight Back. New York: Oxford University Press.
188. Hacker, Jacob S., Suzanne Mettler, and Dianne Pinderhughes. 2005. "Inequality and Public Policy." In Inequality and American Democracy: What We Know and WhatWe Need to Learn, ed. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Theda Skocpol, 156-213. New York: Russell Sage.
189. Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson. 2003. "Abandoning the Middle: The Revealing Case of the Bush Tax Cuts." Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, 28-31 August.
190. Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson. 2005a. "Abandoning the Middle: The Bush Tax Cuts and the Limits of Democratic Control." Perspectives in Politics 3 (1): 33-53.
191. Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson. 2005b. Off-Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
192. Hansen, John Mark. 1991. Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
193. Hausknecht, Murray. 1962. The Joiners: A Sociological Description of Voluntary Association Membership in the United States. New York: Bedminster Press.
194. Hayes, Michael T. 1986. "The New Group Universe." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 133-45. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
195. Hayward, Steven F. 2001. The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order, 1964-1980. Roseville, Calif.: Forum.
196. Heckman, James, and James Snyder. 1997. "Linear Probability Models of the Demand for Attributes with an Empirical Application to Estimating the Preferences of Legislators." Rand Journal of Economics 28: S142-89.
197. Heclo, Hugh. 1978. "Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment." In The New American Political System, ed. Anthony King, 87-124.Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
198. Herrnson, Paul S. 2002. "National Party Organizations at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century." In The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns, ed. L. Sandy Maisel, 47-78. 4th ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
199. Hibbing, John, and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 1995. Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes toward American Political Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
200. Hicks, Alexander. 2003. "Back to the Future? A Review Essay on Income Concentration and Conservatism." Socio-Economic Review 1: 271-88.
201. Hinckley, Barbara. 1971. The Seniority System in Congress. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
202. Hodgson, Godfrey. 1996. The World Turned Right Side Up: A History of the Conservative Ascendancy in America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
203. Hodgson, Godfrey. 2004. More Equal Than Others: America from Nixon to the New Century. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
204. Horowitz, Michael. 1979. "The Public Interest Law Movement: An Analysis with Special Reference to the Role and Practices of Conservative Public Interest Law Firms." Prepared for the Scaife Foundation, Washington, D.C.
205. Houck, Oliver. 1984. "With Charity for All," Yale Law Journal 93 (8): 1415-1563.
206. Howard, Christopher. 1997. The Hidden Welfare State: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States. Princeton Studies in American Politics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
207. Howard, Christopher. 2003. "Is the American Welfare State Unusually Small?" PS: Political Science and Politics 36 (3): 411-16.
208. Howell, William. 2003. Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
209. Howell, William, Scott Adler, Charles Cameron, and Charles Riemann. 2000. "Divided Government and the Legislative Productivity of Congress, 1945-1994." Legislative Studies Quarterly 25 (2): 285-312.
210. Huber, Evelyn, and John Stephens. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
211. Huckfeldt, Robert, and John Sprague. 1992. "Political Parties and Electoral Mobilization: Political Structure, Social Structure, and the Party Canvass." American Political Science Review 86: 70-86.
212. Hughes, John E., and M. Margaret Conway. 1997. "Public Opinion and Political Participation" In Understanding Public Opinion, ed. Barbara Norrander and Clyde Wilcox, 191-210. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
213. Imig, Douglas R. 1996. Poverty and Power: The Political Representation of Poor Americans. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
214. Inglehart, Ronald. 1990. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrialized Societies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
215. Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Robert Shapiro. 2000. Politicians Don't Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
216. Janofsky, Michael. 2004. "Advocacy Groups Spent Record Amount on 2004 Election." New York Times, 17 December, A25.
217. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1998. "Channeling Social Protest: Foundation Patronage of Contemporary Social Movements." In Private Action and the Public Good, ed. Walter W. Powell and Elisabeth S. Clemens, 206-16. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
218. Jenkins, J. Craig, and Abigail Halcli. 1999. "Grassrooting the System? The Development and Impact of Social Movement Philanthropy, 1953-1990." In Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities, ed. Ellen Condliffe Lagemann, 277-99. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
219. Jennings, M. Kent, and Richard G. Niemi. 1981. Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Americans and Their Parents. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
220. Johnson, Paul E. 1998. "Interest Group Recruiting: Finding Members and Keeping Them." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 35-62. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
221. Joint Committee on Taxation. 2002. Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures for Fiscal Years 2002-2006. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
222. Jones, Charles O. 1999. Clinton and Congress, 1993-1996: Risk, Restoration, and Reelection. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
223. Jordan, Grant, and William Maloney. 1997. The Protest Business? Mobilizing Campaign Groups. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
224. Kagan, Robert A. 2001. Adversarial Legalism: The American Way of Law. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
225. Katznelson, Ira, Kim Geiger, and Daniel Kryder. 1993. "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933-1950." Political Science Quarterly 108 (June): 283-302.
226. Kaufmann, Karen M., and John R. Petrocik. 1999. "The Changing Politics of American Men: Understanding the Sources of the Gender Gap." American Journal of Political Science 43: 864-87.
227. Kennedy, Duncan. 1981. "Rebels from Principle: Changing the Corporate Law Firm from Within." Harvard Law School Bulletin 36 (Fall): 36-40.
228. Key, V. O., Jr. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Knopf.
229. Key, V. O., Jr. 1955. "A Theory of Critical Elections." Journal of Politics 17: 3-18.
230. Key, V. O., Jr. 1964. Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups. New York: Crowell.
231. Kiger, Joseph C. 2000. Philanthropic Foundations in the Twentieth Century.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
232. Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
233. King, David C. 2003. "Congress, Polarization, and the Fidelity to the Median Voter." Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.
234. King, Jacqueline E. 2000. 2000 Status Report on the Pell Grant Program. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education.
235. Kitch, Edmund. 1983. "The Fire of Truth: A Remembrance of Law and Economics at Chicago, 1932-1970." Journal of Law and Economics 26: 163-233.
236. Klein, Rick. 2005. "House GOP Seen Straying from Pledges in 'Contract."' Boston Globe, 10 January.
237. Klinkner, Philip A. 1994. The Losing Parties: Out-Party National Committees, 1956-1994. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
238. Klinkner, Philip A. 2004. "Money Matters." New Republic Online. 10 November. http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?pt=uaFGC74E%2FqSak8UrjSFNlR%3D%3D.
239. Kogan, Richard, and David Kamin. 2004. "New Congressional Budget Office Estimates Show Continued High Deficits and Further Fiscal Deterioration." Washington, D.C.: Center for Budget and Policy Priorities.
240. Krehbiel, Keith. 1998. Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
241. Kristol, Irving. 1980. "The Battle for Reagan's Soul." Wall Street Journal, 16 May, A22.
242. Krugman, Paul. 2002. "For Richer." New York Times Magazine, 20 October.
243. Lakoff, George. 2002. Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
244. Lamb, Brian. 1998. C-SPAN: America's Town Hall.Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books.
245. Lane, Robert E. 1965. "The Politics of Consensus in an Age of Affluence." American Political Science Review 59 (4): 874-95.
246. Lange, Mathew, and Deitrich Reuschemeyer, eds. 2005. States and Development: Historical Antecedents of Stagnation and Advance. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.
247. Lawless, Jennifer L., and Richard L. Fox. 2001. "Political Participation of the Urban Poor." Social Problems 48 (3): 362-85.
248. Lawrence, Robert Z. 1997. "Is It Really the Economy, Stupid?" Why People Don't Trust Government, ed. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King, 111-32. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
249. Layman, Geoffrey. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
250. Lee, Andrew, and Robert Greenstein. 2003. "How the New Tax Law Alters the Child Tax Credit and How Low-Income Families Are Affected." Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, D.C.
251. Leighley, Jan E., and Jonathan Nagler. 1992. "Socioeconomic Class Bias in Turnout, 1964-1988: The Voters Remain the Same." American Political Science Review 86 (3): 725-36.
252. Leuchtenburg, William E. 1973. A Troubled Feast: American Society since 1945. Boston: Little, Brown.
253. Levy, Frank. 1998. The New Dollars and Dreams: American Incomes and Economic Change. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
254. Lewis, David E. 2003. Presidents and the Politics of Agency Design. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
255. Loomis, Burdett A., and Allan J. Cigler. 1998. "Introduction: The Changing Nature of Interest Group Politics." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 1-32. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
256. Lowi, Theodore J. 1964. "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political Theory." World Politics 16: 677-715.
257. Lowi, Theodore J. 1979. The End of Liberalism. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
258. Maag, Elaine. 2003. "Recent Expansions to the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit." Tax Notes, 27 October, 539. Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute and Brookings Institution.
259. Majone, Giandomenico. 1997. "From the Positive to the Regulatory State: Causes and Consequences of a Change in the Mode of Governance." Journal of Public Policy 17 (2): 139-67.
260. Mann, Thomas E., and Norman J. Ornstein. 2006. The Broken Branch: How Congress Is Failing America and How to Get It Back on Track. New York: Oxford University Press.
261. Mare, Robert D. 1995. "Changes in Educational Attainment and School Enrollment." In State of the Union: America in the 1990s, vol. 1, Economic Trends, ed. Reynolds Farle, 155-213. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
262. Martin, Cathie Jo. 2000. Stuck in Neutral: Business and the Politics of Human Capital Investment Policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
263. Marwell, Gerald, and Pamela Oliver. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
264. Matthews, Donald R. 1960. U.S. Senators and TheirWorld. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
265. Maxwell Poll. 2005. Campbell Institute of Public Affairs, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y. http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/campbell/Poll/MaxwellPoll.htm.
266. Mayer, William G. 1996. The Divided Democrats: Ideological Unity, Party Reform, and Presidential Elections. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
267. Mayhew, David R. 1986. Placing Parties in American Politics: Organization, Electoral Settings, and Government Activity in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
268. Mayhew, David R. 1991. Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-1990. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
269. Mayhew, David R. 2002. Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
270. McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
271. McCann, Michael. 1987. Taking Reform Seriously: Perspectives on Public Interest Liberalism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
272. McCarthy, John D. 1987. "Pro-Life and Pro-Choice Mobilization: Infrastructure Deficits and New Technologies." In Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays, ed. Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, 49-67. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
273. McCarty, Nolan, Keith Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 1997. Income Redistribution and the Realignment of American Politics. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute.
274. McCarty, Nolan, Keith Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Political Ideology and Economic Inequality. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
275. McCarty, Nolan, and Rose Razaghian. 1999. "Advice and Consent: Senate Response to Executive Branch Nominations, 1885-1996." American Journal of Political Science 43 (3): 1122-43.
276. McDonald, Michael P., and Bernard Grofman. 1999. "Redistricting and the Ideological Polarization of the House of Representatives." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April.
277. McDonald, Michael P., and Samuel I. Popkin. 2001. "The Myth of the Vanishing Voter." American Political Science Review 95 (4): 963-74.
278. McFarland, Andrew S. 1984. Common Cause: Lobbying in the Public Interest. Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House.
279. McGir, Lisa. 2001. SuburbanWarriors: The Origins of the New American Right. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
280. McKinnon, John D. 2005. "Big Government's Changing Face." Wall Street Journal, 4 April, A4.
281. Mebane,Walter R., and Jasjeet S. Sekhon. 2002. "Coordination and Policy Moderation at Midterm." American Political Science Review 96 (1): 141-57.
282. Meffert, Michael F., Helmut Norpoth, and Anirudh V. S. Ruhil. 2001. "Realignment and Macropartisanship." American Political Science Review 95: 953-62.
283. Melnick, R. Shep. 1983. Regulation and the Courts.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
284. Melnick, R. Shep. 1994. Between the Lines: InterpretingWelfare Rights.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
285. Melnick, R. Shep. 2005. "From Tax-and-Spend to Mandate-and-Sue: Liberalism after the Great Society." In The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism, ed. Sidney M. Milkis, 387-410. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
286. Meltzer, Allan H., and Scott F. Richard. 1981. "A Rational Theory of the Size of Government." Journal of Political Economy 89: 914-27.
287. Mettler, Suzanne. 1998. Dividing Citizens: Gender and Federalism in New Deal Public Policy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
288. Mettler, Suzanne. 2000. "States' Rights, Women's Obligations: Contemporary Welfare Reform in Historical Perspective." Women & Politics 21 (1): 1-34.
289. Mettler, Suzanne. 2002. "Bringing the State Back In to Civic Engagement: Policy Feedback Effects of the G.I. Bill for World War II Veterans." American Political Science Review 96: 351-65.
290. Mettler, Suzanne. 2005. Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation. New York: Oxford University Press.
291. Mettler, Suzanne, and Andrew Milstein. 2003. "'A Sense of the State': Tracking the Role of the American Administrative State in Citizens' Lives over Time." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 3-6 April.
292. Mettler, Suzanne, and Joe Soss. 2004. "The Consequences of Public Policy for Democratic Citizenship: Bridging Policy Studies and Mass Politics." Perspectives on Politics 2 (1): 55-73.
293. Mettler, Suzanne, and Eric Welch. 2004. "Civic Generation: Policy Feedback Effects of the GI Bill on Political Involvement over the Life Course." British Journal of Political Science 34 (March): 647-67.
294. Milkis, Sidney. 1993. The President and the Parties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
295. Miller, Warren, and J. Merrill Shanks. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
296. Milligan, Susan. 2004. "Back-Room Dealing a Capitol Trend." Boston Globe, 3 October.
297. Minkoff, Debra C. 1995. Organizing for Equality: The Evolution of Women's and Racial-Ethnic Organizations in America, 1955-1985. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
298. Miringoff, Marc, and Marque-Luisa Miringoff. 1999. The Social Health of the Nation: How America Is Really Doing. New York: Oxford University Press.
299. Mishel, Lawrence, Jared Bernstein, and Heather Boushey. 2003. The State of Working America 2002/2003. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press.
300. Mitchell, Robert C., John D. McCarthy, and K. Pearce. 1979. "The National Abortion Rights Action League: Report on a Membership Survey." Unpublished report, Washington, D.C.
301. Moe, Terry M. 1980. The Organization of Interests: Incentives and the Internal Dynamics of Political Interest Groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
302. Moe, Terry M. 1987. "Interests, Institutions, and Positive Theory: The Politics of the NLRB." Studies in American Political Development 2: 236-302.
303. Morris, Aldon D. 1984. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: Free Press.
304. Nagourney, Adam, and Janet Elder. 2004. "Americans Show Clear Concerns on Bush Agenda." New York Times, 23 November, A1.
305. Nash, George H. 1976. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945. New York: Basic Books.
306. Nathan, Richard P. 1983. "The Reagan Presidency in Domestic Affairs." In The Reagan Presidency: An Early Assessment, ed. Fred I. Greenstein, 48-81. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
307. National Center for Education Statistics. 2001. Digest of Education Statistics, 2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. nces.ed.gov/pubs2001/digest/. Accessed March 2003.
308. National Journal. 2003. "Representative Tom Delay." 14 July.
309. National Journal. 2001. "The Mean Season at Ways and Means." 20 October.
310. Newlin, Eliza. 2002. "Right on the Money?" National Journal, 26 October.
311. Olin Foundation. 1984a. Minutes, John M. Olin Board of Trustees Meeting. 22 May.
312. Olin Foundation. 1984b. Minutes, John M. Olin Board of Trustees Meeting. 31 May.
313. Olin Foundation. 1993. John M. Olin Foundation Grant Proposal Record. George Mason University Law and Economics Center, 21 December. Document in possession of Steven M. Teles.
314. Olin Foundation. 1996. Grant Proposal Record. Boalt Hall School of Law. 23 September.
315. O'Neill, Thomas P., and Novak, William. 1987. Man of the House: The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill. New York: Random House.
316. Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, and Michael J. Malbin. 2000. Vital Statistics on Congress, 1999-2000. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press.
317. Orren, Gary. 1997. "Fall from Grace: The Public's Loss of Faith in Government." In Why People Don't Trust Government, ed. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King, 77-107. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
318. Orszag, Peter R. 2001. The Bush Tax Cut Is Now about the Same Size as the Reagan Tax Cuts. Washington D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
319. Oudes, Bruce, ed. 1989. From the President: Richard Nixon's Secret Files. New York: Harper and Row.
320. Paget, Karen. 1990. "Citizen Organizing: Many Movements, No Majority." American Prospect, no. 1 (June): 115-28.
321. Patashnik, Eric. 2000. Putting Trust in the U.S. Budget. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
322. Patterson, James. 1967. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933-1939. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.
323. Patterson, Kelly. 1998. "The Political Firepower of the National Rifle Association." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 119-44. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
324. Patterson, Thomas E. 1994. Out of Order. New York: Vintage.
325. Perlstein, Rick. 2001. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. New York: Hill and Wang.
326. Petersen, R. Eric. 2001. "Is It Science Yet? Replicating and Validating the Divided We Govern List of Important Statutes." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April.
327. Peterson, Mark A. 1993. "Political Influence in the 1990s: From Iron Triangles to Policy Networks." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 18 (2): 395-438.
328. Peterson, Paul E. 1995. The Price of Federalism. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
329. Peterson, Paul E., and Mark Rom. 1988. "Lower Taxes, More Spending, Budget Deficits." In The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance, ed. Charles E. Jones, 213-40. Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House.
330. Peterson, Peter. 1993. Facing Up. New York: Simon and Schuster.
331. Petrocik, John R. 1996. "Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study." American Journal of Political Science 40: 825-50.
332. Petrocik, John R., William L. Benoit, and Glenn J. Hansen. 2003-4. "Issue Ownership and Presidential Campaigning, 1952-2000." Political Science Quarterly 118: 599-626.
333. Phillips, Katherin Ross. 2001. "The Earned Income Tax Credit: Knowledge Is Money." Political Science Quarterly 116 (3): 413-24.
334. Phillips, Kevin. 1969. The Emerging Republican Majority. Garden City, N.J.: Arlington House.
335. Pierson, Paul. 1993. "When Effect Becomes Cause: Policy Feedback in Political Processes." World Politics 45 (4): 595-628.
336. Pierson, Paul. 1994. Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. New York: Cambridge.
337. Pierson, Paul. 2001. "From Expansion to Authority: The New Politics of Taxing and Spending." In Seeking the Center: Politics and Policymaking at the New Century, ed. Martin A. Levin, Marc K. Landy, and Martin Shapiro, 54-80. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
338. Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
339. Pierson, Paul. 2006. "Public Policies as Institutions." In Rethinking Political Institutions: The Art of the State, ed. Ian Shapiro, Stephen Skowronek, and Daniel Galvin, 114-31. New York: New York University Press.
340. Pierson, Paul, and Theda Skocpol. 2002. "Historical Institutionalism in Contemporary Political Science." In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner, 693-721. New York:W.W. Norton;Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association.
341. Plotke, David. 1996. Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping America Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s. New York: Cambridge University Press.
342. Plotnick, Robert D., Eugene Smolensky, Erik Evenhouse, and Siobhan Reilly. 2000. "The Twentieth Century Record of Inequality and Poverty in the United States." University of Wisconsin Institute for Research on Poverty, Discussion Paper no. 1166-98. http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/dp/dplist.htm.
343. Polsby, NelsonW. 1983. Consequences of Party Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
344. Polsby, NelsonW. 2004. How Congress Evolves: Social Basis of Institutional Change. New York. Oxford University Press.
345. Polsby, Nelson W., Miriam Gallaher, and Barry Spencer Rundquist. 1969. "The Growth of the Seniority System in the U.S. House of Representatives." American Political Science Review 63 (September): 787-807.
346. Pratt, Henry J. 1976. The Gray Lobby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
347. Pratt, Henry J. 1993. Gray Agendas: Interest Groups and Public Pensions in Canada, Britain, and the United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
348. Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
349. Public Opinion Online. 2004a. Roper Center at the University of Connecticut. Question IDs USGALLUP.00JN22, R11; USGALLUP.00JN22, R12.
350. Public Opinion Online. 2004b. Roper Center at the University of Connecticut. Question ID USWASHP.96ECON, R007.
351. Public Opinion Online. 2004c. Roper Center at the University of Connecticut. Question IDs USYANKP.022396, R25B; USYANKP.022396, R25C.
352. Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
353. Radcliff, Benjamin, and Patricia Davis. 2000. "Labor Organization and Electoral Participation in Industrial Democracies." American Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 132-41.
354. Rae, Douglas W. 2003. City: Urbanism and Its End. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
355. Rank, Mark R., and Thomas A. Hirschl. 2002. "Welfare Use as a Life Course Event: Toward a New Understanding of the U.S. Safety Net." Social Work 47 (3): 237-48.
356. Ranney, Austin. 1975. Curing the Mischiefs of Faction. Berkeley: University of California Press.
357. Rauch, Jonathan. 1999, Government's End. New York: Public Affairs.
358. Reagan, Ronald. 1980a. Speech outlining five-year economic program. Reprinted in New York Times, 10 September, B4.
359. Reagan, Ronald. 1980b. "Time to Recapture Our Destiny." Acceptance speech before the Republican National Convention, Detroit, Michigan. Annenberg/Pew Archive of Presidential Campaign Discourse (CD-ROM).
360. Reagan, Ronald. 1981. "Inaugural Address, January 20, 1981." Public Papers of President Ronald W. Reagan. Ronald Reagan Library. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1981/12081a.htm.
361. Reichley, A. James. 1992. The Life of the Parties. New York: Free Press.
362. Reid, T. R. 1984. "'Minority Objector' Conscientiously Flays Foes with House Rules." Washington Post, 21 March.
363. Remini, Robert V. 2006. The House: The History of the House of Representatives. New York: Smithsonian and Collins.
364. Ricci, David M. 1993. The Transformation of American Politics: The NewWashington and the Rise of Think Tanks. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
365. Rich, Andrew. 2004. Think Tanks, Public Policy and the Politics of Expertise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
366. Rich, Andrew, and R. KentWeaver. 1998. "Advocates and Analysts: Think Tanks and the Politicization of Expertise." In Interest Group Politics, ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 235-53. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
367. Rogers, David. 1984. "Assault from the Right." Wall Street Journal, 23 May.
368. Rohde, David W. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
369. Romer, Thomas. 1975. "Individual Welfare, Majority Voting, and the Properties of a Linear Income Tax." Journal of Public Economics 14: 163-85.
370. Rosenbaum, David E. 2003. "Spending Discipline Proves Unfashionable This Year." New York Times, 25 November.
371. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
372. Rosenthal, Howard. 2004. "Political Polarization, Economic Inequality, and Public Policy: A Look Back at the Twentieth Century." In Social Inequality, ed. Kathryn Neckerman, 861-92. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
373. Rothenberg, Lawrence S. 1992. Linking Citizens to Government: Interest Group Politics at Common Cause. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
374. Rudolph, Thomas J., and J. Tobin Grant. 2002. "An Attributional Model of Economic Voting: Evidence from the 2000 Presidential Election." Political Research Quarterly 55: 805-23.
375. Sammartino, Frank, Eric Toder, and Elaine Maag. 2002. "Providing Federal Assistance to Low-Income Families through the Tax System: A Primer." Discussion Paper no. 4. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
376. Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2002. Democrats, Republicans, and the Politics of Women's Place. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
377. Sapiro, Virginia. 2003. "Theorizing Gender in Political Psychology Research." In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis, 601-34. New York: Oxford University Press.
378. Schattschneider, E. E. 1935. Politics, Pressures, and the Tariff. New York: Prentice-Hall.
379. Schickler, Eric. 2001. Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation in the U.S. Congress. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
380. Schier, Steven E. 2000. By Invitation Only: The Rise of Exclusive Politics in the United States. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
381. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Sr. 1944. "Biography of a Nation of Joiners." American Historical Review 50 (1): 1-25.
382. Scholz, John Karl, and Kara Levine. 2001. "The Evolution of Income Support Policy in Recent Decades." In Understanding Poverty, ed. Sheldon Danziger and Robert H. Haveman, 193-228. New York: Russell Sage.
383. Schlozman, Kay Lehman. 2004. "What Do We Want? Political Equality. When Are We Going to Get It? Never." Paper presented at seminar on Inequality and American Democracy. http://www.campbellinstitute.org.
384. Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Traci Burch, and Samuel Lampert. 2004. "Still an Upper-Class Accent?: Organized Interest Politics and Pluralist Orthodoxy." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 1-5 September.
385. Schmidt, Stefanie R. 2000. "Job Security Beliefs in the General Social Survey: Evidence on Long-Run Trends and Comparability with Other Surveys." In On the Job: Is Long-Term Employment a Thing of the Past?, ed. David Neumark, 300-334. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
386. Schmidt, Susan, and James V. Grimaldi. 2005. "Abramoff Probe Spells Trouble for Congress." Washington Post, 29 December.
387. Schneiberg, Marc, and Elisabeth Clemens. 2006. "The Typical Tools for the Job: Research Strategies in Institutional Analysis." Sociological Theory 24: 195-227.
388. Schneider, Anne, and Helen Ingram. 1993. "Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy." American Political Science Review 87: 334-47.
389. Schneider, Anne, and Helen Ingram. 1997. Policy Design for Democracy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
390. Schneider, William. 1989. "New Rules for the Game of Politics." National Journal, 1 April.
391. Schoenwald, Jonathan. 2001. A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern Conservatism. New York: Oxford University Press.
392. Sears, David O., and Jack Citrin. 1985. Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
393. Shafer, Byron E., and William J. M. Claggett. 1995. The Two Majorities: The Issue Context of Modern American Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
394. Shafer, Byron R., and Richard G. C. Johnston. 2005. The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race and Partisan Change in the Post-War South. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
395. Shaiko, Ronald G. 1999. Voices and Echoes for the Environment: Public Interest Representation in the 1990s and Beyond. New York: Columbia University Press.
396. Shepsle, Kenneth A. 1989. "The Changing Textbook Congress." In Can the Government Govern?, ed. John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson, 228-66. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
397. Shields, Todd G., and Robert K. Goidel. 1997. "Participation Rates, Socioeconomic Class Biases, and Congressional Elections: A Cross Validation." American Journal of Political Science 41: 683-91.
398. Shribman, David, and David Rogers. 1985. "Relationship Is Tense between Republicans in House and Senate." Wall Street Journal, 1 May.
399. Silbey, Joel H. 2002. "From 'Essential to the Existence of Our Institutions' to 'Rapacious Enemies of Honest and Responsible Government': The Rise and Fall of American Political Parties, 1790-2000." In The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns, ed. L. Sandy Maisel, 1-18. 4th ed. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
400. Sinclair, Barbara. 1997. Unorthodox Lawmaking: New Legislative Processes in the U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C. Congressional Quarterly Press.
401. Sinclair, Barbara. 1989. The Transformation of the U.S. Senate. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
402. Skerry, Peter. 1997. "The Strange Politics of Affirmative Action." Wilson Quarterly 21 (1): 39-46.
403. Skocpol, Theda. 1991. "Targeting within Universalism: Politically Viable Policies to Combat Poverty in the United States." In The Urban Underclass, ed. Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson, 411-36. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
404. Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
405. Skocpol, Theda. 1996. Boomerang: Health Care Reform and the Turn against Government. New York: W. W. Norton.
406. Skocpol, Theda. 1997. "The G.I. Bill and U.S. Social Policy, Past and Future." Social Philosophy and Policy 14 (2): 95-115.
407. Skocpol, Theda. 1999. "Advocates without Members: The Recent Transformation of American Civic Life." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, 461-509.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
408. Skocpol, Theda. 2000. The Missing Middle:Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy. A Century Foundation Book. New York: W. W. Norton.
409. Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
410. Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. "A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States." American Political Science Review 94 (3): 527-46.
411. Skocpol, Theda, Ziad Munson, Andrew Karch, and Bayliss Camp. 2002. "Patriotic Partnerships: Why Great Wars Nourished American Civic Voluntarism." In Shaped by War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development, ed. Ira Katznelson and Martin Shefter, 134-80. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
412. Skowronek, Stephen. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
413. Skrentny, John D. 2002. The Minority Rights Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
414. Smith, David Horton. 1992. "National Nonprofit, Voluntary Associations: Some Parameters." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 21 (1): 81-94.
415. Smith, James A. 1991. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: Free Press.
416. Smith, Mark A. 2007. The Right Talk: How Conservatives Transformed the Great Society into the Economic Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
417. Smith, Steven S. 1989. Call to Order: Floor Politics in the House and Senate. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
418. Smith, Steven S. 1998. Managing Uncertainty in the House of Representatives: Adaptation and Innovation in Special Rules.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
419. Smith, Steven S., and Lawrence Eric. 1997. "Party Control of Committees." In Congress Reconsidered, ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, 163-92. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
420. Smith, Steven Rathgeb, and Michael Lipsky. 1993. Nonprofits for Hire: The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
421. Social Security Administration. 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin. Washington D.C., Social Security Board, U.S. Government Printing Office.
422. Solberg, Carol. 1973. Riding High: America in the Cold War. New York: Mason and Lipscomb.
423. Soss, Joe. 1999a. "Lessons ofWelfare: Policy Design, Political Learning, and Political Action." American Political Science Review 93 (2): 363-80.
424. Soss, Joe. 1999b. "Spoiled Identity and Collective Action: Political Consequences of Welfare Stigma." Paper presented at annual meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology, Amsterdam, July.
425. Soss, Joe. 2000. Unwanted Claims: The Politics of Participation in the U.S. Welfare System. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
426. Spiller, Pablo, and Raphael Gely. 1992. "Congressional Control or Judicial Independence: The Determinants of US Supreme Court Labor-Relations Decisions, 1949-1988." Rand Journal of Economics 23 (4): 463-92.
427. Stephanopoulos, George. 1999. All Too Human: A Political Education. Boston: Little, Brown.
428. Steurle, C. Eugene, and Masahiro Kawai, eds. 1996. The NewWorld Fiscal Order. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
429. Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1965. "Social Structure and Organizations." In Handbook of Organizations, ed. James G. March, 142-92. Chicago: Rand McNally.
430. Stone, Deborah. 1984. The Disabled State. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
431. Stonecash, Jeffrey M. 2000. Class and Party in American Politics. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
432. Stonecash, Jeffrey M., Mark D. Brewer, and Mack D. Mariani. 2003. Diverging Parties: Social Change, Realignment, and Political Polarization. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
433. Sullivan, Teresa A., Elizabeth Warren, and Jay Lawrence Westbrook. 2000. The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
434. Sundquist, James L. 1983. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
435. Talbert, Jeffrey C., and Matthew Potoski. 2002. "The Changing Public Agenda over the Postwar Period." In Policy Domains, ed. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, 189-204. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
436. Teles, Steven M. 1996. WhoseWelfare? AFDC and Elite Politics. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
437. Teles, Steven M. Forthcoming. Parallel Paths: The Evolution of the Conservative Legal Movement. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
438. Teles, Steven, and Martha Derthick. Forthcoming. "From Third Rail to Presidential Commitment-and Back? The Conservative Campaign for Social Security Privatization and the Limits of Long-Term Political Strategy." In Conservatism and American Political Development, ed. Brian Glenn and Steven Teles.
439. Theriault, Sean. 2004. Party Polarization in Congress: Member Replacement or Member Adaptation? Unpublished manuscript, Austin, Tex.
440. Third Millennium. 1994. "Social Security: The Credibility Gap." http://www.thirdmil.org/media/releases/ufopol.html.
441. Thomas, Evan. 1984. "Struggling for a Party's Soul: G.O.P. Factions Jockey for 1988, and Beyond." Time, 3 September, 34-37.
442. Thurber, James A. "Centralization, Devolution, and Turf Protection in the Congressional Budget Process." In Congress Reconsidered, ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, 325-46. 6th ed. Washington, D.C. Congressional Quarterly Press.
443. Time. 1988. "The Speaker on the Spot." 20 June, 31.
444. Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1969 [1835-40]. Democracy in America. Ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Anchor Books.
445. Toder, Eric. 1999. "The Changing Composition of Tax Incentives, 1980-99." Urban Institute. http://www.urban.org/urlprint.cfm?ID=7429.
446. Toobin, Jeffrey. 2003. "The Great Election Grab." New Yorker, 12 December.
447. Trillin, Calvin. 1984. "Harvard Law." New Yorker, 26 March, 53-83.
448. Uggen, Christopher, and Jeff Manza. 2001. "Democratic Contraction: The Political Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States." American Sociological Review 67 (December): 777-803.
449. Urban Institute. 2002. Social Policy and the Tax System.Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
450. Urban Institute. 2005. Welfare Rules Database. http://www.urban.org/Content/Research/NewFederalism/Data?ANFData.htm.
451. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
452. U.S. News andWorld Report. 1984. "Choosing Up Sides for Control of the GOP." 3 September, 23.
453. Van Houweling, Robert. 2003. "Legislator's Personal Policy Preferences and Partisan Legislative Organization," Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.
454. Van Tassel, David D., and Jimmy Elaine Wilkinson Meyer, eds. 1992. U.S. Aging Policy Interest Groups: Institutional Profiles. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
455. Verba, Sidney, and Norman H. Nie. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.
456. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
457. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry Brady. 1997. "The Big Tilt: Participatory Inequality in America." American Prospect 32 (May-June): 74-80.
458. Viguerie, Richard A. 1981. The New Right-We're Ready to Lead. Falls Church, Va.: Viguerie Company.
459. Vogel, David. 1989. Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America. New York: Basic Books.
460. Vogel, David. 2003. "The Hare and the Tortoise Revisited: The New Politics of Consumer and Environmental Regulation in Europe." British Journal of Political Science 33 (4): 557-80.
461. Wall Street Journal. 2003. "The GOP'S Spending Spree." 25 November.
462. Walls, David. 1993. The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America. New York: Fireside.
463. Walker, Jack L., Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
464. Warren, Elizabeth, and Amelia Warren Tyagi. 2003. The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke. New York: Basic Books.
465. Wattenberg, Martin P. 1998. The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1996. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
466. Wattenberg, Martin P. 2002. Where Have All the Voters Gone? Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
467. Weaver, Carolyn. 1983. "The Economics and Politics of the Emergence of Social Security: Some Implications for Reform," CATO Journal, Fall, 361-79.
468. Weaver, Kent. 2000. EndingWelfare asWe Know It.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
469. Weaver, Paul. 1988. The Suicidal Corporation. New York: Simon and Schuster.
470. White, Joseph, and AaronWildavsky. 1989. The Deficit and the Public Interest: The Search for Responsible Budgeting in the 1980s. Berkeley: University of California Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
471. White House Office of the Press Secretary. 2001. "Remarks by the President and Secretary Rumsfeld in Announcement of Chariman and Vice-Chariman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff." 24 August. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/08/20010824.html.
472. Wielhouwer, Peter W., and Brad Lockerbie. 1994. "Party Contacting and Political Participation, 1952-1990." American Journal of Political Science 48: 211-29.
473. Wilson, James Q. 1962. The Amateur Democrat. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
474. Witcover, Jules. 2003. Party of the People: A History of the Democrats. New York: Random House.
475. Wolbrecht, Christina. 2000. The Politics ofWomen's Rights: Parties, Positions, and Change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
476. Wolfensberger, Donald R. 2000. Congress and the People: Deliberative Democracy on Trial. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
477. Woodward, Bob. 1994. The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House. New York: Simon and Schuster.
478. Wuthnow, Robert. 1998. Loose Connections: Joining Together in America's Fragmented Communities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
479. Wuthnow, Robert. 1999. "Mobilizing Civic Engagement: The Changing Impact of Religious Involvement." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, 331-63. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
480. Yalof, David. 1999. Pursuit of Justices. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
481. Young, Louise M. 1989. In the Public Interest: The League of Women Voters, 1920-1970. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
482. Young, McGee. 2004. "Achieving Access: Groups, Processes, and American Political Development." Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University.
483. Zelinksy, Edward. Forthcoming. The Origins of the Ownership Society: How the Defined Contribution Paradigm Changed America.
484. Zelizer, Julian E. On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and Its Consequences, 1948-2000. New York: Cambridge University Press.